The Historical Context and Characteristics of Theravada Buddhism Cultural Communication Between Yunnan and Southeast Asia

Liang Xiaofen,Gao Xing 아시아사회과학학회 2021 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.4 No.3

The Dai-Tai Ethnic Groups in Yunnan and Southeast Asia are characterized by geographical proximity, close ethnic ties and common cultural ties. The Theravada Buddhism in China come down in one continuous line with it in Southeast Asia, which forms the Theravada Buddhism Cultural Circle in Southeast Asia . This natural golden bond has made the Buddhist cultural communication between the two sides go back to ancient times. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation history of Dai-Tai Ethnic Cultural Circle and Southeast Asian Buddhist Cultural circle through relevant historical documents, and trace the historical and cultural background of the cultural exchanges between Yunnan, China and Theravada Buddhism, Southeast Asia. Through limited local chronicles, ethnography and oral historical data, this paper combs the historical memory of cultural exchanges between Yunnan and Southeast Asia Theravada Buddhism, clarifies the historical context of cultural communication between Yunnan and Southeast Asia Theravada Buddhism, analyzes the characteristics of cultural interactions between Yunnan and Southeast Asia Theravada Buddhism. By examining the history and present situation, with a view to providing useful academic support and ideological reference for promoting international cultural exchanges between Yunnan and Southeast Asia.

동남아시아의 마조 신앙, 그 기원과 전파 양상

양은경 서강대학교 동아연구소 2022 東亞 硏究 Vol.41 No.1

Mazuism, or the worship of the Chinese sea goddess Mazu, was once a spiritual anchor for Chinese people who settled in Southeast Asia, and played a crucial role in the establishment of solidarity among them. It was not merely one of many folk religions that originated from China, but a very important source of knowledge about the underlying culture of the Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. In this study, the main discussion is focused on the origins, diverse aspects, and propagation of Mazuism in Southeast Asia, a topic rarely handled among scholars studying the worship of Mazu in China and its neighboring countries. The first chapter of the essay deals with various aspects of Mazuism and the shrines of Mazu in Southeast Asia. Studies show that the buildings used as shrines and assembly halls of Mazu worshipers are connected with the structure and style of the Chinese architecture of Guangdong and Fujian provinces in mainland China. According to a recent discovery, many of the Mazuist shrines across Southeast Asia were also devoted to local guardian deities, which suggests that Mazuism in Southeast Asia was originally a folk religion that prospered among Chinese communities across the region, but then changed and evolved through the process of localization based on a syncretization of some of the world’s major religions and local popular beliefs. In the second chapter, the main discussion focuses on the origins of Mazuism in Southeast Asia, revealing that the early Chinese communities that devoted themselves to the worship of Mazu and her shrines in this area originated from two provinces, Guangdong and Fujian, in mainland China. Fujian, the birthplace of Mazuism, and its neighboring province, Guangdong, were home to the most ardent worshipers of the sea goddess. As such, it is conjectured that Mazuism was introduced to and spread throughout Southeast Asia due to the inflow of Chinese immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong during the Ming and Qing periods. The discussion in the final chapter focuses on the background to the large-scale migration of Chinese people from Fujian and Guangdong to Southeast Asia and the relationship between the maritime activities in the region and Mazuism. People of Fujian and Guangdong who were involved in fishing and trading began to worship Mazu as their sea guardian during the Northern Song period. In the subsequent Ming and Qing periods, the worship of Mazu became increasingly ardent and widespread among the Chinese migrating to Southeast Asia. These Chinese migrants believed that worship of the sea goddess helped them to navigate safely on the seas, and carried statues of Mazu with them when they sailed to Southeast Asia in an effort to uphold their faith. The study also shows that in some areas of Southeast Asia Mazu ultimately came to be worshiped not as a guardian goddess of seafarers but as an all-powerful deity. 동남아시아 화인들의 정신적 지주이자 공동체로서 결속력을 다지는 데 큰 역할을 한 마조 신앙은 화인들의 기층문화를 이해하기 위한 필요불가결한 대상으로 평가할 수 있다. 동남아시아 마조사당과 회관 건물은 중국, 특히 복건ㆍ광동지역 건축구조와 양식에 기초하나, 동남아시아 각국의 건축기법과 양식도 부분적으로 가미된 것으로 확인된다. 사당에 봉안된 신상 역시 마조 이외에도 동남아시아 현지에서 신봉되었던 신들도 함께 모셔진 사례가 많다. 이를 통해 판단하면 동남아시아의 마조 신앙은 각국의 종교ㆍ민간신앙과 서로 융합하면서 현지화가 진행되었음을 알 수 있다. 이상과 같이, 동남아시아 마조 신앙의 물질문화는 복건ㆍ광동지역과 서로 유사성이 확인되는데, 이는 이곳 화인들의 출신지가 복건ㆍ광동지역에 집중되어 있었다는 사실과 서로 일치한다. 동남아시아의 마조 신앙은 명청대 복건ㆍ광동인들이 동남아시아로 대규모 이주하는 과정을 통해 파생된 결과물로 평가할 수 있다. 그러나 중국 대륙에서 마조 신앙은 항해 안전신으로 숭배된 데 비해 동남아시아에서는 전지전능한 신으로 변화ㆍ발전된 양상으로 확인된다.

6-7세기의 동남아 힌두 미술 -인도 힌두미술의 전파와 초기의 변용-

강희정 ( Hee Jung Kang ) 한국동남아학회 2010 동남아시아연구 Vol.20 No.3

The relics of the Southeast Asian civilizations in the first phase are found with the relics from India, China, and even further West of Persia and Rome. These relics are the historic marks of the ancient interactions of various continents, mainly through the maritime trade. The traces of the indic culture, which appears in the historic age, are represented in the textual records and arts, regarded as the essence of the India itself. The ancient Hindu arts found in various locations of Southeast Asia were thought to be transplanted directly from India. However, Neither did the Gupta Hindu Art of India form the mainstream of the Gupta Art, nor did it play an influential role in the adjacent areas. The Indian culture was transmitted to Southeast Asia rather intermittently than consistently. If we thoroughly compare the early Hindu art of India and that of Southeast Asia, we can find that the latter was influenced by the former, but still sustained Southeast Asian originality. The reason that the earliest Southeast Asian Hindu art is discovered mostly in continental Southeast Asia is resulted from the fact that the earliest networks between India and the region were constructed in this region. Among the images of Hindu gods produced before the 7th century are Shiva, Vishnu, Harihara, and Skanda(the son of Shiva), and Ganesha(the god of wealth). The earliest example of Vishnu was sculpted according to the Kushan style. After that, most of the sculptures came to have robust figures and graceful proportions. There are a small number of images of Ganesha and Skanda. These images strictly follow the iconography of the Indian sculpture. This shows that Southeast Asians chose their own Hindu gods from the Hindu pantheon selectively and devoted their faiths to them. Their basic iconography obediently followed the Indian model, but they tried to transform parts of the images within the Southeast Asian contexts. However, it is very difficult to understand the process of the development of the Hindu faith and its contents in the ancient Southeast Asia. It is because there are very few undamaged Hindu temples left in Southeast Asia. It is also difficult to make sure that the Hindu religion of India, which was based on the complex rituals and the caste system, was transplanted to Southeast Asia, because there were no such strong basis of social structure and religion in the region. Indianization is an organized expansion of the Indian culture based on the sense of belonging to an Indian context. This can be defined through the process of transmission and progress of the Hindu or Buddhist religions, legends about purana, and the influx of various epic expression and its development. Such conditions are represented through the Sanskrit language and the art. It is the element of the Indian culture to fabricate an image of god as a devotional object. However, if we look into details of the iconography, style, and religious culture, these can be understood as a selective reception of foreign religious culture. There were no sophisticated social structure yet to support the Indian culture to continue in Southeast Asia around the 7th century. Whether this phenomena was an Indianization or the influx of elements of Indian culture, it was closely related to the matter of `localization.` The regional character of each local region in Southeast Asia is partially shown after the 8th century. However it is not clear whether this culture was settled in each region as its dominant culture. The localization of the Indian culture in Southeast Asia which acted as a network connecting ports or cities was a part of the process of localization of Indian culture in pan-Southeast Asian region, and the process of the building of the basis for establishing an identity for each Southeast Asian region.

The current status of Zika virus in Southeast Asia

Viroj Wiwanitkit 한국역학회 2016 Epidemiology and Health Vol.38 No.-

OBJECTIVES: Zika virus currently poses a global threat and is a major public health issue throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. However, Zika virus infections in humans have also been observed in other regions, including Southeast Asia, where arboviral diseases are very common. In this study, we summarize the current status of Zika virus in Southeast Asia. This review aims to provide an overview of the current situation and also to suggest ways of adequately managing the emergence of Zika virus in Southeast Asia. METHODS: The literature searching for the reports on Zika virus in Southeast Asia was done using standard database PubMed and the re-analysis and summarization on the reports was done. RESULTS: A limited number of reports have addressed Zika virus disease in Southeast Asia, but it is has been confirmed that a problem already exists. Individual case reports and outbreaks of Zika virus have been confirmed in Southeast Asia. Several reports have also described patients becoming infected after visiting Southeast Asia. In addition, the concurrent circulation of Zika virus with other arboviruses has been confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: As a tropical region with a high prevalence of arboviral diseases, the emergence of Zika virus in Southeast Asia is a major concern. It is essential for local medical personnel to recognize this disease. Given the status of Southeast Asia as a globally important tourist destination, continuous updates on the status of Zika virus in Southeast Asia are required and should be incorporated into global health advisories regarding travel.

고대 한반도와 동남아시아 및 인도의 해양교류에 관한 고찰

조흥국(Cho, Hung-Guk) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2010 해양도시문화교섭학 Vol.- No.3

The history of contacts and intercourse between Korea, Southeast Asia and India is to bo understood as having been unfolded in the Asian world which encompasses not only North- and Southeast Asia, but the region of the Indian Ocean, too. The understanding of Asian history and culture in Korea has been conventionally focused on the political order and cultural structure of the Mainland Asia. The study of political, economical and cultural relations in Asia, based on such a point of view, has been thus generally limited to relationships between Korea and China, China and Japan, or Korea and Japan, rarely expanded to include Southeast Asia and India. The whole Asia encompassing view point of the history of intercourse in Asia seems to be especially important for the understanding Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia, lying geographically between Northeast Aisa and South- and Southwest Asia, acted as stepping stones for the East-West trade and exchanges. Peoples not only from Northeast Asian countries, but also Indians, Persians, Arbs and Europeans, came to Southeast Asia or passed by for, above all, commercial or religious purposes, thereby also contributing to the cultural diversity of the region. This paper which examines the maritime intercourse between Korea, Southeast Asia and India until the 8th century deals with the following subjects: the possibility of maritime intercourse between the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia and India in the prehistorical times; the possibility of intercourse between Korea and India in the first century A.D., based on the story of the Indian princess Heo Hwang-ok who came to the Korean kingdom of Garak; the question around the possibility of contacts between Southeast Asia and an ancient Korean kingdom Baekje in the 6the and 7th centuries; the pilgrimage of Korean Buddhist monks to India via Southeast Asia in the 7th and 8th centuries.

주요 경제권 및 중국으로 수출액 동향과 변동성: 동남아, NAFTA, EU, 중국을 중심으로

최수호 ( Soo Ho Choi ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2021 유라시아연구 Vol.18 No.3

한국 수출이 2021년에 기존 효자 품목과 더불어 부진 품목들까지 고루 성장하면서 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있다. 코로나19를 극복하면서 세계 경기 회복세와 수요증가, 가격상승, 기저효과 등으로 수출이 회복되면서 반도체, 자동차, 석유제품, 석유화학, 철강, 일반기계, 섬유 등 중간재가 크게 증가하고 있다. 한국 수출은 지난 1970년부터 2017년까지 연 14.6%의 놀라운 상승률을 보이면서 수출 대상국이 1970년 108개에서 2017년 237개국으로 증가하였다. 한국 수출은 중국과 미국에 대한 비중이 높은데 중국과 사드 갈등, 미국과 철강 쿼터나 FTA 개정 요구 그리고 미·중 무역 분쟁 등으로 수출 변동성 위험이 커지고 있어 향후 수출시장 다변화를 요구하고 있다. 한국의 10대 수출 품목은 2019년도에 반도체, 자동차, 석유제품, 자동차부품, 평판디스플레이, 합성수지, 선박해양구조물, 철강판, 무선통신기기, 플라스틱제품 등이 전체 수출액의 56.1%를 차지하였다. 세계 수출시장에서 한국은 3.1% 비중으로 중국(15.8%), 미국(8.8%), 독일(8.4%), 네덜란드(4.1%), 일본(3.9%), 홍콩(3.4%)에 이어 7위를 차지하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 주요 경제권 및 중국 수출액의 동향과 변동률을 서로 비교하여 동조화현상과 진행 방향을 분석하는데 있다. 연구 자료는 관세청 수출입무역통계에서 수집하였으며 분석기간은 2002년부터 2020년까지 총 19개 연간자료를 이용하였다. 실증분석에서는 전년대비 변동률을 도출하여 수치분석 및 지표분석, 모형분석을 산출하였다. 주요 경제권으로 동남아시아와 NAFTA, EU를 그리고 한국의 수출비중이 높은 중국을 선정하였다. 한국 총 수출액(KOREA)에서 SUM(동남아+EU+NAFTA+중국)의 수출비중이 최근 80% 가까이 큰 폭으로 증가하고 있는데 주로 중국과 동남아시아로의 수출액이 크게 증가한 것으로 보인다. 기술통계량에서 변동성은 중국과 동남아시아에서 상대적으로 안정되어 있는 반면 EU와 NAFTA는 크게 나타나 있다. 상관관계분석에서 각 변수들 사이의 상관계수가 모두 높게 나타나 높은 수준의 상관관계를 보여주고 있는데 특히 총 수출에 대해 동남아시아와 중국이 상대적으로 더 높게 나타났다. 회귀분석에서 Coefficient가 동남아시아, NAFTA, 중국, EU 순으로 높게 산출되어 수정된 R-squared가 0.998로 수출액 변화가 99.8% 설명력을 보여주었다. 각 변수들이 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 산출되었으며 상호 독립하여 변동하는 것으로 보여주었다. 수출액의 상승률 동향에서 지난 2002년(=100)을 기준으로 중국(558%), 동남아시아(387%), KOREA(315%), NAFTA(235%), EU(201%) 순으로 높게 나타났으며 특히 지난 2010년 이후 상승률이 중국과 동남아시아에서 크게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 각 변수들의 변동률이 모두 유사하게 움직이고 있어 서로 동행성이 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다. Scatter Chart를 보면 한국 총수출(X축)에 대해 SUM, 동남아시아, NAFTA, EU, 중국이 모두 우상향하는 모습을 나타내고 있어 높은 단계의 동조화현상을 보이고 있다. Box Plot에서 동남아시아와 중국은 상위 삼분위(75%) 위로 긴 꼬리를 달고 있어 상승률이 지속적으로 크게 나타난 것을 의미하고 있다. SUM의 Hodrick-Prescott Filter에서 2002년 이후 SUM의 Trend가 전반적으로 감소세를 보이면서 2020년에 처음으로 음(-)의 수치를 보여주었으나 Cycle이 2019년을 단기 저점으로 소폭 반등을 시도하고 있다. 향후 한국 수출을 증가시키기 위해서는 중국 및 주요 경제권인 동남아시아, NAFTA, EU를 비롯하여 중동, 중남미, 아프리카로의 수출 확대가 이루어져야 한다. 특히 기존의 주요 수출국인 홍콩, 대만, 싱가포르, 인도, 호주, 일본 등으로 지속적인 수출 증대를 위해 더 많은 관심을 가져야할 것이다. 이를 위해 K-Pop, K-Beauty, K-Food, K-Drama, K-Movie 등 한류 열풍이 전 세계로 뻗어나가 한국에 대한 신뢰도가 지속적으로 높아지기를 바라고 있고 모두가 함께 노력하기를 기대하고 있다. Korea’s exports are increasing sharply in 2021, as well as existing filial products and sluggish items. Overcoming Corona 19, exports are recovering due to the global economic recovery, demand increase, price increase, and base effect. Therefore, intermediate goods such as semiconductors, automobiles, petroleum products, petrochemicals, steel, general machinery, and textiles are increasing significantly. Korea’s exports showed a remarkable increase of 14.6% per year from 1970 to 2017. Korea’s export destinations increased from 108 in 1970 to 237 in 2017. Until now, Korea’s exports have been heavily weighted to China and the US. However, the risk of export volatility in Korea is increasing due to the THAAD conflict (China), the demand for revision of FTA & the steel quota (US) and the trade dispute between the US and China. Therefore, Korea is calling for diversification of export markets in the future. Korea’s top ten export items were semiconductors, automobiles, petroleum products, automobile parts, flat panel displays, synthetic resins, marine structures, steel plates, wireless communication devices, and plastic products in 2019, accounting for 56.1% of the total exports. In the global export market, Korea (3.1%) ranks 7th after China (15.8%), the United States (8.8%), Germany (8.4%), the Netherlands (4.1%), Japan (3.9%), and Hong Kong (3.4%). The purpose of this paper is to compare the trends and fluctuation rates of exports in the major economic sphere and China, and to analyze the synchronizing phenomenon and direction of progress. The research data was collected from the Korea Customs Service’s import and export trade statistics, and the analysis period used a total of 19 annual data from 2002 to 2020. In empirical analysis, numerical analysis, model analysis & index analysis were performed by calculating the changing rate compared to the previous year. Southeast Asia, NAFTA and EU were selected as major economic spheres, and China, which has a high proportion of Korea’s exports, was selected. The proportion of exports of SUM (Southeast Asia+EU+NAFTA+China) in Korea’s total exports (KOREA) has recently increased significantly by nearly 80%. Mainly, exports to China and Southeast Asia appear to have increased significantly. Volatility in descriptive statistics is relatively stable in China and Southeast Asia, while large in EU and NAFTA. In the correlation analysis, both the correlation coefficients between the major economic sphere and China were high, showing a high level of correlation. In particular, the correlation coefficient was relatively higher in Southeast Asia and China for total exports. In the regression analysis, the coefficient of coefficient was highest in Southeast Asia, NAFTA, China, and the EU in that order, and the corrected R-squared was 0.998, showing 99.8% explanatory power in the change in exports. All of the variables were statistically significant and were found to fluctuate independently of each other. As of 2002 (=100), the growth rate of exports was highest in order of China (558%), Southeast Asia (387%), Korea (315%), NAFTA (235%), and EU (201%). In particular, the rate of increase since 2010 was found to have increased significantly in China and Southeast Asia. The rate of change of the major economic sphere and China is moving similarly, it is analyzed that they are very close to each other. In the Scatter Chart, SUM, Southeast Asia, NAFTA, EU, and China all show upwards in terms of total exports (X-axis), showing a very high level of synchronization phenomenon. In the Box Plot, Southeast Asia and China have long tails above the upper third quartile (75%), which means that the rate of increase has continued to be large. In SUM’s Hodrick-Prescott Filter, the overall trend of SUM has declined since 2002, showing a negative number for the first time in 2020, but Cycle is trying to rebound slightly from 2019 to a short-term low. In order to rise Korea’s exports in the future, it is necessary to expand exports to China, Southeast Asia, NAFTA, and the EU, as well as the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. In particular, Korea’ experts should continue to increase to existing major export countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Australia, and Japan. To this end, the Korean Wave fever such as K-Pop, K-Beauty, K-Food, K-Drama, K-Movie, etc. must spread all over the world. Therefore, we are looking forward to working together to ensure that our trust in Korea continues to increase.

한국의 동남아연구: 반성적 회고

신윤환 ( Yoon Hwan Shin ) 한국동남아학회 2015 동남아시아연구 Vol.25 No.4

This paper reports the result of a survey and assessment on the achievements of Southeast Asian studies in Korea as reflected in books, reports, and academic papers published for the past quarter century. The study found that the rapid growth of publications on Southeast Asia has followed two different paths, one taken by non-Southeast Asian specialists and often non-academic public authors who write books and reports and the other by Southeast Asianists who concentrate on writing papers for academic journals and edited volumes. The former prevails in quantity, decorates the stacks of bookstores and public libraries, and defines the public image of Southeast Asia, while scholars and specialists in the latter group number less than only a hundred, produce only a few hundred papers a year, and commit themselves to scientific method and value-free research. Despite the divergence, however, the both paths have reinforced each other to create Koreans the dominant discourses of Southeast Asia. The discourses accept and promote the neo-liberalist view of the state and economy, the autonomy of each nation in handling its domestic politics and policies, the “centrality” of ASEAN in its efforts to integrate the region and to cooperate with its neighbors, and, in particular, the complementary fit of Korea-ASEAN bilateral relations, which in fact concurs with what ASEAN and Southeast Asian and Korean states and economic elites proclaim. The conspicuous lack of critical perspectives characterizes the contemporary discourses of Southeast Asia shared by the Korean public and intellectuals alike, which conceals problems, crises and contradictions facing Southeast Asia today and thereby delays and hinders their solutions. Diversifying perspectives on Southeast Asia and building a pluralist academic community is what Korea’s Southeast Asian studies needs urgently at the current stage.

Terrorism Situation and Counter-Terrorism Police Cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia

Gu Jun 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.7 No.3

New changes of terrorism situation in South Asia and Southeast Asia could be seen from the increase of numbers of terrorist attacks, the increase retaliatory terrorist attacks and the increase of the combined risks and linkage effects of terrorism and other non-traditional security issues. The terrorist threat in South Asia and Southeast Asia is expected to continue in the near future because the threats severely posed by the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, the interaction and allying of terrorist organizations and terrorists’ exploitation of advanced technology. However, the practice of counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia was weak and fragile due to the poor performance of ASEAN counter-terrorism cooperation, the police cooperation within the framework of international organizations and cooperation at the bilateral and small multilateral level has not really meet the current challenges. The solutions offered in this paper are 4 ways to improve counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia: build a comprehensive and efficient counter-terrorism police cooperation mechanism, a stable and practical coordination mechanism, a joint counter-terrorism intelligence fusion center, a quality and level counter-terrorism police training mechanism of South Asia and Southeast Asia.

인간의 이동을 중심으로 본 한국 속 동남아 현상

김홍구 ( Hong Koo Kim ) 한국동남아학회 2011 동남아시아연구 Vol.21 No.2

Recently, Southeast Asian people, its food, natural sceneries and so on have been increasingly exposed to Korean people through mass media and multi-cultural events. At the same time, Koreans can frequently encounter Southeast Asians in their everyday lives. Thus, specific images and discourses of Southeast Asia has been established in our society, which creates a new social trend called ``Southeast Asia phenomena``. In short, ``Southeast Asia phenomena`` means a totality of Korean people`s experience of Southeast Asian and their perception on the region. On the one hand, ``Southeast Asia phenomena`` is a result of inflow of Southeast Asians and their culture into Korea. On the other hand, it is also a consequence of Korean people`s understanding of Southeast Asia from their trip to Southeast Asia or from their interactions with Southeast Asian people. This article aims to analyze the origin and diffusion of ``Southeast Asian Phenomena`` in Korea in the context of Southeast Asia focusing on 4 topics, that is, migrant workers, overseas investments, retirement migration, study-abroad categorized as human movement. This article is also about a country-by-country comparative analysis both at the macro level and the micro level. At the macro level, overseas investments and trade, human exchanges, positive perception to Koreans which considered to be the structural causes become a strong mechanism playing a important bridge role between Korea and Southeast Asia. So these create the high probability of the emergence of ``Southeast Asian Phenomena`` At the micro level which is more direct causes of ``Southeast Asian Phenomena``, the economic cause is the most important common cause for 4 Southeast Asian Phenomena. Additionally, Korean wave is also remarkable common cause creating ``Southeast Asian Phenomena`` even it is not the origin in the context of Southeast Asia. The diffusion of ``Southeast Asian Phenomena`` is different by the topics and the elements contributing to create the favorable situation for the diffusion are not only overseas investments and trade, human exchanges at the macro level but also policy elements at the micro level. The relative differences of the causes of ``Southeast Asian Phenomena`` in the country-by-country analysis are found. Regarding overseas investments in Vietnam and Cambodia, the economic degree of freedom in Cambodia is higher than in Vietnam. Even Korean Wave has had the longer history in Vietnam, but the favorable perspectives on Korean Wave are stronger in Cambodia. For migrant workers from Vietnam and Indonesia, the economic causes in Vietnam are more significant than in Indonesia. The impact of Korean Wave is stronger in Vietnam than in Indonesia. In case of study-abroad, the social-cultural elements and policy elements are more diverse in Malaysia than in Korea. For the Korean retirees who immigrate to the Philippines and Malaysia, the economic causes in the Philippines is more significant in Malaysia.

1940년 전후 일본의 ‘남양(南洋)’ 관련 도서의 간행과그 의도 :일본과 ‘남양’의 유연(有緣) 표상 관련 도서를 중심으로

정병호 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2023 일본연구 Vol.39 No.-

In the mid-to-late 1930s, as the Southeast Asian region came within the scope of Japan’s national policy to expand, the enthusiasm for this region greatly increased in Japan. Amid this interest, books of various genres related to ‘the South Seas’ area were published in large quantities in Japan, actively responding to the ‘boom of the South Seas area’. Looking at the content of these books related to ‘the South Seas’, the most were books related to economy, resources, and trade in response to Japan’s need to secure resources and markets at the time. However, related books have been published covering the entire field of Southeast Asia. Books of various layers such as travel and experience, geography, research books, research materials, overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, and the relationship between Japan and Southeast Asia were poured out. However, among these books, the ones that attract the most attention are those that actively reveal the ‘connection between Japan and Southeast Asia’. Therefore, such books actively sought to discover the racial similarities between the Japanese people and the peoples of Southeast Asia and the relationship between the myths and legends of the two peoples. In addition, the similarities in the culture, lifestyle, technology, and religion of Japan and Southeast Asian peoples are greatly close-up. In particular, the books related to ‘the South Seas’ dealt greatly with Japanese trading ships and Japanese voyages from the late Middle Ages to the early Edo period, and ‘Japanese villages’ that existed in each region of Southeast Asia. The reason for emphasizing that Japan has a historical inevitability with Southeast Asia and shares a homogeneous culture is to rationalize Japan’s expansion policy toward Southeast Asia at the time, and furthermore, the logic of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere’. This logic can be said to be in line with the logic of ‘assimilation’, which modern Japan used to justify colonization and rule in various parts of East Asia while advancing on the path of colonialism. 1930년대 중후반 동남아시아 지역이 일본이 팽창해야 할 국책의 범주에 들어오면서 일본 내에서는 이 지역에 대한 열기는 크게 고조되었다. 이러한 열기 속에서 일본 내에서는 ‘남양’ 및 ‘남방’과 관련하여 다양한 장르의 도서들이 대량으로 간행되어 ‘남양 붐’에 적극적으로 호응하였다. 이들 ‘남양’ 및 ‘남방’ 관련 도서들을 내용적으로 보면, 당시 일본의 자원 및 시장확보라는 필요성에 부응하여 경제, 자원, 무역 관련 도서가 가장 많았지만, 동남아시아의 전반적인 영역을 망라하여 관련 도서들이 간행되었다. 기행과 견문, 지리, 연구서, 조사자료, 동남아시아의 화교 문제, 도서 목록, 일본과 동남아시아의 관련성 등 다양한 층위의 도서들이 쏟아졌다. 그런데 이러한 도서들 중에서 가장 주목을 끄는 것은 ‘일본과 동남아시아의 유연성’을 적극적으로 드러내고자 하는 책들이다. 이들 도서들이 가장 먼저 탐구한 것은 일본민족과 동남아시아 민족의 인종적 유사성이었으며, 이들 민족이 고대부터 만들어온 신화와 전설의 유연성을 적극적으로 발굴하고자 하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 일본과 동남아시아 민족의 문화와 생활양식, 기술, 종교 등의 방면에서도 그 유사성을 크게 클로즈업하였다. 특히 중세시대 말에서 에도시대 초기에 있었던 주인선 무역과 일본인의 도항, 그리고 동남아시아 각 지역에 존재하였다는 ‘일본 마을’ 등도 크게 다루었다. 이와 같이 일본이 동남아시아 지역과 역사적 필연성을 가지고 있으며, 동질적인 민족과 문화임을 강조하는 이유는 당시 일본이 지향하였던 동남아시아 지역으로의 팽창정책, 나아가 ‘대동아공영권’의 논리를 합리화하고자 하는 데 그 의도가 있었음은 자명하다. 이러한 논리는 근대일본이 식민지주의의 길로 나아가면서 동아시아 각지에서 식민지화를 정당화하고 통치에 활용하였던 ‘동화(同化)’의 논리와도 일맥상통하는 부분이라고 할 수 있다.