성숙에 관한 기독교상담학적 연구 - 정신분석 및 인본주의 심리학적 관점을 중심으로 -

안석 한국실천신학회 2012 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.32

본 논문은 인간의 성숙에 관한 기독교상담학적 연구로서, 정신분석 및 인본주의 심리학적 관점을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 연구자는 긍정심리학의 태동 이전부터 자기실현적 입장을 지닌 상담심리학 분야의 연구자들은 성숙한 인간의 특성을 밝히기 위해 노력해왔음을 밝혔다. 연구자는 프로이트가 성숙한 인간상으로서의 욕망의 절제를 설명하고 있는 성격의 삼원구조이론(tripartite theory of personality), 프롬의 성숙한 인간상으로서의 ‘생산적 인간(productive person)’, 에릭슨의 인간의 근원적 힘으로서의 ‘덕(virtue)’을 살펴보았다. 그 후에 인본주의 심리학적 관점에서 올포트(G. Allport)의 건강한 성격으로서의 ‘성숙한 인격(mature person)’, 매슬로우(A. Maslow)의 성숙한 인간으로서의 ‘자기실현적 인간(self-actualizing person)’에 관해 살펴보았다. 그 후에 기독교상담적 측면에서 성숙에 대한 성서적 관점, 긍정적인 자기변화의 성숙을 위한 ‘희망(hope)’에 대해 살펴보았다. 특히 우리는 성숙에 관한 심리학을 기독교 전통에서 고찰하면서 성숙의 의미가 성서적 전통에 깊이 뿌리내리고 있음을 확인하였으며, 개인의 성숙을 위해 지속적으로 신앙 안에서 돌보는 자와의 관계 안에서 희망함이 절대적으로 필요하다는 점을 지적하였다. 연구자는 본 논문을 마무리 하면서, 인간의 성숙에 관한 일반상담심리학적 연구의 필요성을 제기하고 동시에 기독교상담학적 관점에서 평가하였다. 특히 기독교상담자들은 지속적이고 긍정적인 변화는 성령의 능력과 인도를 통하여 온다는 것을 인식하기에 기독교상담학적 관점에서 앞으로 다루어야 과제의 필요성을 제시하였다. This study on Christian counselling for maturity is implemented by the perspectives of the psychoanalysis and the humanistic psychology. The author clarifies that the researchers who had a standpoint of self-actualizing person had been making some efforts to explain the characters of mature person before the birth of the positive psychology The author examines the tripartite theory of personality by S. Freud who explained a mature person as controlling one’s desire, the ‘productive person’ as a mature person by E. Fromm, and ‘virtue’ as the primary energy of person by E. Erikson. The author continually makes a study on the ‘mature person’ as the character of the whole by G. Allport and the ‘self-actualizing person’ as a mature person by A. Maslow. Subsequently, the author explores ‘hope’ for a positive self-change toward maturity in a perspective of the Christian counselling. Through the whole process of this study, the author confirms that the psychologies about human maturity are deeply rooted in Christian biblical traditions and indicates that hoping of a client is absolutely necessary for a personal maturity through the continuous relationship with a Christian supporter who is reflecting a hope in Christian faith. In conclusion, the author examines on the maturity of person in the Christian counseling perspective though suggesting the necessity of study on the counseling psychologies for general. Especially, the author suggests the necessity of further study in the perspective of Christian counseling for Christian counsellors recognize that the positive and continuous changes of person come from the guidance and power of the Holy Spirit.

기독교 상담적 관점에서 성숙한 인격에 대한 고찰

심수명 ( Soo Myung Shim ) 한국복음주의신학회 2013 성경과신학 Vol.68 No.-

상담자는 내담자의 역기능을 탐색하여 내담자의 내적 요인인 핵심 인격을 올바른 방향으로 변화시키려고 노력하는 자이다. 상담이 내담자의 인격 변화를 목표로 한다면 상담자는 바람직하고 성숙한 인격이 무엇인지 알고 있어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 그리스도인의 성숙한 인격은 어떤 특성이어야 하는 지 연구하기 위해 성경적 관점에서의 인격이해를 살펴보았다. 또한 일반심리학적 관점에서는 정신분석이론, 사회심리학, 그리고 성장상담학적 관점을 중심으로 살펴보았으며, 기독교 상담학적 관점으로는 몽고메리와 쉐릴, 그리고 심수명의 견해를 중심으로 성숙한 인격에 대하여 고찰하였다. 그리고 인간은 이 땅에서는 은혜입은 죄인이기에 온전한 인격성숙에 도달할 수 없다는 전제를 바탕으로 성숙한 인격에 대하여 다음과 같이 정리하였다. 첫째, 성숙한 사람은 십자가의 은혜와 하나님을 의지함이 없이는 한 순간도 살아갈 수 없음을 아는 자이다. 둘째, 성숙한 사람은 아가페 사랑을 근거로 자신과 타인을 사랑하는 자이다. 셋째, 성숙한 사람은 영성을 중심으로 지, 정, 의 등 전인의 통합을 추구하는 자이다. 넷째, 성숙한 사람은 영적인 성숙을 바탕으로 가면적, 내면적, 관계적 인격이 조화롭게 균형 잡힌 자이다.다섯째, 성숙한 사람은 신적 자존감을 가지고 자신과 타인을 존중하는 자이다. 여섯째, 성숙한 사람은 자신의 과거와 현재를 정리하고 미래에 어떤 삶을 살아야 할지 분명한 목표의식을 가지고 살아가는 자이다. 일곱째, 성숙한 사람은 유연하고 개방적인 사고를 하며 현실 상황을 객관적으로 파악할 수 있는 자이다. 여덟째, 성숙한 사람은 성경에 근거한 하나님의 뜻을 실현하는 것을 최고의 목표로 삼는 자이다. 위의 연구 결과는 성숙한 그리스도인을 세우기 위한 과정에 도움이 될 것이다 Counselors must make an effort to investigate the dysfunction of counselee`s and make their core personality healthy. If the purpose of counseling is the change of the personality of the counselee, the counselor must know what is right personality or what constitutes a mature personality. Therefore, this study researches mature personality attributes on the Biblical perspective and general psychological concept. The general psychological concept is on the basis of Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Erich Fromm`s theory. Biblical mature personality is on the ideas of Dan Montgomery, Lewis J. Sherrill, and Sim Soomyung to investigate personality traits of mature character of Christians. This study integrates the writer`s clinical and academic experience with mature personality to conclude the following: First, the mature person has a understanding without the grace of God, he can not live one moment. Second, they love others and self on the basis of the agape. Third, they are seeking the integration of whole person centered with spirituality and the knowledge, emotion, etc. Fourth, they have harmonies with persona, inner and outer character on the basis of spiritual maturity. Fifth, they respect self and others with the divine dignity from the God. Sixth, they can evaluate their past and present and have plans for their future with clear objectives. Seventh, they have a flexible and open mind allowing them to comprehend the reality around them. Eighth, their biggest goal is to follow God`s will on the Bible. This study will be useful to raise mature Christians.

교양교과목 <인성과 미디어> 수업에서 만학도 중심으로 발달단계별 인성덕목 탐색

김성원 ( Kim Seong-won ),윤정진 ( Youn Jeong-jin ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원 인성교육연구원 2023 인성교육연구 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구는 인성교육을 통해 만학도 중심으로 발달단계별 인성덕목에 대해 알아보고 가장 중요하게 생각하는 인성덕목은 무엇인지 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 연구의 대상은 교양교과목 <인성과 미디어> 재직자반 수강자 40명으로 실시하였다. 연구결과는 인성교육에서 만학도가 본 발달단계별 가장 두드러지게 나타난 인성덕목은 영유아기에는 ‘질서’, ‘배려’, ‘나눔’ 순으로 나타났고, 10대에서는 ‘정직’, ‘장아정체감’, ‘협동’, ‘소통’ 순으로 나타났고, 20대에서는 ‘자아존중감’, ‘책임’, ‘협동’ 순으로 나타났고, 30대에서는 ‘책임감’, ‘정직’, ‘배려’ 순으로 나타났고, 40대에서는 ‘책임감’, ‘배려’, ‘존중’, ‘소통’ 순으로 나타났고, 50대에서는 ‘배려’, ‘소통’, ‘관용’ 순으로 나타났다. 인성교육을 통해 만학도가 가장 중요하게 생각하는 인성덕목에 대한 분석 결과 ‘책임’이 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 ‘배려’, ‘존중’, ‘효’, ‘예’ 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 인성교육은 자신의 개인적, 사회적인 인성을 길러주는 능동적이고 미래지향적인 교육임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 인성덕목을 발달단계별로 살펴봄으로써 인성교육의 방향성을 제시할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate personality virtues in each stage of development, focusing on Mature-age students, through personality education, and to find out what personality virtues are most important. The subjects of the study were 40 students in the liberal arts course < Personality and Media >. The results of the study showed that the most prominent personality virtues seen by the students in personality education were “order,” “care,” and “sharing” in their infancy, followed by “honesty,” “self identity,” and “cooperation,” In their 20s, they were “self-esteem,” “responsibility,” and “cooperation,” in their 30s. In their 40s, they were “responsibility,” “care,” “respect”, and in their 50s, they were “care,” “communication,” “tolerance”. As a result of the analysis of personality virtues, which are considered the most important by Mature-age students through personality education, “responsibility” was found to be the highest frequency. The results of this study show that personality education is an active and future-oriented education that fosters one’s personal and social personality and is provided as basic data suggesting the direction of personality education.

Peculiarities of Attitude to the Disease in Adulthood

Anna Hilman,Oksana Matlasevych,Natalia Kulesha,Eduard Balashov 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2021 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.22 No.1

The article deals with the problems of cognitive and behavioral mature persons’ attitude to their own health and disease (typical patterns of behavior of the persons in the state of disease, their irrational negative judgments and pathogenic thinking about their health). The results of empirical research concerning the attitude of mature persons to the disease are presented, in particular: the diagnosis of pathogenic thinking has been carried out, features of the attitude towards their own symptoms are highlighted, the incidence of the disease and psychosomatic complaints of respondents have been revealed, the frequency of referrals for a specialist (doctor), peculiarities of caring about their own health and peculiarities of behavior in a state of disease are determined, the basic types of attitudes of the mature age persons to the disease are elucidated etc. The authors have found that persons of mature age mostly listen to their own bodies and observable complaints, however, they are prone to self-treatment. It has been defined that most mature persons do not trust the proper training of a specialist of helping professions, including a modern physician. The correlation of the indicators of empirical research of attitude to the disease according to the type of response has been analyzed. A comparative analysis of indicators of the types of attitude to disease (Rivne and Vinnytsia regions), the correlation of empirical indicators of attitude to disease according to the type of reacting, thinking and psychosomatic complaints has been executed. According to the results of the study two groups of risk are identified: individuals with an intrapsychic orientation of personal response to the disease and persons with a sensitized attitude to the illness. It has been found out that in the state of disease, persons of a mature age produce a set of adaptive techniques mostly compensatory. The authors have empirically evaluated that among the strategies of psychological response and their typical patterns of behavior in the state of the disease, respondents have been characterized by denial, ignoring the disease; neurotic medication; accusing oneself of being ill, a prolonged depressed state; typical evaluative negative judgments and pronounced psychosomatic complaints.

Structure of Moral Personality producing Individual Differences in Moral behavior

( Bo Ram Park ) 한국윤리학회 2015 倫理硏究 Vol.104 No.1

Considerable part of moral behavior is based on psychological traits which exist in an individual. This study raises possibility of existence of moral personality as a psychological construct of personality which produces individual difference in moral behavior. As it is necessary to consider personality of an individual, that is, their temperament, character and narrative, in order to understand thoroughly the individual`s behaviors, so it is necessary to consider their moral personality in order to understand completely the behaviors of moral self. There are individual differences in types, strengths and maturity of moral behavior. It is because moral traits which produces types of moral behavior exist in an individual`s biological and genetic temperament. In addition, it is because moral adaptation which produces strength of moral behavior exists in an individual`s environmental and experiential character. Moreover, it is because moral reflection which maturates moral behavior exists in reflective and self-defining narrative. Moral personality can be conceptualized as ‘an individual`s complex organization of moral traits, moral adaptation and moral reflection which grants their life a moral orientation and coherence’ and individual difference in moral behavior originates from individual difference in moral personality. This study verifies through a series of basic empirical researches that moral personality can be structuralized in three dimensions which are moral traits, moral adaption and moral reflection. Moral reflection on one`s moral traits and moral adaptation can maturate moral behavior. Moral maturity means moral behavior becoming more familiar, versed and complete by reflecting one`s root and competency of moral behavior.

에니어그램 성격유형별 맞춤 독서지도가 청소년의 정서지능과 진로성숙에 미치는 영향 연구

공주현,이명희 한국비블리아학회 2019 한국비블리아학회지 Vol.30 No.4

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a personalized reading instruction program with customized book selection for adolescents based on their personalities on their emotional intelligence and vocational maturity. The Enneagram personality test was utilized for selecting books based on the students’ personalities and the effect of the reading instruction program was assessed using pre- and post-tests. The findings of the study revealed that the personalized reading instruction program was effective in improving emotional intelligence and vocational maturity for students with Ennneagram personality type 6. In addition, a qualitative analysis was conducted to investigate the participants’ satisfaction level and their personal opinions. For future studies, independent research with a larger population and appropriate reading time based on each Enneagram personality type is suggested. 본 연구는 에니어그램을 이용하여 청소년들의 성격유형별로 맞춤도서를 선정하여 독서지도 프로그램을 실시하였을 때, 정서지능 및 진로성숙도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는가를 사전-사후 검사를 실시하여 효과를 측정하였다. 에니어그램 성격유형 6번 유형의 학생을 대상으로 맞춤독서 프로그램을 시행하고 정서지능 검사와 진로성숙도 검사를 실시하였을 때, 정서지능과 진로성숙에 긍정적 효과가 있음을 발견하였다. 또한, 피험자들의 만족도 조사와 개인적 의견의 질적분석을 수행하였다. 후속연구에서는 규모의 학생 수를 확보한 프로그램 진행, 프로그램 진행시 적절한 독서시간 확보, 에니어그램 성격유형별 단독연구 실행이 제언되었다.

전문대학생의 창의적 인성과 희망이 진로성숙도에 미치는 영향

류형선(Ryu Hyung sun),이병임(Lee Byung lim) 한국창의력교육학회 2013 창의력교육연구 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 전문대학생(n=528)의 창의적인성과 희망이 진로성숙도에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구결과, 첫째, 창의적 인성은 탐구심, 유희성, 과제집착 순으로, 희망은 특성희망이, 진로성숙도는 독립성, 준비성 순으로 높은 평균점수를 보였다. 둘째, 창의적 인성이 진로성숙도 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 창의적 인성의 하위요인인 탐구심, 과제집착, 물일치무질서 참기가 진로성숙도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 희망총점에서만 진로성숙도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 창의적 인성 총점보다 희망총점이 진로성숙도에 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 창의적 인성과 희망이 진로성숙도에 영향을 미치고 있음을 검증함으로써 진로지도나 수업에 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있다는데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creativity personality and hope influencing on career-maturity of college students(n=528). The results of this study were as follows : First, inquiring mind represented the highest mean, and playfulness, task concentration were the next among creativity personality factors, trait-hope represented the highest mean among hope factors, independence represented the highest mean, and readiness was the next among career-maturity factors. Second, the multiple regression analysis on creativity personality and career-maturity represented inquiring mind, task concentration and disaccord/indigest among creativity personality factors influenced on career-maturity. Third, the total score of hope showed a significant influence on career-maturity only. Fourth, the total score of hope rather than that of creativity personality had more influence on career-maturity. The implication of this study is that it can provide useful information on career counseling and instruction by verifying creativity personality and hope's influence on career maturity.

The Task of Christian Education in Japan: So that each person may be called by name

Robert Mikio Fukada 한국기독교교육정보학회 2006 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.0 No.9

Japan today is in the process of probing what her future should be, especially in the area of education. The rapid development of science and technology is affecting patterns of human relationships and a comprehensive critique is called for in both public and private education, which includes church school education. The focus of this paper is on the value of human personality and its maturation. The value and dignity of personality were introduced to Japan through Western thought, especially that of the Christian faith. In order to gain some insight into seeing the present and to search for the future of education in Japan, three persons were selected for brief examination: Motoko Hani, the founder of Jiyu Gakuen; Toyohiko Kagawa, an evangelist and social movement leader; and Joseph Hardy Neesima, the founder of Doshisha University. These were Christians who left an impact not only on Christian education and the Church but on Japanese society as a whole through the graduates of their schools and, in Kagawa’s case, the people who were exposed to visions of a society of mature people. For the maturation process of persons and their personalities, a nurturing community is essential. All three of the people mentioned above, each in his/her way, strove for formation of such communities. They believed that education becomes effective in process of such formation, when each participant is a significant value in the maturation of others. It is important to be careful in such a process that an institution not become an end in itself, falling into a state of institutionalism, but that it be repeatedly re-examined for its ultimate purpose.

치위생(학)과 학생들의 진로태도 성숙도에 영향을 미치는 성격 5요인

양승경 국제차세대융합기술학회 2022 차세대융합기술학회논문지 Vol.6 No.8

In this study, the results of analyzing 798 dental hygiene students in Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Chungjeong, and Gyeonggi-do to verify the effect of the fifth factor on career attitude maturity and analyze the relationship between detailed factors are as follows. First, it was found that the extroversion, openness, affinity, and sincerity of the five personality factors had a positive (+) effect on career attitude maturity. Second, for the determinism, which is a sub-factor of career attitude maturity, neurosis was found to have a significant negative(-) effect, and extroversion and sincerity were found to have a significant positive(+) effect. Third, the fifth factor of personality affecting the sub-area of career attitude maturity was found as follows. Personality factors that affect purpose are neurotic(-) and affinity(+). Confidence had a significant positive(+) effect on neurosis, extroversion, openness, affinity, and sincerity. For readiness, neuroticism, extroversion, affinity, and sincerity were found to have a significant positive(+) effect, and for independence, neuroticism had a significant positive(+) effect. 본 연구는 치위생(학)과 학생의 성격 5요인이 진로태도성숙에 미치는 영향을 검증하고, 그 세부 요인 간 의 관련성을 분석하고자 대구·경북, 충정, 경기지역의 치위생과 학생 798명을 대상으로 조사한 설문지를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성격 5요인의 외향성, 개방성, 친화성, 성실성이 진로태도 성숙도에 정(+)적의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 진로태도 성숙도의 하위요인인 결정성에 대해서 신경증은 유의미한 부(-)의 영향을 미치며, 외향성, 성실성은 유의미한 정(+ )의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 진로태도 성숙도의 하위영역에 영향을 미치는 성격 5요인은 다음과 같이 나타났다. 목적성에 영향을 미치는 성격요인으로는 신경증(-), 친화성(+) 의 영향을 미친다. 확신성은 신경증, 외향성, 개방성, 친화성, 성실성이 유의미한 정(+ )의 영향을 미쳤다. 준비성에 대해서는 신경증, 외향성, 친화성, 성실성은 유의미한 정(+ )의 영향을 미쳤으며, 독립성에 대해서는 신경증은(-), 개방성, 성실성은 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Structure of Moral Personality producing Individual Differences in Moral behavior

박보람 한국윤리학회 2015 倫理硏究 Vol.104 No.1

Considerable part of moral behavior is based on psychological traits which exist in an individual. This study raises possibility of existence of moral personality as a psychological construct of personality which produces individual difference in moral behavior. As it is necessary to consider personality of an individual, that is, their temperament, character and narrative, in order to understand thoroughly the individual's behaviors, so it is necessary to consider their moral personality in order to understand completely the behaviors of moral self. There are individual differences in types, strengths and maturity of moral behavior. It is because moral traits which produces types of moral behavior exist in an individual's biological and genetic temperament. In addition, it is because moral adaptation which produces strength of moral behavior exists in an individual's environmental and experiential character. Moreover, it is because moral reflection which maturates moral behavior exists in reflective and self-defining narrative. Moral personality can be conceptualized as 'an individual's complex organization of moral traits, moral adaptation and moral reflection which grants their life a moral orientation and coherence' and individual difference in moral behavior originates from individual difference in moral personality. This study verifies through a series of basic empirical researches that moral personality can be structuralized in three dimensions which are moral traits, moral adaption and moral reflection. Moral reflection on one's moral traits and moral adaptation can maturate moral behavior. Moral maturity means moral behavior becoming more familiar, versed and complete by reflecting one's root and competency of moral behavior.