영어의 내부상과 동사의 유형전환: 통사-의미의 접합면 관점에서

한정민,홍성심 미래영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학 Vol.25 No.1

English aspect is splitted into two domains, such as Inner Aspect and Outer Aspect, respectively (Travis, 2010). Similary, Situation Aspect and Viewpoint Aspect under Smith (1991), or Lexical Aspect and Grammatical Aspect have long been used in the similar vein. While the latter Aspect is vP-external having morphological aspect marker such as perfect HAVE+EN and progressive BE+ING and the former is vP-internal and there is no morphologically explicit marker to classify verbal aspects. According to Vendler (1967), Verkyul (1976), and Dowty (1979), English inner aspects are manifested by only semantic properties that verbs have. Vendler’s verb types classified as States, Accomplishments, Activities. Achievements are considered four basic aspectual types by many linguists. However, in the recent research by MacDonald (2008) and Travis (2010), English Inner Aspect is described from a perspective of minimalist syntax based on the Split Aspect Hypothesis. We, in this paper, have argued that English Inner Aspect includes syntax-semantics interface features such as telicity and duration, now that both telicity and duration have semantic imports as well as some consistent syntactic distributions including in-PP and for-PP within vP. Our analysis of English Inner Aspect has based on the configurational relation between Probe and Goal checking mechanism (Chomsky, 1998, 2001), along with his Full Interpretation Principle, rendering an expository way of accounting for the existing phenomenon such as Verbal Type shifting, which has been argued by Travis and MacDonald to be part of Inner Aspect phenomenon in English.

영어 의미적 상에 대한 고찰 및 분석

양용준 ( Yong Joon Yang ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.4

This paper is to survey and analyze the aspect and to have a look at the semantic aspect in Middle School English textbook. There are two kinds of aspect, syntactic aspect and semantic aspect. Syntactic aspect contains ‘have+pp’ & ‘be+~ing’. However, semantic aspect contains many kinds of aspectual forms. That is to say, they are ingressive aspect, effective aspect, terminate aspect, habituative aspect, iterative aspect, continuative aspect. Like this, semantic aspect has various aspectual meaning and it is hard to understand and know them clearly. Many students know the tense well but they don`t know aspect. In this paper, many students are understood the aspect, especially syntactic aspect and various semantic aspect. If many students and teachers have the concern of aspect, they will be able to understand aspect clearly. In the beginning, many teachers should teach the difference between tense and aspect clearly. Through various learning of aspect, students will be able to understand and use aspect well.

현대중국어의 상황상 연구

이은수 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2009 中國學論叢 Vol.26 No.-

In Slavic languages, viewpoint aspect is represented by the contrast between perfective and imperfective aspects, and perfective aspect expresses `totality`. There have been attempts to account for aspects in other languages, and it is often misunderstood that perfective aspect in those languages means `totality`. Chinese perfective marker `Le` is also claimed to express `totality`. However, just as the aspectual meaning in Korean excludes `totality`, so does the aspectual meaning in Chinese. That is, the form and meaning of viewpoint aspect differ from language to language. It is well-known that viewpoint aspect differs from language to language, but it is generally assumed that situation aspect is similar in every language. In fact, Smith(1991) classified situation aspect into five types, applying them to several languages. However, considering that classification of situation aspect is based on viewpoint aspect, I claim that if the latter differs from language to language, then the former will, too. Therefore, it is necessary to study viewpoint aspect before situation aspect. First of all, the perfective aspect `Le` does not represent `totality`, but it represents that a situational boundary (a initial boundary or a terminal boundary) existed in the relative past. Also `Zai` represents the active continuation of situation and `Zhe` expresses the static situation. Besides, `Guo` is not considered in this paper because it is not important in the classification of situation aspect. Considering semantic features on which classification of situation is based, I review previous studies on situation aspect and propose a new situation aspect in Chinese. I classify the situation aspect into four types: state, activity, result and complex change. `Activity` includes `semelfactive`. `Accomplishment` is excluded from consideration, whereas `complex change` is added to the list.

무용몰입의 방해 및 촉진요인

조영주,정유영 한국무용예술학회 2011 무용예술학연구 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of the study was to explore the obstruction and precipitating factors in dance flow. To achieve the goal, it carried out the inductive content analysis through open-ended questionnaire survey on 240 participants who majored in dance. The results are as follows: First, obstruction factors in dance flow were extracted from raw data of 449 cases. As a result of categorizing into 31 subcategories, 6 general categories were categorized under the sequence of environmental aspect(50.11%), physical aspect(19.60%), psychological aspect(13.81%), technical aspect(7.80%), social aspect(6.68%), and individual aspect(2.00%). Second, precipitating factors that facilitate dance flow were categorized into 25 subcategories based on the raw data of 463 cases. These factors were categorized into 5 general categories under the sequence of psychological aspect(45.14%), technical aspect(20.95%), environmental aspect(15.77%), physical aspect(9.72%), and social aspect(8.42%). Third, the main aspect of obstruction factors in dance flow was environmental aspect, while the main aspect of facilitating dance flow was psychological aspect. This shows the striking difference. This finding indicates that the improvement of positive performance will be made if an approach is attempted from the integrative perspectives that integrate obstruction and precipitating factors in dance flow.

중국어 근접상 표지에 관한 고찰

신경미 한중인문학회 2020 한중인문학연구 Vol.68 No.-

This paper examined Chinese constituents related to the proximative aspect, which is a constituent of aspectuality. Proximative aspects represent something that is averted in the recent past based on the time of speech, but still has a possibility of occurring in the future. It is an area that is difficult to explain through a uniform standard as it is expressed in various forms including lexical, grammatical, morphological, and syntactic methods, and as there are various expression methods for different languages. Before examining the characteristics of Chinese proximative aspect expressions, an explanation was made of the concept of the proximative aspect and its sub-categories of “avertives aspect” and “prospectives aspect.” The avertives and prospectives aspects are divided based on the subjective viewpoint of the speaker. The avertives aspect is used for a retrospective perspective by the speaker regarding a past event, while the prospectives aspect is used for a prospective perspective regarding a future event. The avertives and prospectives aspects, which are sub-categories of the proximative aspect, reveal their aspectual meaning through other grammatical components, that is, through the interaction between the linguistic environment such as the aspect, the tense, and the mode of verbs, and the context of the speech rather than through themselves. In addition, the Chinese avertives and prospectives aspects were set based on existing English linguistic research. The “Chadianr(差點兒) types” and the “Jiuyao…(le)(就要…了) types” in Chinese avertives aspect are applicable to this. They not only form a symmetry within the scope of the proximative aspect, but they are also used selectively within a mutually complementary relationship for the purpose of speech. Last of all, while the “Chadianr types” and the “Jiuyao…(le) types” can be used differently based on whether each is a past or a future event, even if the proximative aspects are of the same type, we found that their usage changes based on the subjective viewpoint of the speaker and the range of temporal expression. 본고에서는 상성 성분인 근접상과 관련하여 중국어 성분들을 자세히 고찰해 보았다. ‘근접상’은 발화 시점을 기준으로 근접한 시간 내 과거에 발생하지 않은 사건이나 미래에 발생하게 될 사건을 나타낸다. 이것은 어휘적, 문법적, 형태적, 통사적 방식 등 다양한 형태로 표현되고 언어마다 여러 가지 표현 방식이 존재하여 하나의 획일적인 기준으로 설명하기 어렵다. 여기서는 중국어 근접상 표지의 종류와 의미적 특징을 살펴보기에 앞서 근접상과 그의 하위 분류인 ‘좌절상’과 ‘전향상’의 개념부터 설명해 보았다. 좌절상과 전향상은 화자의 주관적 시점에 따라 구분되는 것으로 좌절상은 화자가 과거사건에 대한 회고적 시점일 때 사용하고, 전향상은 미래사건에 대한 전망적 시점일 때 사용한다. 이들은 상표지와 같이 자체적으로 사건을 구체화하는 상적 의미를 갖지 못하여 언어환경이나 공기하는 다른 성분들과의 상호작용을 통해 자신의 상적 의미를 드러낸다. 또한 기존의 근접상 연구에 근거하여 중국어의 근접상, 즉 좌절상과 전향상 표지들도 설정해 보았는데, 좌절상은 ‘差點兒류’, 전향상은 ‘就要……(了)류’가 이에 해당하였고, 이들은 근접상의 범주 안에서 대칭 관계를 형성하기도 하였다. 마지막으로 ‘差點兒류’와 ‘就要……(了)류’는 각각 시제의 차이, 즉 과거사건인가 혹은 미래사건인가에 따라 구분되어 사용되기도 하지만, 동일한 류의 근접상 표지라 하더라도 시간에 대한 화자의 주관적 견해와 표현 범위에 따라 선택적으로 활용된다는 것도 알게 되었다.

유형론에 기반한 한중 문법상(相)의 의미영역과 그 실현 양상

황련화(Huang, Lian-Hua)(黄,莲,花) 대한중국학회 2021 중국학 Vol.75 No.-

본고는 우선 의미적 범주에서의 상의 개념을 정리하고 문법상을 정의하였다. 유형론적 시각에서 상은 크게 ‘완전상-비완전상’의 대립을 가진 공간적 경계상과 ‘완료상-비완료상’의 대립을 가진 시간적 단계상으로 나뉘는데 한국어와 중국어는 ‘상황을 바라보는 시선의 위치’에 초첨을 두는 시간적 단계상에 속한다. 그리고 범언어적인 문법상의 하위 범주들을 검토하고 한국어와 중국어의 대응되는 상 표지를 살펴보고 문법상 체계를 구축하였으며 기존의 상 체계와의 공통점과 상이점을 제시하였다. 또한 전형적인 몇 가지 한중 문법상 표지의 구체적인 분포와 의미를 고찰하고 상응한 상 범주 유형과 의미영역을 탐구하였다. 마지막으로 한중 상 체계에서 한 형태표지가 여러 상 범주에 걸쳐 나타나는 현상에 관하여 상 표지의 문법화 과정을 제시함으로써 그 이유와 관련성을 설명하였다. In this paper, we first looked into the concepts of aspect from semantic point of view, and defined the meaning of grammatical aspects. On the basis of the typological study results, aspects across languages fall into two types: spatial viewpoint aspect and temporal viewpoint aspect, the former is represented by Russian and the later by English. Korean and Chinese grammatical aspects focus on the phase of the situation , therefore, they both belong to temporal viewpoint aspect type. Then, we reviewed the taxonomy of the most common grammatical aspect categories in the languages of the world. After observing the semantic meaning and various use of the aspect markers in Korean and Chinese intensely, we established the grammatical aspects system and analyzed the commonalities and differences from the existing aspect system. Next, we explored the distributional features and inflectional features of several typical Korean and Chinese aspect markers and defined the corresponding aspect category types and semantic domains. Finally, we explained the phenomenon of one aspect marker appears in multiple aspect subcategories by presenting the grammaticalization process and correlation of diverse aspects.

영어와 한국어 완료상의 통사 · 의미적 분석

양용준(Yang, Yong-Joon) 미래영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this study is to look at and analyze perfective aspect of English & Korean syntactically and semantically. There are three grammatical categories related to the time in English & Korean. That is to say, they are time, tense, and aspect. English has two aspects, which are progressive aspect and perfective aspect. In this paper, perfective aspect is focused and analyzed in English and Korean. It is said that Korean doesn"t have perfective aspect. However, there are progressive aspect "~hanunjungida"(be + ~ing) and perfective aspect "~eoss"(have + pp) in Korean clearly. Korean perfective aspect is similar to English perfective aspect in syntactical and semantical usages. Although it is difficult to understand Korean perfective aspect syntactically, the meanings of perfective aspect are clear and easy to understand vocabularies in themselves. As a result, it is needed understanding and using perfective aspect in Korean & English throughly and perfectly. Understanding perfective aspect is important in English and Korean. Aspect are different from tense therefore they have to be used and understood in English and Korean carefully.

朝日 文士의 筆談唱酬에 나타난 富士山 인식 양상-7차 使行(1682년)을 중심으로-

임채명 단국대학교 일본연구소 2008 일본학연구 Vol.24 No.-

This study researched Chosun and Japanese literary men’s cognitive aspect of Mt. Fuji which were made in the form of travel description and conversation by poetry-writing in 1682(7th dispatch of envoy). The diplomatic mission deeply fascinated with Chosun’s cultural pride in 17th century underestimated Japanese literary men and Japan so they treated Japanese literary men unkindly. This fact provoked Japanese literary men’s antipathy. So they tried to inspire a sense of self-respect through the medium of Mt. Fuji. In the meantime, lots of conversation by poetry-writing exchanged between two countries and poems about Mt. Fuji were made. It was Japanese literary men who wrote poems about Mt. Fuji first. They took the form of poetry and worshiped beautiful and mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji. They even showed off excellency of talented men who got a life-giving soul of Mt. Fuji because Chosun’s literary men doubted Mt. Fuji which had symbolic meaning of Japanese cultural pride. This kind of argument had continued because they both strived for superiority. Chosun’s literary men couldn’t idly look on those of Japan trying to attain superiority by writing poems of magnificent, mysterious Mt. Fuji and fosterage men to be great. So Chosun’s literary men generally agreed to the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji but on the other hand, they tried to decrease it by assuming the offensive occasionally. It was very important matter to literary men individual and to their countries also. So Chosun’s literary men tried to hurt those of Japan’s pride by taking a skeptical view of the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji, Seobok and five hundreds of prodigious children. But Japanese literary men tried to strengthen the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji not to lose their pride. As a result, the cognitive aspect of Mt. Fuji between the two countries was somewhat common and at the same time somewhat different from the viewpoint of the mysterious aspect. In the end, the gap between the two countries was not filled up and ended in their individual sense of superiority. This thesis is worth in view of confirming Chosun’s cultural pride in 17th century how to act on neighboring relations and how tensive the confrontation scene was. Because of the limitation of paper space, this thesis didn’t deal with how different the cognitive aspect of 7th dispatch of envoy from those of before and after. It will be remained for the future study. This study researched Chosun and Japanese literary men’s cognitive aspect of Mt. Fuji which were made in the form of travel description and conversation by poetry-writing in 1682(7th dispatch of envoy). The diplomatic mission deeply fascinated with Chosun’s cultural pride in 17th century underestimated Japanese literary men and Japan so they treated Japanese literary men unkindly. This fact provoked Japanese literary men’s antipathy. So they tried to inspire a sense of self-respect through the medium of Mt. Fuji. In the meantime, lots of conversation by poetry-writing exchanged between two countries and poems about Mt. Fuji were made. It was Japanese literary men who wrote poems about Mt. Fuji first. They took the form of poetry and worshiped beautiful and mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji. They even showed off excellency of talented men who got a life-giving soul of Mt. Fuji because Chosun’s literary men doubted Mt. Fuji which had symbolic meaning of Japanese cultural pride. This kind of argument had continued because they both strived for superiority. Chosun’s literary men couldn’t idly look on those of Japan trying to attain superiority by writing poems of magnificent, mysterious Mt. Fuji and fosterage men to be great. So Chosun’s literary men generally agreed to the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji but on the other hand, they tried to decrease it by assuming the offensive occasionally. It was very important matter to literary men individual and to their countries also. So Chosun’s literary men tried to hurt those of Japan’s pride by taking a skeptical view of the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji, Seobok and five hundreds of prodigious children. But Japanese literary men tried to strengthen the mysterious aspect of Mt. Fuji not to lose their pride. As a result, the cognitive aspect of Mt. Fuji between the two countries was somewhat common and at the same time somewhat different from the viewpoint of the mysterious aspect. In the end, the gap between the two countries was not filled up and ended in their individual sense of superiority. This thesis is worth in view of confirming Chosun’s cultural pride in 17th century how to act on neighboring relations and how tensive the confrontation scene was. Because of the limitation of paper space, this thesis didn’t deal with how different the cognitive aspect of 7th dispatch of envoy from those of before and after. It will be remained for the future study.

비완결상의 하위범주로서의 상에 관한 고찰- 보조동사 상 중심으로 -

이승희 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 人文硏究 Vol.- No.81

본고는 완결상과 비완결상의 범주를 재분류하거나 보조동사의 상 형식을 규명하는데 있지 않으며, 한국어 교육에 있어 동사와 관련된 문법 범주로서의 보조동사 상의 의미에 관한 기본적 논의의 성격을 지닌다. 본 고의 문제의식은 개별 언어에 있어 완결상과 비완결상의 하위범주로서의 상 실현은 어휘상과 함께 서로 긴밀도가 높아 어느 한 가지 개념만으로는 전체를 파악하기 어렵다는 것에서 시작한다. 완결상과 비완결상이 명확하게 구분되지 않는 한국어에서 상 실현의 의미를 포착하기 어려운 점은 완결상과 비완결상 이분 분류의 필요성, 보조용언 상의 지위와 범주, 어휘상 자질의 의미 등이 모두 일치된 합의를 이루기 어렵다는 것에 있다. 일치된 합의점을 찾기 어려우나 현재의 한국어 상 실현 양상에 대한 논의를 통합적으로 살피면 유사한 점을 찾아 결론을 이끌어 낼 수 있다. 본고는 한국어의 상은 선행하는 주동사의 어휘상이 주는 정보와 후행하는 보조동사의 상적 의미가 주는 정보의 결합으로 이루어진다는 것을 기본 전제로 한다. 이러한 전제하에 후자에 해당하는 부분에 대해, 비완결성의 성질을 가진 범주를 분류화하고 이에 해당하는 보조동사의 실현 양상에 대해 논의한다. The purpose the objective of this paper is not in establishing the formation of auxiliary verb or reclassifying the category of perfective and imperfective. The purpose of this paper stems from recognizing difficulties of understanding the whole with just a singular concept because the aspect as subcategory of perfective and imperfective are also closely related with lexical aspect. This is because it is difficult to make a consensus of necessity of binary classification between perfective and imperfective, a status and category of auxiliary verb aspects and lexical qualification of Korean. It is difficult to reach a consensus but when the aspect of Korean is syntagmatically examined, it is able to find a consistent commonality regarding realization of Korea aspect. The paper is based upon the premise that Korean aspect is composed of the combination of information given by lexical aspect of preceding main verb and aspect meaning of auxiliary verb which takes a role as a functional morpheme following the main verb. Under this premise, the paper classifies the category containing imperfective aspect and discusses the category of corresponding auxiliary verbs.

교재내 상의 의미분석

양용준(Yang Yong Jun) 언어과학회 2003 언어과학연구 Vol.26 No.-

The purpose of this present paper is to explore the meaning analysis of aspect in the middle school English textbooks. There is a difference between aspect and tense. Tense is a grammatical time reference, and it locates the time of situation relative to the moment of speaking. However, aspect is not concerned with relating the time of the situation to any other time-point, but with the internal temporal constituency of the situation. In other words, it describes the temporal quality or condition of a situation in terms of such things as inception, result, termination, iteration, repetition, duration, etc. Originally, the aspect was understood as the states or characteristics which the verbs mean, however the concept of aspect has changed with the development of transformational generative grammar. In English, aspect is not a grammatical category but a nongrammatical lexico-semantic category which lacks formal markers. There are two basic aspectual oppositions, the perfective aspect and the imperfective aspect. The veritable aspect forms of English are "have+pp" as perfectivity and "be+V-ing" as progressiveness. These belong to the grammatical categories of English aspect. There are also lexical categories of English aspect, in other words, they are thugs such as inception, result, termination, iteration, repetition, duration, etc. General learners seem to be unfamiliar with aspect because it is not accepted in traditional grammar. To precisely understand the English aspect, we have to recognize the grammatical and lexical category of aspect. This thesis emphasizes the meaning of aspect and analyzes the meaning and usages of aspect in the middle school English textbooks. Generally, in the textbooks aspect is not distinguished from tense and aspect is contained in tense. Aspects is related to the event and is expressed in every language and in various situations. So, we have to think more about aspect than tense.