한국 대학생의 수면양상, 일주기성 유형 및 우울수준 간의 관계에 대한 예비연구

김정기,송혜수,연미영 한국건강심리학회 2009 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.14 No.3

Korean college students' sleep patterns (such as bedtime, wake-up time, sleep duration, sleep latency on weekdays and weekends), sleep quality, circadian typology and depression level were examined. Survey was conducted to 916(male: 449, female: 465, no response: 2) college students at universities in Seoul, Incheon and Chuncheon. The average sleep patterns of Korean college students were as follows: On weekdays, their bed time, wake-up time, sleep latency and sleep duration were 1:01 AM, 7:51 AM, 21minutes, 6.47 hours, respectively. On weekends, they went to bed 36 minutes later, woke up 2 hours and 9 minutes later, and slept 1.52 hours longer. There were grade effects in sleep latency and sleep duration of both weekdays and weekends. Freshmen showed the shortest sleep latency and senior the short sleep duration, on weekdays, and freshmen's wake-up time was later and sleep latency was shorter than senior's on weekends. Evening type showed longer sleep latency on both weekdays and weekends, and showed poorer sleep quality and higher depression level. The relations of bedtime and wake-up time of both weekdays and weekends were not significant after adjusting sex and circadian typology. However, the higher level of depression showed longer sleep latencies on both weekdays and weekends, showed shorter sleep durations on weekdays, and poorer sleep quality. The results were discussed in relation to the effects of insufficient sleep on physical/psychological health and adjustments, and also in relation to the ways to improve sleep hygiene concerning sleep patterns and circadian typology, such as minimizing the discrepancy between the biological circadian rhythm and the social/environmental demands on sleep/wake schedules. 본 연구에서는 한국 대학생의 주중과 주말의 취침 및 기상시각, 수면잠재시간, 수면 양을 조사하고, 일주기성 유형과 우울수준에 따른 수면양상의 차이를 조사하였다. 서울, 인천, 춘천 지역 대학생 916명(남: 449, 여: 465, 무반응: 2)에게 설문지 배터리(우울척도, 일주기성 유형척도, 수면의 질 척도 및 수면습관 항목 포함)를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 주중의 취침시각은 새벽 1시 1분, 기상시각은 아침 7시 51분이었고, 잠자리에 든 후 잠드는 시간인 수면잠재시간은 21분이며, 수면 양은 6.47시간이었다. 주말의 취침시각은 주중보다 36분, 기상시각은 2시간 9분 늦어져서 수면 양은 1.52시간 늘어났다. 수면 양상에서 학년 간에 차이가 있었다. 주중의 수면양상에서는 1학년의 수면잠재시간이 가장 짧고, 4학년의 수면 양이 가장 적었다. 주말의 수면양상에서는 1학년의 기상시각이 4학년보다 늦었고, 1학년의 수면잠재시간이 4학년보다 짧았다. 일주기성 유형에서 저녁활동형일수록 주중 및 주말의 수면잠재시간이 길고, 수면의 질은 떨어지며, 우울수준은 높았다. 우울과 수면양상 간의 관계에서 성별 및 일주기성 유형을 통제한 후에는 주중 및 주말의 취침과 기상시각은 우울과 유의미한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 그러나 우울수준이 높을수록 주중 및 주말의 수면잠재시간은 길었고, 주중의 수면 양이 적었으며, 수면의 질은 떨어졌다. 이상의 결과를 다음과 같은 측면에서 논의하였다. 첫째, 수면 부족은 정신적, 신체적 문제를 비롯하여 여러 가지 적응문제의 원인이 될 수 있다. 둘째, 주말 수면 양의 증가는 개인의 생물학적 수면-각성주기와 사회, 환경적 요구에 따른 취침-기상시각 간의 괴리를 반영한 것일 수 있다. 따라서 이 두 주기의 조율은 수면건강에서 중요하다.

Circadian Rhythms of Melatonin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Body Temperature: Relationships among those Rhythms and Effect of Sleep-Wake Cycle

Kim, Mi-Seung,Lee, Hyun J.,Im, Wook-Bin The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2002 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.6 No.3

Plasma melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and body temperature were measured simultaneously and continuously before and after the sleep-wake cycle was shifted in 4 healthy males and changes in the circadian rhythm itself and in the phase relationship among these circadian rhythms were determined. Normal sleep-wake cycle (sleep hours: 2300-0700) was delayed by 10 h (sleep hours: 0900-1700) during the experiment. Even after this shift the typical melatonin rhythm was maintained: low during daytime and high during night. The melatonin rhythm was gradually delayed day by day. The TSH rhythm was also maintained fundamentally during 3 consecutive days of altered sleep-wake cycle. The phase was also delayed gradually but remarkably. The daily rhythm of body temperature was changed by the alteration of sleep-wake cycle. The body temperature began to decrease at the similar clock time as in the control but the decline during night awake period was less steep and the lowered body temperature persisted during sleep. The hormonal profiles during the days of shifted sleep/wake cycle suggest that plasma melatonin and TSH rhythms are basically regulated by an endogenous biological clock. The parallel phase shift of melatonin and TSH upon the change in sleep-wake cycle suggests that a common unitary pacemaker probably regulates these two rhythms. The reversal phase relationship between body temperature and melatonin suggests that melatonin may have a hypothermic effect on body temperature. The altered body temperature rhythm suggests that the awake status during night may inhibit the circadian decrease in body temperature and that sleep sustains the lowered body temperature. It is probable but uncertain that there ave causal relationships among sleep, melatonin, TSH, and body temperature.

The High-Dose of Exogenous Melatonin Did Not Alter the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Anoxic Brain Injury Patients

Kanarskii Mikhail,Nekrasova Julia,Pradhan Pranil,Borisov Ilya,Korepina Olga,Kondratyeva Ekaterina,Nikitkina Angelina,Petrova Marina 대한수면학회 2022 sleep medicine research Vol.13 No.2

Disturbance in circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle is typical for patients in the intensive care unit, which retards rehabilitation. To assess the effect of exogenous melatonin and simultaneous mitigation of intensive care unit environmental factors on sleep duration. We studied five patients with chronic disorder of consciousness caused by anoxic brain injury. In addition, we varied the level of melatonin secretion in blood plasma to assess melatonin’s bioavailability and elimination time. We evaluated the sleep-wake cycle using continuous videoelectroencephalogram monitoring with the addition of oculographic and myographic channels for 72 hours. All the patients received melatonin tablets on the second day, wore masks and ear plugs, and had no feeding and nursing manipulations at night on the second and third days. There was no significant difference in sleep time between the first, second, and third days. Future studies of the circadian rhythm should aim at gaining a deeper analysis of the characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle in patients with severe anoxic brain injury together with further research for possible ways to influence the circadian component of sleep.

Role of nitric oxide and WNK-SPAK/OSR1-KCC2 signaling in daily changes in GABAergic inhibition in the rat dorsal raphe neurons

Kim, Mi Jung,Yang, Hye Jin,Kim, Younghoon,Kang, Insug,Kim, Sung Soo,Cho, Young-Wuk Elsevier 2018 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY - Vol.135 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) act as wake-inducing neurons in the sleep-wake cycle and are controlled by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inputs. We investigated daily changes in GABAergic inhibition of the rat DRN neurons and the role of nitric oxide (NO) and cation-chloride co-transporters in the GABAergic action. Neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) was co-expressed in 74% of serotonergic DRN neurons and nNOS expression was higher during daytime (the sleep cycle) than that during nighttime (the wake cycle). GABAergic hyperpolarization of DRN neurons produced by GABA<SUB>A</SUB> receptor agonist muscimol was greater and the equilibrium potential of muscimol showed a hyperpolarizing shift during daytime compared to that during nighttime. Expression levels of potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) were higher during daytime than that during nighttime, whereas there were no changes in sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) expression. With-no-lysine kinase (WNK) isoform 1 was more highly expressed during daytime than that during nighttime. Total Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response kinase 1 (OSR1) were also higher during daytime than during nighttime, while there were no changes in phosphorylated SPAK and OSR1. Consistent with the findings during the sleep-wake cycle, <I>ex vivo</I> treatment of DRN slices with a NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased the expression of KCC2, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, SPAK, and OSR1, whilst decreasing phosphorylated SPAK. These results suggest that GABAergic synaptic inhibition of DRN serotonergic neurons shows daily changes during the sleep-wake cycle, which might be regulated by daily changes in nNOS-derived NO and WNK-SPAK/OSR1-KCC2 signaling.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> nNOS was co-localized in most of TPH-positive serotonergic neurons in the rat DRN. </LI> <LI> GABAergic hyperpolarization of DRN neurons showed daily changes. </LI> <LI> Expression of nNOS and KCC2 was higher during daytime (sleep-cycle) than nighttime. </LI> <LI> Expression of WNK1, SPAK, and OSR1 was higher during daytime (sleep-cycle). </LI> <LI> Treatment with NO donor increased KCC2, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, SPAK, and OSR1. </LI> </UL> </P>

태생 전 임신 15일째 Methylazoxymethanol에 노출된 쥐의 수면각성주기 이상 및 신경생리학적 이상

김정일(Jung Il Kim),장수민(Su Min Chang),박성파(Sung-Pa Park),장일성(Il-Sung Jang),최병주(Byung-Ju Choi),김상헌(Sang Heon Kim),이호원(Ho-Won Lee),이만기(Maan Gee Lee) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2006 생물치료정신의학 Vol.12 No.2

뇌 발육이상 중 신경이주장애(neuronal migration disorder)에 의해 나타나는 비정상적인 피질 층 구조는 난치성 간질과 발달장애, 정신지체, 행동 및 정서장애 등과 관련 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 태생기 MAM에 노출시켜 신경이주장애를 유발시킨 쥐에서 수면 이상과 뇌파 이상을 수면-각성 상태의 주기의 관찰과 각 상태에서 뇌파의 정량적 기술을 이용하여 살펴보았다. 그리고 신경이주장애와 관련된 질환에 동반되어 생길 수 있는 수면 이상 및 뇌파 이상을 고찰하였다. MAM 노출 동물에서 역설수면 기간이 정상 동물과 비교할 때 유의하게 감소되었으나 다른 수면 각성 상태의 기간들의 유의한 변화는 없었다. 전체 7시간 관찰(10:30-17:30) 동안 MAM 노출 쥐에서는 전두피질, 중앙피질, 두정피질에서 저명한 진폭 스펙트럼의 변화가 관찰되었다. 특정 뇌영역의 기능 상태를 나타내는 진폭분포스펙트럼 비교에서 모든 피질 영역의 쎄타 파가 MAM 노출 쥐에서 정상 쥐에서보다 감소되었다. 반대로 역설수면 동안 정상 쥐에서 두정부에서 저명한 쎄타 활동이 관찰되지만 MAM 노출 쥐에서는 진폭이 작고 빠른 쎄타파가 관찰되고, 정상 동물의 전두피질에서 쎄타 및 느린 주파수의 쎄타가 관찰되는 반면 MAM 노출 쥐에서는 알파 대역의 빠른 주파수의 방추형파가 기록되었다. MAM 처리된 쥐들에서 나타나는 활동성의 증가와 수면 지연 등의 결과를 고려해 볼 때, 발달동안의 유발된 피질의 기형은 수면 각성의 특성을 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라 전반적인 기능의 이상을 가져옴을 시사한다. Several neuropsychiatric disorders, including intractable epilepsy, mental retardation or schizophrenia, are consequences of cortical malformation. We examined the sleep-wake profiles and the electroencephalographic(EEG) abnormalities in the adult rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate(MAM) at embryonic day 15 whether cortical disorganization could affect sleep-wake cycle and neurophysiological characteristics. In the MAM-exposed rats, only the duration of the paradoxical sleep(PS) decreased significantly while the durations of other sleep-wake states did not differ from the normal control group. The amplitude spectrum of the 7-hour EEG recordings(10:30-17:30) of the frontal, central and parietal cortices of the MAM-exposed group was compared with that of the control group. A significant amplitude decrease was seen in high delta and theta bands of the frontal EEG, in the theta band of the central EEG and in from the delta to low beta ranges of the parietal EEG. The relative amplitude distribution spectrum, which represents a specific functional state of the brain, of the MAM-exposed rats was compared with that of the control group. Significant decrease of the percentage of amplitude was seen in the theta band of the frontal, central and parietal EEG. Conversely, significant increase was seen in the beta band of the central EEG and in the beta and low gamma bands of the parietal EEG. The peak frequency of the theta wave, which is prominent in the parietal EEG, was higher in MAM-exposed rats than in the control group. In visual inspection of the EEG trace of the MAM-treated rat, spindle rhythms of the beta range were prominent during the transition to PS, the PS and even during the slow wave sleep and delta wave amplitude was smaller and the theta frequency was faster as compared with the control group. These observations correspond to the changed in the percentage of amplitude in the relative distribution spectrum. Taken together, the findings suggest that the cortical malformation during development produces an alteration in the global functional state indicated by the EEG changes as well as alters the sleep-wakefulness characteristics.

양극성 장애 환자와 이환되지 않은 형제자매에서 나타나는 계절성과 수면-각성 일주기 특성

김지선,최정미,백지현,최지선,권준수,이동수,홍경수 대한우울조울병학회 2011 우울조울병 Vol.9 No.2

Introduction : Abnormalities in biological rhythm have been received attentions as an endophenotype in bipolar disorder. In previous study, authors have reported that seasonality was prominently observed in bipolar patients. This study aimed to investigate whether seasonality and sleep-wake cycle characteristics were more frequently observed in unaffected siblings of bipolar patients. Method : Subjects were 102 clinically stable patients with BD, 30 of their unaffected siblings and 201 healthy controls. Seasonality was measured using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Circadian preference and sleep irregularity were assessed using the Composite Scale of Morningness and the Sleep Timing Questionnaire, respectively. Results : The patient group showed higher global seasonality scores on the SPAQ compared to both sibling and control groups. There was no difference between sibling and control groups. The circadian-preference did not significantly differ among three subject groups. Compared to the control group, both patient and sibling groups showed significantly higher irregularity in goodnight time during weekdays. Conclusion : Seasonality and irregularity in sleep-wake cycle could be regarded as lifetime traits related to BD. Irregularity in weekday sleep cycle was also prominent in the unaffected siblings of the patients for which further investigation as a behavioral phenotype related to the vulnerability to BD is warranted. (J of Kor Soc for Dep and Bip Disorders 2011;9:70-77)

기면증의 뇌형태 변화

주은연 대한수면연구학회 2013 Journal of sleep medicine Vol.10 No.2

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with the abnormal regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness, disturbed nocturnal sleep, and manifestations related to REM sleep such as cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucination. Over the past decade, numerous neuroimaging studies, have been performed to characterize the pathophysiology and various clinical features of narcolepsy. Here we review structural findings based on brain magnetic resonance imaging in narcolepsy with cataplexy, which include voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness analyses, and hippocampal volumetry. The current state of research suggests that structural neuroimaging is a useful tool to investigate and understand the anatomical correlates and brain abnormalities of narcolepsy.

병원 교대근무자의 야간수면의 주관적 특성

이정태,이성필,김제헌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1993 신경정신의학 Vol.32 No.1

The purpose of this study was to find subjective characteristics of nocturnal sleep of rotating shift workers in general hospital using a sleep questionnaire modified from one of Pittsburg Sleep Research Center, USA. The subjects were 153 female shift ones including 122 registered nurses, 21 aid nurses, 5 technicians, and 5 pharmacists, and the controls were 89 female fixed workers which included 37 registered nurses, 31 aid nurses, 8 technician, 6 pharmacists, and 7 medical recorders The results were as follows: In comparison with the fixed workers. 1) More shift workers felt that they currently had some problems with their nocturnal sleep. 2) They were getting longer total sleep time in their typical nights. 3) They had more difficulties in falling asleep, and the longer sleep inducing time. 4) Although they did not significantly complain more difficulties in maintaining sleep, they needed the longer time in order to sleep again after spontaneous awakening during the night, and they were awakened more frequently during the second part of the typical night. 5) They felt more difficulty due to early morning awakening and they were awakened more frequently by alarms of clocks in their mornings. 6) There were no differences of dreamings, but more nocturnal behaviors were found in the shift workers. 7) There were no significant differences in their past history, and the past and present family histories of sleep disorder between the shift worker group and the control group.

일주기 리듬을 어떻게 측정할 것인가?

정석훈 대한수면연구학회 2009 Journal of sleep medicine Vol.6 No.2

Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center Human behaviors are affected by light-dark cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus generates endogenous 24-hour rhythm, which is mentioned as circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm in human being can be assessed by measuring the circadian rhythmic profile in serum level of melatonin or cortisol, or core body temperature. In addition, rating scales such as Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) or Composite Scale also are useful to assess the sleep/wake cycle or circadian patterns of human. Actigraphy, a portable device that records movement, can be used to measure the sleep/wake cycle or circadian patterns objectively over extended periods of time. In this review, the methods to measure the circadian rhythm are focused on

The role of diuretic hormones (DHs) and their receptors in Drosophila

Gahbien Lee,Heejin Jang,오양균 생화학분자생물학회 2023 BMB Reports Vol.56 No.4

Maintaining internal homeostasis and regulating innate behaviorsare essential for animal survival. In various animal species, ahighly conserved neuroendocrine system integrates sensory inputsand regulates physiological responses to environmental andinternal changes. Diuretic hormones 44 and 31, which are homologsof mammalian corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and calcitoningene-related peptide (CGRP), respectively, control bodyfluid secretion in Drosophila. These neuropeptides and their receptorshave multiple physiological roles, including the regulationof body-fluid secretion, sleep:wake cycle, internal nutrientsensing,and CO2-dependent response. This review discussesthe physiological and behavioral roles of DH44 and DH31signaling pathways, consisting of neuroendocrine cells thatsecrete DH44 or DH31 peptides and their receptor-expressingorgans. Further research is needed to understand the regulatorymechanisms of the behavioral processes mediated by these neuroendocrinesystems.