정동적 미메시스: 정동 순환의 매체로서의 소설

김성호 영미문학연구회 2020 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.48

The proliferation of general theories of affect in recent years has emphasized the relative poverty of specifically affective literary theory and criticism. This essay addresses the circulation of affects as mediated by literary works, especially novels. Affects, in the sense of both the intensity of the body in transition and emotion as its “capture and closure” (Massumi), are contagious, but neither “imitation” (Spinoza) nor “transmission” (Brennan) nor the very concept of “contagion” does justice to the complexity of the ways in which the spread and circulation of affect occur in society. Affect is an event, an occurrence, contingent as much upon one’s biology and persisting dispositions as upon the dominant social system of affect production. In spreading and circulation, affect tends toward its other, i.e., sensory and linguistic representations, which may however trigger further affective events. This contradictory dynamism also defines literary creation as well as reading. The mimesis, distinct again from imitation, happening in the two kinds of activity takes on the character of an affective event in which the two entities in mimetic relation undergo mutual affection. Reading is further distinguished from writing by its movement from a singular experience toward the formation of an interpretive community in which affective events that threaten consensus may or may not continue to happen.

사회복지사의 변용과 스피노자의 정서와 이성

장정연 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2023 철학·사상·문화 Vol.- No.42

This study attempts to draw the affection of social worker based on the affect and reason that are the basis of Spinoza's philosophy of practice. To this end, this study examined the structure of Spinoza's affect and reason based on the 3rd and 4th parts of 『Ethics』, and examined the affection of social worker according to this structure. The study found that the social worker's affect were generated by external causes, but the social worker's affection wasn't the only external causes. The affect and reason of social worker were being affected into the overdetermination of production of affect, the imitation of affects, the combination and preservation of Conatus, the power of affect and their usefulness to man, the usefulness of affect, and the control of affect. If social workers recognize themselves as a cause, it may provide a clue to move from passion to action in social work practice. This has important implications for the ethical practice of social work. 본 연구는 스피노자의 정서와 이성을 토대로 사회복지사의 변용을 보려는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 『윤리학』 3부와 4부에서 제시된 정서와 이성의 구조에 따라 사회복지사의 변용을 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과 사회복지사는 동물매개활동이라는 외부원인에 의해 정서가 산출되었지만 사회복지사의 변용은 외부원인에 의해서만은 아니었다. 사회복지사의 정서와 이성은 정서 산출의 과잉결정, 정서 모방, 코나투스와의 결합과 보존, 정서의 힘과 인간에게 유용한 것, 정서의 유용성 및 정서들을 통제하기로 변용되고 있었다. 사회복지사가 자기 자신이 하나의 원인으로서 작용한다면 사회복지실천현장에서 수동에서 능동으로 갈 수 있는 실마리가 제공될 수 있을 것이다. 이는 사회복지의 윤리적 실천에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다.

다변량분석방법을 이용한 미각 자극의 기본 맛과 강도에 따른 정서표상

박채리,김인익,김종완 한국감성과학회 2023 감성과학 Vol.26 No.2

According to the core affect theory, affect consists of two independent dimensions of valence and arousal. Previous studies have found that various types of stimuli, such as pictures, videos, and music, are mapped onto the core affect space. However, the research on affect using gustatory stimuli has not been explored sufficiently. This study investigated whether the affects elicited by tastes could be mapped onto the core affect space. Stimuli were selected based on two factors (taste types and intensity). Participants were presented with each stimulus, evaluated the tastes, and rated their affective responses on taste and emotion scales. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and multivariate analyses (multidimensional scaling and classification). The results of univariate analyses indicated that participants felt positive for sweet stimuli but negative for bitter and salty. Furthermore, participants reported high arousal with high intensity. Multidimensional scaling revealed that taste stimuli are also represented on the core affect dimensions. Specifically, it was confirmed that in the first dimension, sweetness was represented as a positive affect, while bitter and salty tastes were represented as a negative affect. In the second dimension, bitterness was represented as low arousal and sourness as high arousal. Classification analyses confirmed that the taste was identified consistently based on the affective responses within and across participants. This study showed that the taste stimuli in daily life are also located on core affect dimensions of valence and arousal. 핵심정서(core affect) 이론에 따르면, 정서는 정서가(valence)와 각성가(arousal)의 독립적인 두 차원의 구성으로이루어진다(Russell, 2003; Russell & Barrett, 1999). 기존 정서 연구에서는 정서를 유발하는 여러 시청각 자극들이핵심정서 차원에 위치한다는 사실을 밝혀냈다. 하지만 기존 연구에서 사용된 대부분의 자극은 시각과 청각에 국한되어 있었으며, 미각 자극들을 활용한 연구는 많지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정서유발 자극으로서 미각 자극을 활용하여 유발된 정서가 미각 자극의 속성에 따라 핵심정서 차원에 표상되는지 알아보고자 하였다. 실험 자극으로 실생활에서 접할 수 있는 식품들을 4가지 기본 맛 유형(단맛, 쓴맛, 신맛, 그리고 짠맛), 그리고 2가지 맛의 강도 설계로자극을 선정하였다. 참가자들에게 각 자극을 제시하고, 자극에 대한 맛 평정과 참가자가 느낀 정서를 평정하도록하였다. 수집된 자료는 일변량분석방법인 반복측정변량분석과 다변량분석방법인 다차원척도법(multidimensional scaling) 및 분류분석(classification)으로 분석하였다. 변량분석 결과, 참가자들은 단맛을 지각할수록 긍정적인 정서를, 쓴맛 혹은 짠맛을 지각할수록 부정적인 정서를 경험하였다. 각성가 결과에서는 맛의 강도가 강할수록 더 높은각성 경험이 보고되었다. 다차원척도법 분석 결과, 1차원에서 단맛 대 쓴맛 그리고 짠맛 대비를, 2차원에서 쓴맛과짠맛 구분을 확인하였다. 벡터 피팅 결과는 핵심정서이론의 설명대로 1차원이 정서가, 2차원이 각성가 차원으로 구성되었음을 지지하였다. 분류분석 결과 참가자들의 정서 반응을 통해 미각 자극의 맛 유형을 유의미하게 예측할 수있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 미각 자극도 자극 속성에 따라 핵심정서차원에 위치한다는 것을 시사한다.

정동의 철학, 정동적 신경과학, 그리고 정동적 영화이론

박제철 문학과영상학회 2022 문학과영상 Vol.23 No.1

This paper aims to explore some of the important achievements in the recent affective film theories in light of philosophical thoughts on affect and affective neuroscientific writings. First of all, by examining Spinoza’s philosophy of affect and Simondon’s theory of individuation, I demonstrate how these philosophical thoughts highlight the ethical impact of affect on the emergence of a new collective assemblage. Second, I show how affective neuroscientific writings have successfully substantiated these philosophical ideas while at the same time overlooking their radical ethical implications. Third, in view of these theoretical overviews, I delve into some of the writings of E. Ann Kaplan, Laura Marks, and Patricia Pisters on affective film experience and show how they carefully theorize the distinction between affect and emotion in film viewing and its political and ethical implications. While clarifying the recent affective film theories, I also offer some revisions and supplements to them by drawing on a meticulous reading of Spinoza’s and Simondon’s ideas on affect.

수학 학습에서의 메타-정의 유형 탐색

김선희,박정언 대한수학교육학회 2011 학교수학 Vol.13 No.3

Students experience various affects in solving mathematical problem and learning mathematics. Focusing on meta-affect in affective domain, we explored the types of meta-affect. Our research provides illustrative examples and analysis of meta-affect during solving problem. As a result, meta-affect has four types i.e. monitoring of affect, evaluation of emotion, control of emotion, and utilization of affect. And meta-affect is a main key to decide how to handle affect and influence student's cognitive strategies and affect. 본 연구는 수학 학습의 정의적 영역에서 메타-정의의 개념을 구체화하고 명확히 하기 위해 메타-정의의 유형을 구분하고, 실제 사례를 보여주었다. 메타-정의는 정의의 모니터링, 감정의 평가, 감정의 조절, 정의의 활용 4가지로 구분되었고, 모니터링 후 평가, 조절, 활용이 시간적 순서로 이루어지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 감정을 평가하고 조절하는 데 수학과 수학 학습에 대한 신념이 중요한 잣대로 작용하였으며, 메타-정의는 정의를 조절하고 학습 전략을 선정하는 등 수학 학습에서 중요한 역할을 하였다.

정동 이론과 목회 돌봄에의 함의

KIM SOO YOUNG SUE 한국목회상담학회 2022 목회와 상담 Vol.38 No.-

In modern times, research on the human body and mind is conducted in various fields such as psychology, physiology, neurology, and brain science, but it is firmly believed that body and mind cannot be separated. In the field of psychological counseling, attempts to connect body and mind have continued. Freud opened a new horizon to understand the human self, which was dominated only by metaphysical understanding, from its relationship with the body. Over 50 years later, Tomkins founded Affect Psychology, focusing on the affect in the drive mentioned by Freud. Tomkins’s theory was later rediscovered by Sedgwick and Frank. Affect in psychology, which originated from Spinoza’s philosophy, also became firmly established through the connection with all academic fields through Deleuze. Affect is a broad concept that encompasses emotions and feelings, and has expanded the horizon of human understanding, and has become a key topic of extensive interdisciplinary research since mid-1990. The purpose of this study is to present the affective life for pastors’ extended self-understanding by introducing affect theory in pastoral care and counseling. I tried to introduce affect theory and apply it to real life by sequentially exploring the affect that Freud discovered, Tomkins’ affect that recreated Freud’s affect, and Massumi’s affect that connected psychology and affect philosophy. Emotions have a vast meaning, including not only all feelings but also behaviors and contexts that cause feelings to occur. Affect is also a central assembly that oversees the human body and external stimuli, and has characteristics that are not captured in consciousness due to the generality of its existence and the freedom of activity. I think it is a meaningful attempt to apply affect with transformation and creativity to the life of the pastor. I found that the self-understanding of pastors, who live affective lives, is a free and open attitude that realizes the state of the body by embracing experiences that are not filtered by the limitations of social culture. It focuses on the encounter between the bodies, aiming at the multifaceted perspective in which the expectation of the churchmen and the stimulus of the pastor create affect. The affective life reveals the process of transforming into a new self by expanding the sensitivity of seeing themselves from the other’s point of view. Through affect theory, which has not been dealt with in the field of pastoral care and counseling so far, pastors will be able to maintain an expanded view of self-understanding more freely.

본문의 정서적 의미(Affective Meaning)를 고려하는 말라기 설교 연구

김지혁 한국복음주의실천신학회 2022 복음과 실천신학 Vol.64 No.-

Preachers need to exegete conceptual meaning in the cognitive dimension and to include affective meaning when they try to recognize the meaning of the text and authorial intention. Affective meaning implies author’s emotions and affections in order for him to effectively deliver authorial intention to listeners. Interpreters must exegete affections in the text in order to properly understand the meaning of the text. Especially, preaching from the Malachi requires preachers to consider affective meaning in the text of the Malachi and to make the listeners to experience God’s love and grace through their sense of the heart. Preachers should put God’s heart and affection clearly revealed in the Malachi into their sermon, so that the listeners could convince God’s love and change their affection into holy affection. The decision of the heart for holy action begins with listeners’ holy affection. For this to happen, preachers should be totally armed with holy affection and emotion. Preachers in the Post-Covid-19 era should preach the gospel of recovery and hope with martyrdom resolution even more than before and then their pulpit would experience spiritual recovery and revival again. 설교자는 본문의 의미와 저자의 의도를 파악할 때, 인지적인 차원에서 개념적 의미(conceptual meaning)를 주해할 뿐만 아니라, 정서적인차원의 의미도 포함시켜야 한다. 정서적 의미(affective meaning)는 저자의 의도를 청중들에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위해 저자 자신이 사용한 감정과 정서를 말한다. 해석자가 본문에 나타난 감정들을 정확하게주해할 때, 본문에 담겨 있는 진정한 의미를 깨달을 수 있게 된다. 특히말라기를 본문으로 설교할 때, 설교자는 말라기서 전반에 나타난 정서적 의미를 고려하여, 청중들로 하여금 마음의 감각을 통해 하나님의 사랑과 은혜를 경험할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 설교자들은 말라기 본문에선명하게 드러나는 하나님의 마음과 감정을 설교에 담아 청중들로 하여금 하나님의 사랑을 다시금 확신시켜서 그들의 정서적 감정을 거룩한 감정으로 변화시켜 주어야 한다. 왜냐하면 경건한 행동을 위한 마음의 결단은 청중들의 거룩한 정서로부터 시작하기 때문이다. 이를 위해설교자들이 먼저 거룩한 감정과 정서로 완전히 무장되어야 한다. 설교자는 충분한 본문 묵상의 시간을 통해 하나님과의 깊은 교제와 사귐 가운데로 나아가야 한다. 코로나 시대 설교자들은 이전보다 더욱 순교적인 각오로 성도들에게 회복과 소망의 복음을 전할 때 교회의 강단은 다시금 회복과 부흥을 경험하게 될 것이다.

Affective Priming Effect on Cognitive Processes Reflected by Event-related Potentials

Choong-Myung Kim(김충명) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.5

본 연구는 스트룹(Stroop)과제를 이용하여 정서가(affective valence)로 구성된 역하의 정서유발 점화자극이 인지과제 수행에 영향을 미치는지와 일반인에서도 정서장애 환자와 같은 지표가 나타나는지를 반응시간과 ERP(사건관련전위) 패턴으로 확인해 보고자 하였다. 측정된 데이터는 정서가(긍정 및 부정)와 일치여부로 수행되는 인지과제의 조합으로 제시되어 수집되었고, 전위변화의 특성인 진폭과 정점 잠복기를 기준으로 그 효과가 검증되었다. 먼저 반응시간 행동분석 결과, 중립 정서자극을 제외한 역하의 정서자극에 의해 목표과제의 반응을 촉진하는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 부가적으로 수집된 사건관련전위를 분석한 결과, 불일치 요인이 결합된 부정적 정서정보가 긍정적 정서정보에 비해 더 높은 음전위 및 지연된 잠복기를 보임으로써 표정과 관련된 정서유발-특정적인 N2효과를 확인하였다. 그리고 동일한 조건에서 긍정조건에 비해 유의한 차이의 양전위와 함께 더 짧은 잠복기를 보이는, 인지적 판단과정의 차이를 시사하는 P300의 효과도 관찰하였다. 이는 역하의 부정적 정서정보가 인지처리과정에서 자동적으로 억제되는 경향과 함께 해당 정서의 탐지를 가속시키는 한편, 주의자원의 적절한 재분배를 가능케 하여 목표자극의 반응을 촉진시킨 것으로 해석할 수 있으며, 기능적이고 인지적인 반응의 차이에서 역하효과를 비롯하여 과제 수행 정도에 영향을 끼치는 정서관련 재인과정의 중요성을 시사한다 할 수 있다. This study was conducted to investigate whether Stroop-related cognitive task will be affected according to the preceding affective valence factored by matchedness in response time(RT) and whether facial recognition will be indexed by specific event-related potentials(ERPs) signature in normal person as in patients suffering from affective disorder. ERPs primed by subliminal(30ms) facial stimuli were recorded when presented with four pairs of affect(positive or negative) and cognitive task(matched or mismatched) to get ERP effects(N2 and P300) in terms of its amplitude and peak latency variations. Behavioral response analysis based on RTs confirmed that subliminal affective stimuli primed the target processing in all affective condition except for the neutral stimulus. Additional results for the ERPs performed in the negative affect with mismatched condition reached significance of emotional-face specificity named N2 showing more amplitude and delayed peak latency compared to the positive counterpart. Furthermore the condition shows more positive amplitude and earlier peak latency of P300 effect denoting cognitive closure than the corresponding positive affect condition. These results are suggested to reflect that negative affect stimulus in subliminal level is automatically inhibited such that this effect had influence on accelerating detection of the affect and facilitating response allowing adequate reallocation of attentional resources. The functional and cognitive significance with these findings was implied in terms of subliminal effect and affect-related recognition modulating the cognitive tasks.

정동 이론 탐구 -미술교육 정의적 영역의 확장을 위한 고찰-

정은영 한국미술교육학회 2019 美術敎育論叢 Vol.33 No.1

The purpose of this study lies in exploring the complex terrain and critical issues of the recent intellectual discourse called ʻaffect theoryʼ in order to recast the ʻaffective domainʼ of education as designated in the taxonomy of educational objectives. The affect theory provides a critical reference for expanding the affective domain of education which has been equated with attitudes and values. Bodily perceptions or sensory responses have been largely positioned as the initial or preliminary stages that should be ultimately subordinated to the organization or personalization of the value system, and such limited definition of affect continues in art education as well as in competency-based educational curriculum. On the contrary, actively incorporating studies of philosophy, sociology, physiology, and neurosciences, the notion of affect in the affect theory encompasses a wide range of corporeal processes and concepts including not just feelings and emotions but also pre-personal, inhuman ʻintensityʼ and the ʻforceʼ of life. While considering the theoretical importance of the turn to affect and its ramifications within the field of education in general and education of art in particular, the author of this study also examines critical responses to the affect theory, especially, critiques on the notion of affect as antiintentionalist, pre-subjective, materialist intensity. Based upon a critical reflection of the complex dynamics of affect and affection, that is, the pouvoir of affect and the puissance of being affected, the author stresses the necessity of ʻaffective educationʼ that enhances the power of being affected with joy. 본 연구는 교육목표분류학에 따른 교육의 정의적 영역에 대한 이해를 확장하기위해 ʻ정동 이론ʼ이라 불리는 학제적 담론의 지형과 쟁점을 탐구하는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 정동에 대한 동시대 지적 담론의 이론적 흐름과 비판적 쟁점들은 교육학및 미술교육에서 주로 태도 및 가치로 일괄되던 정의적 영역을 새롭게 접근하고확장적으로 이해하는 데에 의미 있는 참조점을 제공한다. 교육의 정의적 영역에서 신체적 감응이나 감각적 반응은 가치 체계의 조직화나 인격화에 종속되는 초기 단계 정도로 이해되고 있으나, 철학, 사회학, 신경과학 등을 포괄하는 학제적연구에 힘입은 정동 이론은 정의적 영역의 ʻ정의ʼ 즉 ʻ정동ʼ을 생리심리학적 측면의감정 및 생명의 힘과 물질적인 강도로 접근한다. 인간에 대한 이해가 이성에서 몸으로, 인간 중심에서 생명 전체와 환경으로 전환되고 있음을 보여주는 동시대의정동 이론은 ʻ포스트-코기토ʼ ʻ포스트-휴먼ʼ 시대의 미술교육이 생명의 힘과 강도가 증대되는 ʻ정동 교육ʼ으로 나아갈 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

집단정서의 수렴과 영향요인

권석균(Seog-Kyeun Kwun),최보인(Boin Choi) 한국인사조직학회 2010 인사조직연구 Vol.18 No.3

본고에서는 작업집단 구성원의 정서가 서로 수렴하여 집단속성으로 정의될 수 있는지, 그리고 집단속성으로 정의된 집단정서의 다양한 유형에 팀장의 변혁적 리더십, 구성원의 감정지능, 집단의 응집성 등이 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 연구하였다. 이를 위해 4개 기업의 41팀으로부터 팀장을 포함한 320명의 설문을 분석에 이용하였다. 주요 연구 변수로 우선 정서원형구조(affect circumplex)에 의거한 8가지 정서들이 집단수준에서 수렴되는지를 검증하였다. 검증 결과 8가지 정서유형 모두에서 유의한 결과를 얻었다. 즉, 모든 정서는 집단 상황에서 집단정서로 정의될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 집단정서의 영향요인에 대한 검증에서 변혁적 리더십은 긍정적 집단정서인 열정과 기쁨의 정도를 높여주고 부정적 정서인 불쾌와 피로를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 영향요인으로서 집단구성원의 감정지능은 하위 구성요소별로 차별화된 영향관계가 나타났으나 전반적으로 볼 때 다소 약한 영향관계를 보여주었다. 마지막으로 집단응집성은 저활성화 정서인 안정을 제외한 모든 집단정서 유형에 광범위한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 한국기업 작업집단에서도 정서의 수렴현상이 나타남을 확인할 수 있었으며, 집단정서에 영향을 미치는 주요 선행요인의 영향관계를 실증적으로 규명하였다. 이러한 발견에 기초하여 향후 집단내 정서의 암묵적 공유과정과 명시적 공유과정에 대한 심층적 연구를 위한 제언을 하였다. This study investigates the affect convergence and the key antecedents of group affect in organizational contexts. Recent research has shown collective properties of affect in various work group settings. Group affect develops from implicit and explicit sharing processes of affective experiences among group members. Traditionally Korean work groups have been considered a field of sharing intense emotions among group members, partly because of collectivist and confucianist values. Nonetheless, the collective properties of group affect have not been examined yet in Korean work groups. To examine this, affect is categorized into eight types as suggested by the affect circumplex model: activated pleasantness, pleasantness, unactivated pleasantness, activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, unactivated unpleasantness, and high and low activation. The hypothesis for testing affect convergence is as follows. H1 : Affective experiences among group members will converge for all of the eight distinct affect categories. Three key variables are adopted as the antecedents which strongly influence implicit and explicit sharing processes of affective experiences in Korean work groups : transformational leadership of team manager, average emotional intelligence of group members, and group cohesiveness. Below are the hypotheses developed for this study. H2 : Transformational leadership will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness. In addition, transformational leadership will be positively associated with high activation, while negatively with low activation. H3 : Average emotional intelligence of group members will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness). In addition, it will be positively associated with high activation, while negatively with low activation. H4 : Group cohesiveness will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness. The survey data are collected from 320 employees in 41 teams of four organizations, representing printing, construction, and rental service industries. Hypothesis 1 is tested by two complimentary measures: intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) and within-group agreement measure(rwg). As predicted, work groups have converged for all of the eight distinct affect categories. Affect convergence appears to be stronger than in the findings by Bartel and Saavedra(2002), suggesting the collective nature of Korean work groups. In order to test subsequent hypotheses, individual level data are aggregated to group level data, resulting sample of 41 teams. Regression analyses of the group level data indicates that transformational leadership exerts significantly positive influence on pleasantness and activated pleasantness and negative influence on unpleasantness and unactivated unpleasantness. Emotional intelligence is operationalized in terms of the four branch ability model. Unfortunately, emotional intelligence shows only the marginal influence on the group level affect. Overall, the dimension of perceiving others’ emotion exerts stronger influence than the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. On the other hand, group cohesiveness shows strong influence on group affect as hypothesized, except for the case of only one affect type, low activation.