古·現代漢語縮約語의 類型과 그 特徵

정양수 한국중국언어문화연구회 2010 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.22

Chinese abbreviations in modern times as well as in ancient times constitute a major part of the Chinese glossary system. The awareness of the significance of abbreviations is increasing to meet the urgent need for the fast delivery and convenient exchange of a flood of information. It has been made according to economic principles that can make savings of time and process possible. This paper aims to do a comparative analysis on the patterns and characteristics between ancient abbreviations and modern abbreviations. Firstly, the targets of abbreviation in ancient times are mainly proper nouns,whereas those in modern times are proper nouns, verbal phrases and adjective phrases. Secondly, the formation patterns of ancient abbreviations include to extract and combine the common factors from one word, and two or three more ways. The formation pattern which combines the number of original words and specific components makes up the majority of all the formation patterns. The formation pattern of modern abbreviations, however, have diverse and unique ways unlike that of ancient ones. Thirdly, the modification type and the parallel type account for the structural types of the most ancient abbreviations. In case of modern abbreviation, however,there are more ways including predicate-object type and subject-predicate type. This paper may contribute to understanding the characteristics, common features and points of difference between modern and ancient abbreviation through a comparative analysis. Also, further researches on the abbreviation theory is expected to develop on the basis of this paper. We are looking forward to doing more active discussion on the normative issues in the field of abbreviation.

외래 고유명사 줄임말의 유형과 사용 효과

이정복(Jeongbok Lee) 한국사회언어학회 2023 사회언어학 Vol.31 No.1

This study examines the types and usage of abbreviations of foreign proper nouns used in media articles based on a basic understanding of Korean abbreviations, and seeks to identify the effects of their use. Abbreviations of foreign proper nouns are widely used for reasons of economy, ease of identification, and to facilitate the provision of information. There are two types of abbreviations. Romanized abbreviations are characterized by strong economy and identifiability but have difficulty conveying meaning, and they also distinguish the social classes of speakers by their knowledge of loan words or understanding of foreign languages, thereby threatening to undermine social integration. In contrast, abbreviations translated into Korean have the advantage of easily conveying meaning and not hindering language accessibility, but they are weak in identifiability and their number remains exceedingly small. The reason for the excessive use of Romanized abbreviations by the government and media seems to be that no provision for Korean translation abbreviations was made earlier. It is necessary to create and publicize Korean abbreviations widely, as well as create good Korean translation terms with the introduction of foreign proper nouns into Korean.

단어 형성의 관점에서 본 전문 용어 줄임말의 유형과 특성

최형용(Hyung-Yong Choi) 형태론 2023 형태론 Vol.25 No.1

본고는 단어 형성의 관점에서 『우리말샘』의 전문 용어 줄임말을 대상으로 그 유형과 특성에 대해 주목하기 위한 것이다. 그동안 줄임말은 2음절 2어절로 구성된 AC, AD, BC, BD의 기본형에 국한하여 논의된 감이 없지 않다. 그러나 『우리말샘』의 전문 용어 줄임말을 대상으로 했을 때도 그 유형이 이렇게 단순하지 않다. 이러한 측면에서 『우리말샘』의 전문 용어 줄임말 794개를 유형화하기 위해 기본형 외에 확장형과 응용형을 상정하였다. 또한 기본형과 확장형이 결합한 복합형도 하나의 별도 유형으로 간주하고 어느 유형에도 속하지 않는 것은 기타 유형으로 묶었다. 그 결과, 기타 유형을 제외하더라도, 기본형 4개 외에 확장형 11개, 응용형 14개, 복합형 1개로 세분하였는데 이는 줄임말 유형이 단어 형성의 측면에서 매우 복잡다단하다는 것을 단적으로 보여 준다. 통계적인 측면에서도 전체 기본형의 비율이 53.4%로 절반을 넘고 있기는 하지만 확장형과 응용형 및 복합형의 비율의 합이 44.08%로 매우 높다는 사실로 그 복잡성이 뒷받침된다. AD 유형의 경우 기본형의 비율(6.30%)보다 확장형의 비율(15.74%)이 두 배 이상 높다는 점과 줄임말 형성에 음절 수가 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다는 사실은 단어 형성의 관점에서 모종의 예측력을 발휘한다고 볼 수 있다. 한편 줄임말의 구조적 특성에 대해서는 가장 높은 유형 빈도와 항목 빈도를 보이는 AC, AD 유형을 대상으로 살펴보았다. 단어 형성의 관점에서 AC 유형은 두음절어와, AD 유형은 혼성어와의 관련성에 대해서도 주목하였다. 또한 전문 용어 줄임말 가운데는 선행 요소나 후행 요소로 반복적이면서 지속적으로 출현하는 것들이 적지 않았는데 이들 가운데는 접사와 구별되는 것도 적지 않다는 측면에서 이들을 별도로 ‘줄임소’라 명명하였다. 이러한 줄임소는 단어 형성의 관점에서 전문 용어 줄임말의 유형을 예측하게 한다는 점에서 특히 주목할 필요가 있다. This paper aims at revealing the types and properties of term abbreviations in Urimalsaem. Until now, abbreviations have been discussed only in the basic types such as AC, AD, BC, and BD. However, even when targeting term abbreviations for Urimalsaem, the types are not so simple. In this respect, in order to categorize 794 term abbreviations of Urimalsaem, in addition to the ‘basic type’, ‘extended type’ and ‘applied type’ were assumed. In addition, the ‘complex type’ which is combined with the basic type and the extended type was considered as a separate type, and those that did not belong to any type were grouped into ‘other type’. Through this classification, except for ‘other type’, they were subdivided into 11 extended types, 14 applied types, and 1 complex types in addition to 4 basic types. This results clearly show that the term abbreviation types are very complicated themselves. These abbreviation types have a very high sum of the proportions of the extended, applied, and complex types, although the proportion of the overall basic types is over half at 53.4%. In the case of the AD type, the ratio of the extended type (15.74%) is more than twice as high as that of the basic type (16.30%). On the other hand, compared to the ratio of AC and AD types, BC and BD types are not very productive in abbreviation methods because the sum is only 5.66% of them. When it comes to the abbreviation type, it can also be seen that the number of syllables plays a very important role in the formation of abbreviations. On the other hand, as the structural characteristics of the abbreviation, AC and AD types with the highest type frequency and item frequency were mentioned. The relationship between acronyms for AC type and blended words for AD type was also noted. In addition, among the term abbreviations, some elements appear repeatedly and continuously as former or latter position. Some of them are affixes, but others are not. Therefore, they can be separately called ‘abbreviators’. It is worth noting that these abbreviators make us predict the type of term abbreviations not just in current but also in future.

한국어 준말의 표기 규범과 사용 양상 연구

손춘섭 한국어교육연구학회 2023 한국어교육연구 Vol.- No.20

한국어 어문 규범인 한글 맞춤법 제4장 제5절 제32항부터 제40항에서는 한국어 준말들의 표기에 대해 자세한 규정을 두고 있다. 하지만, 실제 한국어 사용자들은 준말의 표기와 사용에 있어서 규범과는 크게 다른 사용 양상을 보이거나, 바른 사용에 많은 혼란을 겪고 있다. 또한, 한국어의 현실에서는 잘 쓰지 않는 말들도 규범에 포함되어 있는 것으로 보인다. 이에 한국어 준말에 대한 규범을 체계적으로 정리해 보고 실제 사용 양상과의 괴리를 검토해 볼 필요성이 있다. 본고에서 한국어 준말의 표기 규범과 사용 양상에 대해 파악한 내용들을 정리해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 규범상의 준말 표기를 사용하는 빈도가 현저하게 낮은 형태들이 있었다. ‘뭣이, 무에, 봬서, 쌔어, 폐다’ 등이 그 예이다. 둘째로, 규범상의 준말 표기와 잘못된 준말 표기 둘다 어느 정도의 사용 빈도를 보이는 형태들이 있었다. 예를 들면 ‘디뎌:*딛어’, 섭섭지:*섭섭치’ 등이 이에 해당한다. 셋째로, 어떤 준말의 본말이 현실 언어에서 거의 쓰이지 않는 형태들이 있었다. ‘가았다, 서었다, 펴었다’ 등이 그 예이다. 넷째로, 동일한 유형의 준말들 중에도 규범적인 형태의 사용 빈도가 높은 것들이 있는가 하면 오류 형태의 사용 빈도도 상당한 예들이 있었다. 예컨대 같은 유형의 준말인데도 ‘요컨대:*요건대’는 규범 형태의 사용 빈도가 높지만, ‘간편케:*간편게’는 두 형태의 사용 빈도가 비슷했다. 본고의 이러한 논의가 한국어 사용자들의 준말 표기에서의 혼란을 줄이고, 외국인 학습자들의 한국어 학습에도 도움을 줄 수 있기를 기대한다. 아울러 한국어 준말에 대한 표기 규범 수립에도 참고가 될 것으로 판단한다. Chapter 4, Section 5, Paragraphs 32 to 40 of the Hangul Orthography, which is the Korean language norm, provides detailed regulations on the spelling of Korean abbreviations. However, actual Korean speakers show usage patterns that are significantly different from the norms when it comes to spell and use of abbreviations, or experience a lot of confusion about normative usage. In addition, words that are not commonly used in the Korean language appear to be included in the norms. Accordingly, there is a need to systematically organize the norms for Korean abbreviations and examine the gap with actual usage patterns. To summarize what I learned about the writing norms and usage patterns of Korean abbreviations in this paper, it is as follows. First, there were forms that used the normative abbreviation with significantly lower frequency. Examples include ‘‘mwosi, mue, bwaeseo, ssaeeo, pyeda’, etc. Second, there were forms of both normative abbreviation and incorrect abbreviation that showed a certain degree of usage frequency. For example, ‘didyeo:*dideo’, seopseopji:*seopseopchi’, etc. Third, there were examples in which the original forms of some abbreviations was rarely used in real use. Examples include ‘gaatda, seoeotda, pyeoeotda’, etc. Fourth, among the same type of abbreviations, there were some examples where the normative form was used frequently, while there were also examples where the incorrect form was used frequently. For example, even though it is an abbreviation of the same type, ‘yokeondae:*yogeondae’ has a high frequency of use in the normative form, but the frequency of use of the two forms of ‘ganpyeonke:*ganpyeonge’ was similar. It is hoped that this discussion in this paper will reduce confusion among Korean users regarding abbreviated spelling and help foreign learners learn Korean. In addition, it is believed that it will be a reference in establishing liguistic norms for Korean abbreviations.

삼국 왕조명의 축약어 사용 문제

한규철 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2015 新羅文化 Vol.45 No.-

Thinking over reason for and meaning of using singular term of one-word and multi term of more than two words for names of dynasties, this study reviews the meaning and problem why 『Samguk Sagi(三國史記)』 and 『Samguk Yusa(三國遺事)』 used La·Ryeo·Je(羅·麗·濟) by abbreviating Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla; and, the study is to emphasize adequacy of the opinion of Tang's 『Xueji(穴記)』 and Sin, Chae Ho both of who used the initial of Go·Baek·Sin(高·百·新) if it is a principle to use name of a dynasty as it is and if abbreviation has to be used. The reason why names of dynasties in Xia·Yin·Zhou(夏殷周) and Han·Tang(漢·唐) period became one-word was originated from the place name but its tradition was made since Sin(新) dynasty of Wangmang(王莽) when the China-oriented world view was applied to the name of a dynasty and a country. In the meantime, there were many dynasties with country names of more than two words, and those were dynasties created according to native dialects, place names or formation process. This was not made from the fact that a surrounding dynasty in the Han·Tang-oriented international order determined its country name of more than two words in order not to 'commit' any one word. However, being conscious of Han(漢), the intellects of the Koryeo(高麗) age which edited 『Samguk Sagi』 used La·Je·Ryeo with lowered grade when they abbreviated names of three countries. In addition, LaTang generally used by present Korea·China·Japan does not reflect historical view of Silla or Koryeo. 『Samguk Sagi』 expressed Silla and Tang during war time of Samguk Unification as 'TangLa(唐羅)', which made us recognize Tang was the hero of the war. The first record which used names of three countries as Go·Baek·Sin was 『Xueji』 written by Tang dynasty in the 9th century. Records of Tang and Japan used names of three countries as they were and did not use abbreviations. However, 『Samguk Sagi』 and 『Samguk Yusa』 rather made the error of using the last words instead of continuing the tradition. It was due to historical limit of the Koryeo intellects. Abbreviations of names of three countries were still used in Sinhak era even when nationalism consciousness existed, and it has been down to this day passing through the colonial era when colonial identity and heteronomy emerged. Nevertheless, Sin, Chae Ho, anti-Japan intellectual, exceptionally disregarded tradition and used abbreviations of Go·Baek·Sin, the initials of dynasties but he did not go beyond the limit of 『Samguk Sagi』. It is a general practice in Korea·China·Japan to use abbreviations of dynasties and countries. But abbreviations of dynasty names often used by us mean just following of historical limit of the Koryeo intellects. We have to remind "IlSeon(日鮮)" or "ManSeon(滿鮮)" which was used with the last word of Joseon despising Joseon in independence movement period. The most correct way is to use full name of dynasty. If abbreviation of dynasty names is still necessary for use, it should be Sin·Tang(新唐), Sin·Baek(新百), Baek·Sin(百新), Sin·Il(新日), Ko·Sui(高隋), and Ko·Tang(高唐) with emphasis on Ko·Baek·Sin from modern viewpoint of history.

‘준말’에 대한 문법 교육적 접근

이지수(Lee, Ji-su) 우리말글학회 2018 우리말 글 Vol.77 No.-

소통 매체가 발달하면서 젊은 층을 중심으로 구어뿐 아니라 문어에서도 준말이 생산적으로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 언어 사용의 변화에 따라 준말에 대한 교육적 접근도 새로운 관점을 모색해야 할 때이다. 그동안 준말과 관련해서는 준말의 범위 설정, 준말 형성 과정 및 기제, 본딧말과 준말의 관계, 융합이나 혼효와 같은 준말의 단어 형성 방식 문제 등이 주로 논의되어 왔다. 또한 이와 관련한 문법 지식은 음운론적인 설명 기제를 통해 체계적인 문법 지식을 전달하는 데 중점을 두고 구성되어 왔다. 그러나 문법 교육적 관점에서는, 설사 그것이 체계적으로 설명 가능한 문법 지식에서 조금 비껴 있다 하더라도 실제 언어생활에서 나타나는 준말형성을 다양하게 포괄하면서 언어현상을 문법적으로 접근하고 이해하려는 태도와 탐구 능력을 기를 수 있다면 학습자들에게 유의미한 교육 내용이 될 것이다. 이에 본고에서는 준말의 개념과 형성 기제를 살피고 이에 대한 규범적 처리를 고찰하면서 음운론적인 문법 지식으로부터 시작하여 형태론적인 변화를 함께 인식하고 이를 탐구하는 것을 목표로 하는 문법교육 방안을 제시하였다. As the digital communication media grows, abbreviation is productively used not only in the spoken language but also in the written language among young generation. In accordance with these changes in language use, it is time to seek new perspectives on educational approach to the abbreviations. So far, the primary discussion agenda related to the abbreviation was the scope of the abbreviation, the process of forming the abbreviation and the relationship between the original word and the abbreviation, In addition, the grammar knowledge related to this has been formed with a focus on teaching grammatical system through phonological explanation mechanism. However, from the grammatical point of view, it can be a significantly meaningful educational content if it contains various forms of abbreviation in real language life and helps learners develop their grammatical approach and understanding of the language phenomena as well as cultivate their exploration ability. This paper examines grammatical concept and formation mechanism of abbreviations and contemplates its normative treatment. After that, it suggests a grammar education method aiming at recognizing and exploring morphological changes together with learning phonological grammar knowledge.

Особенности языковой игры с аббревиатурами в современном газетном тексте

E. N. Filimonova 한국슬라브어학회 2020 슬라브어연구 Vol.25 No.2

This article is devoted to the study of the role of the language game with abbreviations in the newspaper text. The analysis of the headlines and texts of newspaper articles of the Russian Federation and The Republic of Kazakhstan revealed the following ways of the language game in abbreviation: double motivation, graphic game (capitalization, pseudo motivation, graphic highlighting in contaminated formations, graphic-hybridization (using Latin letters), etc. The so-called parody abbreviations were specially created by journalists with the installation on a comic effect. Game decryption of abbreviations (desabbreviation) is also described in the article. The author believes that the material collected can be useful in the Russian language classes when studying a newspaper language in a foreign audience, as well as in some master's and postgraduate courses.

영어 SMS 약어에 대한 형태론적 분석

강석근 ( Seok Keun Kang ),양선기 ( Seon Ki Yang ) 대한언어학회 2015 언어학 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to survey English abbreviations that are currently used in text messaging and online chat, and to providea morphological account of them. To this end, we collected 1159 data with morphological properties from five online dictionaries and five websites/blogs, and analyzed them by the processes by which they were formed. The results showed that about 92.49% of all the data were initialisms. Compared with initialism, word-formational processes such as blending, clipping, onomatopoeia etc. were relatively infrequently used to make SMS abbreviations. Clipped words accounted for only 4.06% (47 words) of the collected data, which was followed by onomatopoeia/mimetic words (0.69%), symbols (0.51%) and blends (0.43%). This analysis shows a rather different result from previous analyses (Kumar2012; Anjaneyulu2013).

TV 뉴스의 한-일 통역 전략

김한식 한국일본학회 2022 日本學報 Vol.- No.133

In the present work, past studies on TV news reading speed and its characteristics have been reviewed. After analyzing the reading speed of recent KBS News 9 from various angles, the Korean-Japanese interpretation strategy was proposed. Many past studies mentioned that there are more advantages of slow reading speed than the fast one. Typically, the TV news interpretation is done via the method of 'prepared interpreting', and simultaneity with the screen is more important than the simultaneity with the Source Text's voice. Analysis of the KBS News reading speed revealed that the average reading speed of the entire survey subject was 320.7spm. If the ST reading at this speed is faithfully translated into Japanese, it becomes 454.11mpm. As this figure greatly exceeds the average reading speed (382mpm) of Japanese news readers, an interpretation strategy is needed to reduce reading speed, such as omission and abbreviation. In Chapter 5 of this thesis, specific omissions or abbreviations have been proposed focusing on parts of the Korean TV news articles that were actually broadcast in Korean, with overlapping meaning or low importance, or where the explanation of the original text itself was illogical or very difficult. 본 연구에서는 뉴스의 발화 속도에 관한 선행연구의 내용 및 TV 뉴스 통역의 특징에 대해 살펴보고, 최근 KBS 뉴스9의 발화 속도를 다각도로 분석한 후 구체적인 한 일 통역의 전략을 제안하였다. 여러 선행연구들은 빠른 발화 속도보다 느린 발화 속도일 때에 여러 가지 장점이 많다는 사실을 언급하였다. TV 뉴스 통역의 특징으로는 ‘시차 통역’이라는 다소 특이한 방식으로 작업이 진행된다는 점 및 ST의 음성과의 동시성보다는 화면과의 동시성이 더 중요하다는 점을 꼽을 수 있다. KBS 뉴스9의 발화 속도 분석 결과, 조사 대상 전체의 평균 발화 속도는 320.7spm으로 나타났으며, 만약 이 속도로 발화된 한국어 원문을 충실하게 일본어로 옮길 경우, 김종희(2007)와 김한식(2012)에 따라 계산하면 454.11mpm이 된다. 福盛(2020)가 언급한 일본인 아나운서의 평균 발화 속도 382mpm을 크게 웃도는 지나치게 빠른 수치이므로, 생략과 축약 등 발화 속도를 줄이기 위한 통역 전략이 필요하게 된다. 본 논문의 5장에서는 실제로 방송된 한국어 TV 뉴스 기사문 중에서 의미가 중복적이거나 중요도가 낮은 부분, 혹은 원문의 설명 자체가 비논리적이거나 매우 난해한 부분 등을 중심으로 구체적인 생략, 혹은 축약의 방안을 제안하였다. TV 뉴스 통역의 목적은 ST의 음성과 화면을 토대로 정확하면서도 듣기 편한, 이해가 잘 되는 통역을 제공하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 발화 속도에 초점을 맞추어 논지를 전개한 결과 생략과 축약이 강조되고 있으나, ST의 정보 훼손을 줄이고 충실성을 추구함과 동시에 적정한 발화 속도를 달성하기 위한 균형이 중요하다고 할 수 있다.

줄인말의 형성과 형태 결정의 영향 요인

손세모돌 ( Se Mo Dol Son ) 한말연구학회 2015 한말연구 Vol.- No.38

The purpose of this study is to examine factors that have an influence for deciding forms of shorthands in Korean. In this paper, I will use the word shorthand forms means reduced form in several syllables from phrases or sentences and they have no connection with words formations. In Korean Language, the method that is making new words by reducing parts of form is relation to sino-korean words. Recently it has a tendency to increase that reduced form in several syllables from phrases or sentences and no relation language kinds in mass media and SNS. Reduced forms in several syllables from phrases or sentences follow the manner of abbreviations``s formation; acronyms, clipping, blending. Acronyms and clipping manner is systematic, blending manner is not. Blending manner has no rules about reduced parts and remained parts. The most power of influences that formation of shortened form is frequency to view and high recognition. Shorthand form is used like words. So it influenced 2,3 syllables that it is general syllables in Korean words. The selection of syllables composing shorthand is relevant to the maintenance of the main meaning and a possibility of recovering of original form. It is general that shorthand evade homonym but sometimes makes homonym intentionally for increasing frequency to view and publicity.