Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy

김해인,임혜솔,문애리 한국응용약물학회 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.4

The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.

성교육 프로그램이 초등헉교 5학년 학생의 성 관련 지식 및 태도에 미치는 효과

이관순,이정숙 韓國學校保健學會 2004 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the sex education program on the elementary school students' sex-related knowledge and attitude. The research method used in this study is an equivalent control group pre-test and post-test and post-test design in a quasi-experimental research format. The subjects of this study were the 5th-grade elementary school students(63 in the experimental group and 60 in the control group) in O and O elementary school in G city. The data was collected from April 4th to July 3th, 2003. The experimental group received a sex education program while the control group did not receive any treatment. The sex education program was implemented for 40 minutes every 2-3 days which total twelve sessions over 4 weeks. Using the SPSS 10.0 program, the data was analyzed by x²- test, Fisher exact test, t-test, and a repeated measures ANOVA., Results : The experimental group who received the sex education program showed a significantly higher sex-related knowledge score than the control group (F=140.52, p=.00l). The experimental group showed a significantly higher sex relatied attitudes score than the control group (F=40.80, p=.00l). This study concluded that the sex education program was effective in both sex-related knowledge and attitudes for elementary school students. Therefore, it appears to be effective for 5th-grade students to receive intensive sex education. It es recommended that the schools and government develop education media and a sex education program for parents, have a sex education teacher and a place where students can be counseled, and a professional consultant who can effectively counsel the students regarding sex-related issues.

전통적 성윤리에 기반한 섹스로봇에 대한 도덕적 가치판단은 정당한가?

김태경 한국동서철학회 2023 동서철학연구 Vol.- No.107

With the rise of sex robots, new ethical issues have been raised. Among these problems, the most popular one is that the development and use of sex robots should be prohibited because human behaviour toward sex robots is quite similar to human immoral sexual behaviour. On this, I point out that the main concepts used in these claims are based on comprehensive traditional sexual ethics that cannot ask for specific value judgments about sex robots. In particular, I indicate that the concepts of 'act' and 'agent' that are used in traditional sex-ethics cannot be applied to artificial intelligence such as sex robots, and the ethical worries on sex robots starts with the application of the wrong the conceptual approach. This does not mean that moral judgment on sex robots is not impossible, but carefully suggests that moral judgment on sex robots should be withheld until new perspectives are established through various studies. 인공지능의 개발로 등장한 섹스로봇은 우리의 성생활에 대한 새로운 변화를 야기할 것으로 보이지만 인간의 외형과 능력을 닮아 있다는 이유로 우리 사회에 심각한 윤리적 우려를 낳을 것이라는 주장이 있다. 이러한 주장들 중 가장 대표적인 것이 바로 인간의 섹스에 대한 전통적 개념틀을 근거로 섹스로봇의 개발과 사용이 심각한 윤리적 문제를 낳을 것이기 때문에 섹스로봇의 개발과 사용을 금지해야 한다는 것이다. 논자는 이에 대해 이러한 주장들이 포함하는 주요개념들이 섹스로봇 문제에 대해 어떠한 가치판단을 내릴 수 없는 전통적 성윤리에 기반하고 있음을 지적할 것이다. 특히, 전통적 성윤리가 기초하고 있는 ‘행위(act)’ 그리고 ‘행위자(agent)’의 개념이 섹스로봇에 적용될 수 없음을 보임으로써 섹스로봇에 대한 윤리적 우려는 잘못된 개념의 적용으로부터 출발하고 있다는 점을 드러낼 것이다. 이 글의 마지막에서 논자는 섹스로봇에 대한 가치판단이 불가함을 주장하는 것이 아니라 새로운 관점을 정립하기까지 가치판단을 유보해야 함을 제안할 것이다.

SEX ROBOTS AND GENDER RELATIONS: MARKETING HOSPITALITY SERVICES IN THE FUTURE ECONOMY

Craig Webster,Anna Farmaki 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07

Few species on this planet partake in sex for recreational purposes and humans are one of them. What is noteworthy is that humans are the only species with the capability to develop advanced technologies to satiate the need for recreational sex. At present, there are massive advances in technologies in robotics that would suggest that it will not be long before sex work will be robotised. This large jump in technological capabilities brings up ethical, legal, and practical issues with regards to the commercialization of sex, something previously explored by some scholars (See, for example; D?ring, Mohseni & Walter,2020; Mackenzie, 2016; Makenzie, 2018; Klein & Lin, 2018). There is a growing literature that deals with how sex robots will be incorporated into the tourism and hospitality industries (see, for example; Yeoman & Mars, 2012). As sex robots become increasingly sophisticated, the ethics, social debate, and practicalities of their incorporation into society will have to be thought through, especially as their impact will not be gender neutral. While the historical roots of the modern mechanization of sex were gynocentric, the current technological innovations are largely aimed at a male consumer. In this research, the authors discuss the state of the art in sex robots, the practical aspects of the incorporation of sex robots into the field of hospitality and tourism, and the impact that such a technological jump will have upon sex tourism and its contribution to the sustainable development of destinations with a transformation of sex tourism into a new paradigm. The authors will conclude explaining the ways in which this technological innovation will impact upon males and females and the interactions between the genders, transforming human connections and hospitality. This research will be the first to discuss how the digital aspects of the new generation of sex robots will impact upon the marketing of automated sex services, since the intimate nature of the supply of services will require marketing finesse unlike other more openly disseminated hospitality services.

첨단 기술권력 사회에 대한 여성주의 기독교교육적 성찰: 섹스로봇을 중심으로

이주아(Jooah Lee) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2020 기독교교육정보 Vol.0 No.66

본 연구는 섹스로봇에 내포되어있는 성 개념을 분석하면서 기독교 전통 및 여성신학적 관점에서 대항담론으로서의 성성(性性) 개념을 제안하고 이를 위한 여성주의적 기독교교육과정을 제안하였다. 섹스로봇의 형태는 새로워 보이고 충격적이지만, 사실 내재되어 있는 가치관은 매우 오래된 인류의 죄악을 재생산한 것에 지나지 않는다. 연구자는 섹스로봇이 내포하고 있는 성 개념과 이에 대한 대항담론으로서의 성서적 성 개념을 다음과 같이 세 가지로 비교 대조하였다: 생식기 위주의 성 vs 몸 전체를 축하하는 성, 타자화, 대상화의 도구적 성 vs 상호성, 연대성, 관계성의 성, 단절된 성 vs 인간 사이의 관계를 지구 전체의 관계로 확장시켜나가는 연결된 성. 그리고 성서적 성 개념의 확립을 위한 교육적 방안으로 몸의 경험을 풀어내고 재형성하기, 몸을 축하하기. 하나님의 몸으로서의 지구를 생각하기의 세 단계를 제안하였다. This study proposed the concept of sexuality as a counter-discourse from the viewpoint of the Christian tradition and feminist theology while analyzing the concept of sex implicit in sex robots, and a feminist Christian education curriculum for this. The shape of the sex robot looks new and shocking, but in fact the underlying values are nothing more than a reproduction of the very old human sin. The researcher compared and contrasted the concept of sex implied by sex robots and the concept of biblical sex as a counter-discourse in the following three ways: sex-oriented reproductive organs vs. sex celebrating the whole body, sex oriented otherization and instrumentality vs. sex oriented reciprocality, solidarity, relationship, disconnected sex vs. connected sex that expands the relationship between humans to the whole earth. And I proposed three steps as an educational tool for the establishment of biblical sexual concepts, unraveling and reshaping the body experience, celebrating the body, conceiving of the earth as the body of God.

성전환자의 성별정정 허가기준과 그 입법적 제안 : 대상결정: 대법원·2011.9.2.자 2009스117·전원합의체 결정

최성경 한국가족법학회 2013 가족법연구 Vol.27 No.1

This paper is about the legal standards for the "sex correction" of transsexuals on the National Family Registration. A significant case regarding this issue was decided at the Supreme Court recently. In this case, the applicant has suffered from disorders of sexual identity for a long time. She has believed that she is a woman and the people around her have recognized her as a woman because she has put on the woman's clothing. But she was registered as a man because she was born a man. After receiving several psychiatric treatments to overcome her sexual disorders, she made up her mind to maintain her psychological sexual orientation. Finally, she had a sex reassignment surgery and mammoplasty on Aug. 8. 2006 in Thailand. After the operation, she has undergone the estrogen therapies. In the meanwhile, she was married on Oct. 21.1992 and had a baby on Nov. 8. 1994, but got a divorce. Afterwards, she petitioned the sex correction on the National Family Registration from male to female. The Supreme Court rejected it for these reasons. First, the Civil Law only permits marriage between different sex, even though there is no way for the government to intervene in identifying a person's sexual orientation who lives his or her social lives as a different sex after a sex reassignment surgery with others' recognitions. The government's permission on the sexual correction of the transsexuals especially during their marriage can be regarded as the acceptance of the same-sex marriage. It may cause an unconstitutional influence on the sociolegal status of the spouse. Furthermore, when a transsexual has children underage, the government should consider the welfare of minors when judging the sex of the parents. If the correction of sex is permitted, minors are supposed to face a psychological disorientation, and may undergo possible social discriminations and prejudices during their sensitive juvenile period because their parents' sex on the registration shows the marriage between same sex. The writer evaluates this Supreme Court decision introducing the theories on the sexual transformation and the correction of sex. Considering recent trends of other courts and legislations, she suggests an unbiased legislation policy for transsexuals. Marriage status and possession of a minor child should not be the decisive standard for a sex correction. First, this study suggests that the legal provides could be that if someone in marriage is to request the correction of sex, they should file a divorce or be in divorce. Second, minors do not suffer from a mental disorientation because of the display of their parent's transformed sex. Under the current system, minors cannot approach the legal registration of sex, so they will not have the related information. Moreover, their mental hurts that come from the changes of the parents' appearance will be much bigger than those from information regarding sex change on the registration. We have to understand that minors will not suffer from the mental confusion if they are accustomed to the sexually changed parents. Thus, the impact on a child from the parent's sex change on the registration may not be so serious. For an idea of a statutory change, the writer suggests the removal of the sex registration. If we remove the sex/gender blank from the National Family Registration form, the history of the sex correction will not be uncovered.

섹스 로봇의 현황과 그 규제에 대한 세 가지 입장

김수정 한국의료윤리학회 2020 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This article examines and evaluates the views of David Levy, Kathleen Richardson, and John Danaher on the ethical and legal issues involved in human-robot sex. While Levy welcomes the introduction of sex robots and extols the benefits of this technology, the other two writers are much more critical of sexual relationships with robots. Richardson campaigns against sex robots, warning that they will lead to the further objectification of women and commodification of sex; and Danaher, who considers a complete ban on sex robots unrealistic, argues that it is necessary to regulate and even criminalize particular sex robots, such as those embodying child sex abuse or rape fantasies. In a pluralistic society, individual freedom or autonomy should be respected as long as doing so does not cause harm to others or threaten public safety or social order. Therefore, this article defends a view similar to Danaher’s on policies concerning human-robot sex: it is argued that while sex robots should be permitted for individual use, the industry should be strongly regulated, and sex robots associated with rape fantasies or child sex abuse should be prohibited. 본 논문은 섹스 로봇의 정의와 현황을 소개하고 섹스 로봇에 대한 찬반 논쟁을 다룬다. 데이비드 레비(David Levy)는 섹스 로봇을 적극적으로 환영하고 섹스 로봇의 긍정적 측면을 제안한다. 그러나 캐더린 리차드슨(Catherine Richardson)은 여성의 성적 대상화와 성 상품화를 경고하며 섹스 로봇에 대한 반대 캠페인을 펼친다. 존 다나허(John Danaher)는 섹스 로봇의 전면적 금지가 현실적이지 않다는 점을 고려하면서 소아착취성애와 강간 판타지를 체화한 특정 섹스 로봇을 규제해야 한다고 주장한다. 다원주의적 민주사회에서 개인은 자신이 유익하다고 생각하는 가치를 추구할 자유를 보장 받아야 하지만, 타인에게 직접적 해가 가해진다는 분명한 증거가 있을 때 공공의 안전과 질서를 위해서 개인의 자유 행사를 규제할 수 있다. 본 논문은 섹스 로봇에 대해서 개인의 신체적·정서적·사회적 유익을 위한 섹스 로봇 사용을 허용하면서도 강간이나 소아착취성애와 같은 분명한 해를 가하는 범죄 행위를 모방하거나 함축하는 행위에 대해서 적극적 규제를 하도록 제안한다.

유아의 성별에 따른 어머니 성역할 인식과 유아의 성역할 고정관념 및 리더십의 관계

이윤정,성소영 한국보육학회 2013 한국보육학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in mothers' sex-role awareness, their preschool children's sex-role stereotype and leadership according to the gender, and the relationship among them. 183 four-year-olds, and their mothers and teachers from 14 different daycare centers located in Daegu and Pohang were participated in this study. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for the sex-role awareness of the mothers by preschooler gender, there were gaps in that aspect according to the gender of the preschoolers. Second, regarding the sex-role stereotype of the preschoolers by gender, the attitude of gender equality was more found among the preschool girls than among the preschool boys. Third, concerning the leadership of the preschoolers by gender, the preschool girls scored higher than the preschool boys in leadership. Fourth, as to correlation between the sex-role stereotype of the preschoolers and the sex-role awareness of the mothers, the sex-role stereotype of the preschool boys had nothing to do with the sex-role awareness of the mothers, and that of the preschool girls had a negative correlation to the sex-role awareness of the mothers. Fifth, in regard to correlation between the sex-role awareness of the mothers and the leadership of the preschoolers, the sex-role awareness of the mothers wasn't correlated to the leadership of the boys, and that was negatively correlated to the leadership of the preschool girls. Sixth, in terms of correlation between the sex-role stereotype and leadership of the preschoolers, the sex-role stereotype of the preschool boys had a significant positive correlation to their sensitivity only, one of the subfactors of leadership, and that of the preschool girls had a significant positive correlation to all the subfactors of their leadership. The findings of the study suggest that the sex-role awareness of mothers is one of major variables to have a different impact on the sex-role stereotype and leadership development of preschoolers according to their gender. 본 연구는 유아의 성별에 따른 어머니 성역할 인식과 유아의 성역할 고정관념, 리더십의 차이를 알아보고, 어머니의 성역할 인식과 유아의 성역할 고정관념 및 리더십의 관계를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 대구광역시와 경북 포항시에 위치한 어린이집 14곳에 재원중인 만 4세 유아 183명과 그들의 어머니, 유아의 담임교사 14명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 본 연구에서 수집된 자료는 평균과 표준편차를 구하고 독립표본 t검증과 Pearson의 상관계수를 산출하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 어머니의 성역할 인식은 남녀 집단 간 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 성별에 따른 유아의 성역할 고정관념은 여아가 남아보다 더 양성 평등주의적 태도를 나타냈다. 셋째, 성별에 따른 유아의 리더십은 여아의 리더십 평균점수가 남아의 점수보다 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 성역할 고정관념과 어머니 성역할 인식의 상관관계에서 남아는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났고, 여아는 부적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 어머니의 성역할 인식과 리더십의 상관관계에서 남아는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 여아는 부적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 여섯째, 성역할 고정관념과 리더십의 상관관계에서 남아는 리더십의 하위요인인 민감성에서만 유의미한 정적 상관관계가 나타났고 여아의 경우에는 하위요인 모두에서 유의미한 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과는, 성별에 따른 어머니의 성역할 인식이 유아의 성역할 고정관념 형성과 리더십의 발달에 중요한 변인임을 시사한다.

중, 고, 대학생의 성역할 정체감 발달과 변화

최임숙 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2004 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.17 No.2

The purpose of the present study is to inquire the development of sex-role identity. The study will have its significance for providing a foundation of sex-role education todays. The subjects of the study were 598 students consisted of 202 middle school students, 200 high school students and 196 college students. Sex-role identity was measured repeatedly for 145 college students at the interval of one year. The conclusions of the study are as follows; First, developmental pattern of sex-role identity is different by gender. In the case of male students, middle school students are characterized by undifferentiated type of sex-role identity. However, high school students are represented by masculine type while college students androgynous type. In the case of female students, undifferentiated type is dominant among middle school students while feminine type is dominant among high school and college students. Second, the repeated measure of the sex-role identity shows that a significant change appears in sex-role identity among college students during 1 year. Approximately 43% of the college students have changed their sex-role identity in a period of one year. The undifferentiated and androgynous types show a higher proportion of change than the masculine and feminine types. A future study is expected to answer toward the question of why such changes occur among college students in one year 본 연구의 목적은 연령에 따른 성역할 정체감 유형의 차이를 살펴봄으로써 성역할 정체감의 전체적인 발달 추이를 알아보고, 개인의 발달 단계에 맞는 건강한 적응과 시대 변화에 적절한 새로운 성역할 교육의 근거를 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 중, 고등학생과 대학생들의 성역할 정체감 유형을 비교 분석하였다. 특히 성인 초기 성역할 정체감의 안정성 정도를 알아보기 위해 대학생을 대상으로 1년 간격의 반복 측정 연구를 실시하였다. 연구의 대상은 대전광역시의 중학생 202명, 고등학생 200명, 대학생 196명 등 총 598명이었다. 반복측정 연구는 대전광역시의 대학생 145명이었다. 연구결과 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 첫째, 성역할 정체감은 연령이 증가함에 따라 미분화 유형에서 그 외의 유형 즉, 남성성ㆍ여성성ㆍ양성성 유형으로 발달해 간다. 남학생의 경우, 중학생은 미분화 유형, 고등학생은 남성성 유형, 대학생은 양성성 유형을 그 특징으로 한다. 여학생의 경우는 중학생의 미분화 유형에서 고등학교와 대학을 거치면서 여성성으로 발달해간다. 둘째, 성인 초기 성역할 정체감의 안정성 정도를 알아보기 위한 반복 측정 연구에서, 대학생들의 성역할 정체감 유형별 구성 비율은 1년 사이에 유의한 변화를 나타낸다. 즉, 남성성과 여성성 유형은 안정을 유지하면서 적은 변화만을 보인 반면, 미분화 유형과 양성성 유형에서 주된 변화가 나타난다. 이러한 변화 양상이 대학 시기 이후에도 계속 되는지에 대한 의문은 후속 연구를 통해 해결해나가야 할 것이다.

Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy

Kim, Hae-In,Lim, Hyesol,Moon, Aree The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.4

The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.