고령의 비소세포성폐암 환자의 방사선 및 병용치료에 대한 효과 평가

윤원섭(Won-Sup Yoon),양대식(Dae-Sik Yang),김철용(Chul-Yong Kim) 대한방사선종양학회 2007 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.25 No.2

목 적: 70세 이상 고령의 비소세포성폐암 환자에서 단독방사선치료 및 화학방사선병행요법에 대한 독성과 생존율 을 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년에서 2002년까지 만 70세 이상의 Ⅲ기 비소세포성폐암으로 방사선치료를 시행한 57명에 대해 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 중앙추적조사기간은 9개월(1∼53.4개월)이었다. 단독방사선치료(갑군)를 시행한 환자가 33명, 동시화학방사선치료(을군)를 시행한 환자가 16명, 화학요법 후 방사선치료(병군)를 시행한 환자가 8명 이었다. 남자, 여자가 각각 51, 6명, 중앙연령은 74 (70∼85)세였다. Ⅲa와 Ⅲb기가 각각 23, 34명이었다. 갑군과 을군의 비교 시 종양의 크기가 갑군이 더 큰 것 외에는 의미 있는 분포의 차이는 없었다. 방사선치료의 분할선량은 동시화학방사선치료 시에는 1.8 Gy로, 그 외의 경우는 방사선치료범위를 고려하여 1.8∼3 Gy로 하였고 분할선량에 따라 51∼63 Gy를 조사하고자 하였다. 계획된 방사선량을 모두 조사받은 경우를 완전종결로 하였고 그렇지 못한 경우를 불완전종결로 하였다. 결 과: 57명 중 52명의 환자가 추적조사기간 중 사망하였다. 갑, 을, 병군에서 완전종결 환자는 28, 10, 7명이었고 앙방사선치료기간은 각각 35, 60.5, 35일이었다. 전체 환자의 중앙생존기간은 10.1개월이었고 1년, 2년 생존율은 39.8, 17.6%였다. 갑, 을, 병군의 중앙생존기간은 각각 8.9, 8.2, 11.7개월이었고 1년 생존율은 38.4, 37.5, 50%였다. 방사선치료가 불완전 종결된 갑, 을, 병군은 각각 5, 6, 1명으로 N병기(N3)(p=0.081), 치료방법의 차이(p=0.079)가 불완전 종결에 영향을 줄 가능성이 높았다. 을군에서 병용 화학요법제를 시행한 8명 중 4명은 부작용으로 치료를 중단하였다. 예후인자의 평가에서 T병기(T3 이상), 종양의 크기(5 cm 이상), KPS (70 이하), 불완전 종결이 단일변량분석과 다변량분석에서 유의하였다. 론: 고령의 비소세포성폐암 환자에서 단독방사선치료는 타 치료와 비교 시 대등한 생존기간을 나타냈으며 동시 화학방사선치료에 비해 부작용으로 치료를 중단하는 경우가 적어 대체로 고령의 환자가 치료에 잘 견디는 치료였 다. 고령의 환자에서 동시화학방사선치료를 고려할 시에는 치료의 견딤 정도를 고려하여 환자의 선택 및 약제의 선 택에 주의하여야 할 것이다. Purpose: To compare radiation therapy alone to combined modality therapy about survival rate and tolerance of elderly patients (70=or≥) with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Between 1998 and 2002, 57 patients given radiation therapy due to NSCLC (Stage III) were analysed retrospectively. Radiation therapy alone (RT), concurrent chemoradiation (CRT), and sequential chemoradiation (SCRT) was done to 33, 16 and 8 patients, respectively. Patients' median age was 74 (range 70∼85). Male and female are 51 patients and 6 patients, respectively. 23 patients were stage IIIa and 34 were stage IIIb. Patients' characteristic distribution of RT and CRT was not significantly different except mass size that RT has a bigger than CRT. The fraction size of radiation therapy was 1.8 Gy in CRT and 1.8∼3 Gy in other groups. Total radiation dose was 51∼63 Gy according to the fraction size. If the prescribed total radiation dose was successfully irradiated, we stated that it was completion of radiation therapy. Results: 52 patients were dead. Median period of radiation therapy was as follow: RT, 35 days, CRT, 60.5 days and SCRT, 35 days. Overall median survival time (MST) was 10.1 months. The 1 yr- and 2 yr-overall survival rate was 39.8% and 17.6%, respectively. MST of RT, CRT and SCRT was 8.9, 8.2 and 11.7 months, respectively. The 1 yr survival rate of RT, CRT and SCRT was 38.4%, 37.5% and 50% (not significant). Patients given incomplete radiation therapy were 12 (RT, 5 CRT, 6 SCRT, 1). N stage (p=0.081) and the difference of treatment methods (p=0.079) were the factors affecting incompletion of radiation therapy, but it was not significant. In case of combined-agents chemotherapy, 4 of 8 ceased radiation therapy. T stage (T≥3), mass size (≥5 cm), Karnofsky performance scale (≤70) and completion of radiation therapy were the prognostic factors in uni- and multi-variate analysis. Conclusion: In elderly patients with NSCLC, radiation therapy alone was a treatment method with similar survival period compared with other methods. Generally, patients given radiation therapy alone was tolerable to a treatment. Before planning concurrent chemoirradiation in elderly patients with NSCLC, physicians pay attention to a selection of patients and chemotherapy agents considering general condition and toxicity.

Radiation Therapy for Carcinoma of the Oropharynx

박인규(In Kyu Park),김재철(Jae Cheol Kim) 대한방사선종양학회 1996 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.14 No.2

목 적: 구인두암으로 방사선치료를 받은 환자들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하여 생존율, 치료 실패 양상 및 생존율에 미치는 요인 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1985년 3월부터 1993년 6월까지 경북대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 구인두암으로 방사선치료를 시행한 53예의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 환자의 연령은 31세에서 73세로 중간값은 54세였으며 남자 47예 여자 6예였다. 조직학적으로 편평세포암종이 42예, 미분화암종이 10예, 선양 낭성암종이 1예였다. 병기별 분포는 I기 2예, II기 12예, III기 12예, IV기 27예이었다. T1 7예, T2 28예, T3 10예, T4 7예, T병기가 불명확한 경우가 1예이었고, N0 17예, N1 13예, N2 21예, N3 2예였다. 원발병소는 편도 36예, 설기저부 12예, 그리고 연구개 5예였다. 방사선 단독치료가 25예, 유도화학요법 및 방사선치료 병용요법이 28예였다. 유도화학요법은 CF (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) 또는 CVB (cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin) 약제로 1-3회 시행하였다. 방사선치료는 6MV X선 및 8-10MeV 전자선을 이용하였고 방사선 치료선량은 일일 180-200 cGy씩 총 4500-7740 cGy로 중간값은 7100 cGy였다. 환자의 추적기간은 4개월에서 99개월로 중간추적기간이 21개월이었다. 결 과: 방사선치료 후 37예 (69.8%) 에서 완전관해를 보였고 16예 (30.2%) 에서 부분관해를 보였다. 전체 환자에서 2년생존율은 47%, 3년생존율은 42%였고 중앙생존기간은 23개월이었다. 치료에 대한 반응 (p=0.004) 및 전체병기가 (p=0.02) 통계적으로 의미있게 생존율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 2년 무병생존율은 45.5%였고 T 병기 (p=0.03), N 병기 (p=0.04) 및 전체병기가 (p=0.04) 의미있게 무병생존율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 환자의 나이, 성별, 조직학적 소견, 원발병소, 방사선량 및 화학요법과의 병합치료는 무병생존율에 영향을 주지 않았다. 방사선치료 후 완전관해를 보인 36예 중 추적조사가 가능했던 32예에서의 치료 실패양상은 국소재발이 8예, 원격전이가 4예로 주된 치료 실패 원인은 국소재발이었다. 결 론: 본 연구에서는 N 병기, T 병기 및 전체병기가 무병 생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자로 나타났으며, 국소재발이 주된 실패 요인이 되고 있어 국소완치를 위한 노력이 절실히 요구된다. 현재까지 구인두암의 치료는 방사선 단독치료가 가장 효과적인 치료방법으로 여겨지며 화학요법은 좀더 많은 비교 대조군 연구를 통해서만 역할을 평가할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: A retrospective analysis for patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma who were treated with radiation was performed to assess the results of treatment and patterns of failure, and to identify the factors that might influence survival. Materials and Methods: From March 1985 through June 1993, 53 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated with either radiation therapy alone or combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Patients’ ages ranged from 31 to 73 years with a median age of 54 years. There were 47 men and 6 women. Forty-two patients (79.2%) had squamous cell carcinoma, 10 patients (18.9%) had undifferentiated carcinoma and 1 patient (1.9%) had adenoid cystic carcinoma. There were 2 patients with stage I, 12 patients with stage II, 12 patients with stage III and 27 patients with stage IV. According to the TNM classification, patients were distributed as follows: T1 7, T2 2, T3 10, T4 7, TX 1, and N0 17, N1 13, N2 21, N3 2. The primary tumor sites were tonsillar region in 36 patients (67.9%), base of the tongue in 12 patients (22.6%), and soft palate in 5 patients (9.4%). Twenty-five patients were treated with radiation therapy alone and twenty-eight patients were treated with one to three courses of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapeutic regimens used were either CF (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) or CVB (cisplatin, vincristine and bleomycin), Radiation therapy was delivered 180-200 cGy daily, five times a week using 6 MV X-ray with or without 8-10 MeV electron beams. A tumor dose ranged from 4500 cGy to 7740 cGy with a median dose of 7100 cGy. The follow-up time ranged from 4months to 99 months with a median of 21 months. Results: Thrity-seven patients (69.8%) achieved a CR (complete response) and PR (partial response) in 16 patients (30.2%) after radiation therapy. The overall survival rates were 47% at 2 years and 42% at 3 years, respectively. The median survival time was 23 months. Overall stage (p=0.02) and response to radiation therapy (p=0.004) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. The 2-year disease-free survival rate was 45.5%. T-stage (p=0.03), N-stage (p=0.04) and overall stage (p=0.04) were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Age, sex, histology, primary site of the tumor, radiation dose, combination of chemotherapy were not significantly associated with disease-free survival. Among evaluable 32 patients with CR to radiation therapy, 12 patients were considered to have failed. Among these, 8 patients failed locoregionally and 4 patients failed distantly. Conclusion: T-stage, N-stage and overall stage were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. Since locoregional failure was the predominant pattern of relapse, potential methods to improve locoregional control with radiation therapy should be attempted. More controlled clinical trials should be completed before acceptance of chemotherapy as a part of treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma.

부산, 경남지역 폐암 환자의 방사선치료 이용에 대한 임상 결정 모델 연구

손종기,김윤진,조덕영 한국방사선학회 2015 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.6

Radiation therapy for lung cancer is an effective treatment during monotherapy or combination therapy. Studies have reported that the optimum utilization rate of radiation therapy is estimated at 61% to 74%. Radiation therapy in Korea has been investigated to be low; further studies are needed.This study was intended to assess the appropriateness of the use of radiation and to reveal the use of radiation therapy-related factors by examining radiation therapy in lung cancer patients of Busan and South Gyeongnam Province. This study was aimed at the population diagnosed with lung cancer in Busan and South Gyeongnam Province. To conduct the study, 1036 patients enrolled in two hospitals were collected and 897 appropriate as subjects were selected.We compared the optimum utilization rate and actual rate of radiation therapy, and revealed the adequacy and related factors for use of radiotherapy. Of 897 patients, 503 (56%) were treated with medical therapy and 394 (44%) weregiven radiotherapy.The radiotherapy utilization rate of all lung cancer patients was 42%. The proportion of non-small cell lung cancer by histologic type was 33% and that of small cell lung cancer was 90%. Factors related to radiation therapy used in cancer were age, histological type, clinical stage, doctor refereed to, and clinical examination. Compared to radiation utilization by region (site), curative chest therapy was 42%; palliative treatment was 26%. In the comparison of histologic types, utilization of small-cell lung cancer is lower; the lowest especially in the stage Ⅲ. Utilization of radiation therapy in Busan and South Gyeongnam Province was lower than the reasonable one. Utilization difference could be explained by patient factors, tumor factors, and health service factors. To improve utilization,development ofoutreach service programs and activation of the multidisciplinary team are required. 폐암에 대한 방사선치료는 단독치료 또는 병용치료 시에 효과적인 치료이다. 연구에 의하면 최적의 방사선치료 이용률은 61%에서 74% 범위로 추정되고 있으나, 우리나라의 방사선치료 이용률은 낮은 것으로 조사되어 이에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 부산, 경남 지역에서 폐암환자의 방사선치료 이용률을 조사하여 방사선 이용의 적절성을 평가하고 방사선치료 이용관련 인자를 밝히고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 폐암으로 진단된 부산, 경남 지역 인구를 대상으로 하였다. 연구를 위하여 2개의 병원에 등록된 환자 1,036명의 환자 자료를 수집하여 최종적으로 연구에 적합한 897명을 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 연구는 적정 이용비율과 실제 방사선치료 비율을 비교하였고, 방사선치료 이용의 적정성과 관련인자를 확인하고자 하였다. 연구대상자 897명 중에서 503명(56%)은 내과적 치료가 시행되었고, 394명(44%)는 방사선치료가 시행되었다. 전체 폐암환자의 방사선치료 이용률은 42%이었다. 조직학적 분류에 의한 비소세포 폐암의 비율은 33%이었고, 소세포 폐암은 90%이었다. 폐암의 방사선치료 이용과 관련 인자는 연령, 조직학적 유형, 임상병기, 의뢰의사, 임상검사이었다. 부위(site)별 방사선치료 이용률을 비교했을 때 근치적 흉부치료는 42%이었고, 완화적 치료는 26%이었다. 조직학적 유형의 비교에서 소세포 폐암의 이용률은 낮았고 특히 병기 Ⅲ기에서 이용률은 가장 낮았다. 부산, 경남지역에서 방사선치료의 이용률은 적정한 이용률 보다 낮게 나타났다.이용률 차이는 환자요인, 종양요인, 의료 서비스 요인으로 설명할 수 있었다. 이용률 개선을 위해서는 아웃리치 서비스(outreach service) 프로그램의 개발과 다 학제적 팀의 활성화가 필요하다.

Extracranial systemic antitumor response through the abscopal effect induced by brain radiation in a patient with metastatic melanoma

Mark A. D’Andrea,G. Kesava Reddy, 대한방사선종양학회 2019 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.37 No.4

The abscopal effect is a term that has been used to describe the phenomenon in which localized radiation therapy treatment of a tumor lesion triggers a spontaneous regression of metastatic lesion(s) at a non-irradiated distant site(s). Radiation therapy induced abscopal effects are believed to be mediated by activation and stimulation of the immune system. However, due to the brain’s distinctive immune microenvironment, extracranial abscopal responses following cranial radiation therapy have rarely been reported. In this report, we describe the case of 42-year-old female patient with metastatic melanoma who experienced an abscopal response following her cranial radiation therapy for her brain metastasis. The patient initially presented with a stage III melanoma of the right upper skin of her back. Approximately 5 years after her diagnosis, the patient developed a large metastatic lesion in her upper right pectoral region of her chest wall and axilla. Since the patient’s tumor was positive for BRAF and MEK, targeted therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib was initiated. However, the patient experienced central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as headache and disequilibrium and developed brain metastases prior to the start of targeted therapy. The patient received radiation therapy to a dose of 30 Gy delivered in 15 fractions to her brain lesions while the patient was on dabrafenib and trametinib therapy. The patient’s CNS metastases improved significantly within weeks of her therapy. The patient’s non-irradiated large extracranial chest mass and axilla mass also shrank substantially demonstrating the abscopal effect during her CNS radiation therapy. Following radiation therapy of her residual chest lesions, the patient was disease free clinically and her CNS lesions had regressed. However, when the radiation therapy ended and the patient continued her targeted therapy alone, recurrence outside of her previously treated fields was noted. The disease recurrence could be due to the possibility of developing BRAF resistance clones to the BRAF targeted therapy. The patient died eventually due to wide spread systemic disease recurrence despite targeted therapy

초기 성문암 환자에서의 소분할 조사법을 이용한 방사선치료

우홍균(Hong Gyun Wu),홍세미(Semie Hong),신성수(Seong Soo Shin),박찬일(Charn Il Park) 대한방사선종양학회 2001 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.19 No.4

목적: 초기 성문암의 방사선치료에 있어 소분할 치료(hygofractionated radiation therapy)의 용이성과 그 부작용의 정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 2월부터 2000년 2월까지 서울대학교 병원 치료방사선과에 내원하여 조직학적으로 확진된 Ⅰ,Ⅱ 병기의 초기 성문암환자는 20명을 대상으로 전향적 연구를 진행하였다. 환자군의 성별분포는 18명이 남자, 2명이 여자였으며 연령의 중앙값은 59세였다. 병기의 분포는 T1aN0-16명, T1bN0-1명, T2n0 3명이었다. 18명의 환자는 후두미세수술을 통한 조직생검을 시행하였으며 2명의 환자는 레이저 절제술을 시행받았다. 모든 환자는 근치적 방사선치료를 2.5Gy의 분할조사선량으로 총 60 Gy의 방사선을 24회 분할하여 시행받았다. 치료 기간의 중앙값은 36일 이었다(범위31~45일). 결과: 방사선치료 기간 중 금성 반응으로 치료를 중단한 환자는 없었다. 주된 급성 부작용은 식도염과 애성이였으며 치료 후에는 호전되었다. RTOG grade 3의 식도염으로 인한 연하통을 보인 환자가 1례에서 있었고, 6례에서 grade 3의 애성을 보였다. 방사선치료에 대한 반응은 치료 종료 1개월 후에 판정하고 모든 환자에서 완전관해를 보였다. 20명의 환자 중 3명에서 재발이 관찰되었는데, 2례는 방사선치료 후 10개월과 13개월의 시점에서 국소재발이 관찰되었고, 1례 방사선치료 후 2개월의 시점에서 경부 림프절에서의 재발이 관찰되었고 4개월 후 원격전이가 관찰되었다. 결론: 소분할 방사선치료는 시행상의 큰 어려움 없이 진행되었으며 질병에 관해에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 방사선치료기간의 단축이 종양의 치료결과에 미치는 영향과 만성 부작용을 파악하기 위해서 보다 오랜 기간의 추적 관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: This study was performed for the evaluation of the feasibility and toxictiy of hypofractionated radiation therapy for early glottic cancer Methods and Materials: From February 1999 to February 2000, 20 patients with histologically confirmed Stage Ⅰ,Ⅱ glottic cancer were enrolled into this study. There were 18 males and 2 females, the median age of the patients was 59 years. The distribution of stage distribution was as follows; T1aN0-16 patients, T1bN0-1 patient, T2N0-3 patients. Eighteen patients underwent laryngomicroscopic biopsy only, and two patients underwent laser cordectomy. All patients received radical radiation therapy(2.5 Gy per fraction, 24 fractons, total 60 Gy). Median duration of teratment was 36days (range 31~45 days). Results: Radiation therapy were well tolerated. Most common acute reactions were odynophagia and hoarseness, and these reactions resolved after radiation therapy. There were one case of RTOG grade 3 odynophagia (5%), six cases of grade 3 hoarseness (30%). Response of radiation therapy was evaluated one month after completion of treatment. All patients revealed complete response. During follow up, total three cases of treatment failure were detected. two cases were local recurrence in 10 and 13 months of radiation therapy and one case was local recurrence and distant metastasis in 2 months of radiation therapy Conclusion: This hypofractionated radiation therapy schedule was feasible and effective for control of early glottic cancer. But longer follow up time would be required to assess the long0term disease control and the late complication by shortening radiation therapy duration.

Extracranial systemic antitumor response through the abscopal effect induced by brain radiation in a patient with metastatic melanoma

D'Andrea, Mark A.,Reddy, G.K. The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 2019 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.37 No.4

The abscopal effect is a term that has been used to describe the phenomenon in which localized radiation therapy treatment of a tumor lesion triggers a spontaneous regression of metastatic lesion(s) at a non-irradiated distant site(s). Radiation therapy induced abscopal effects are believed to be mediated by activation and stimulation of the immune system. However, due to the brain's distinctive immune microenvironment, extracranial abscopal responses following cranial radiation therapy have rarely been reported. In this report, we describe the case of 42-year-old female patient with metastatic melanoma who experienced an abscopal response following her cranial radiation therapy for her brain metastasis. The patient initially presented with a stage III melanoma of the right upper skin of her back. Approximately 5 years after her diagnosis, the patient developed a large metastatic lesion in her upper right pectoral region of her chest wall and axilla. Since the patient's tumor was positive for BRAF and MEK, targeted therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib was initiated. However, the patient experienced central nervous system (CNS) symptoms of headache and disequilibrium and developed brain metastases prior to the start of targeted therapy. The patient received radiation therapy to a dose of 30 Gy delivered in 15 fractions to her brain lesions while the patient was on dabrafenib and trametinib therapy. The patient's CNS metastases improved significantly within weeks of her therapy. The patient's non-irradiated large extracranial chest mass and axilla mass also shrank substantially demonstrating the abscopal effect during her CNS radiation therapy. Following radiation therapy of her residual chest lesions, the patient was disease free clinically and her CNS lesions had regressed. However, when the radiation therapy ended and the patient continued her targeted therapy alone, recurrence outside of her previously treated fields was noted. The disease recurrence could be due to the possibility of developing BRAF resistance clones to the BRAF targeted therapy. The patient died eventually due to wide spread systemic disease recurrence despite targeted therapy.

비인두강 종양의 방사선치료성적

노영주(Young Ju Nho),조정길(Jeong Gill Cho),안승도(Seung Do Ahn),최은경(Eun Kyung Choi),김종훈(Jong Hoon Kim),강원철(One Chul Kang),장혜숙(Hyesook Chang) 대한방사선종양학회 1997 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.15 No.4

목 적 : 비인두강종양의 방사선치료의 결과를 후향적으로 분석하여 방사선치료의 효과와 예후인자를 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1989년부터 1996년까지 서울중앙병원에서 비인두강종양으로 진단받고 근치적 방사선치료를 시행한 56명을 대상으로 하였다. 병기별로 보면 T1, T2, T3, T4가 각각 17, 10, 11, 18명이었고 N0, N1, N2, N3가 각각 11명, 27명, 4명, 14명이었다. 근치적 방사선치료만 시행한 환자는 28명, 유도항암요법을 병용한 환자는 7명, 매주 CDDP 항암요법을 병용한 환자는 21명이었다. 조사량은 6940-8620cGy였고 중앙값은 7440cGy였다. 외부방사선조사 60Gy이후 원발병소에 대한 부가적치료는 1명은 외부방사선조사, 46명은 강내조사, 9명은 삼차원 입체조형치료를 받았다. 추적관찰기간은 5-92개월이었고 중앙값은 34개월이었다. 결 과 : 전치료후 47명은 완전관해, 8명은 부분관해, 1명은 무반응을 보였다. 5년 생존율은 67.2%, 5년 무병생존율은 53.6%이였다. 국소재발이 생긴 시기는 6-45개월(중앙값 : 14개월)이었으며 전신적 전이가 생긴 시기는 3-49개월(중앙값 : 16개월)이었다. 8명의 환자(14.3%)에서 국소재발이 발생하였고 18명의 환자(32.1%)에서 전신적 전이가 발생하였다. T3나 T4 환자 중 강내조사를 받은 20명중 4명(20%)에서 원발병소에 재발이 있었고 삼차원 입체조형치료를 받은 9명 중 1명(11%)에서 원발병소에 재발이 발생하였다. 전신적 전이는 골전이가 가장 많았다. 생존율에 영향을 주는 예후인자로는 생존율에는 KPS( P=0.005), 방사선치료에 대한 반응(P=0.0001)이 통계학적으로 유의하였고 무병생존율에는 KPS(P=0.02), 방사선치료에 대한 반응(P=0.005)이 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 국소재발과 관련있는 예후인자는 없었으며 원격전이와 관련있는 예후인자는 N stage(P=0.06), 병기(P=0.06)가 다소 의미있는 경향을 보였고, 방사선치료에 대한 반 응(P=0.009)이 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 비인두강종양에서 방사선치료로 5년생존율 67.2%이었고 5년 무병생존율은 53.6%이였다. 재발양상을 보면 국소재발보다는 전신적 전이율이 높음을 알 수 있었고 항암치료와의 병용은 관련이 없었다. T3 혹은 T4 병기에서 삼차원 입체조형치료를 받은 환자에 대해서는 앞으로 추적관찰이 좀더 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 앞으로 국소관해를 높이기 위한 방사선치료방법과 전신적 전이율의 감소를 위한 항암요법에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose : This is a retrospective study to evaluate the results of radiation therapy and prognostic factors influencing the results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods : From October 1989 to May 1996, 56 patients were treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma at Department of Radiation Oncology. According to stage, patients were distributed as follows : stage I (2), II (13), III (11), IV (30). Twenty-eight patients were treated with radiation therapy only, 7 patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Twenty-one patients were treated with radiation therapy and weekly CDDP. After external beam radiotherapy of 60Gy, 46 patients received boost dose with intracavitary radiation and 9 patients with 3D conformal therapy. One patient received boost dose with 2 dimensional photon beam therapy. The tumor dose ranged from 69.4Gy to 86.2Gy with median dose of 74.4Gy. The follow -up period ranged from 5 months to 92 months with a median of 34 months. Results : Forty-seven patients achieved complete response and 8 patients showed partial response. One patient showed minimal response. Patterns of failure were as follows : locoregional recurrence (8) and distant metastasis (18). Among these patients, 2 patients failed locoregionally and distantly. The sites of distant metastasis were bone (8), lung (8) and liver (4). Five years survival rate was 67.2% and 5 years disease-free survival rate was 53.6%. KPS (P=0.005) and response of radiation therapy (P=0.0001) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. KPS (P=0.02) and response of radiation therapy (P=0.005) were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Conclusion : This retrospective study showed that distant metastasis was the predominant pattern of relapse in nasopharyngeal cancer. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or weekly CDDP did not influence the distant metastasis-free survival. For advanced T stage, 3D conformal therapy provided an improved dose coverage compared to ICR. But further follow -up was needed in patients with 3D conformal therapy to assess the efficacy of this therapy. Development of techniques of radiation therapy to improve locoregional control and of more effective systemic chemotherapy regimen are needed.

불완전 방사선치료 환자의 분석

허승재,우홍균,안용찬,김대용,신경환,이규찬,정원아,김현주,Huh Seung Jae,Wu Hong Gyun,Ahn Yong Chan,Kim Dae Yong,Shin Kyung Hwan,Lee Kyu Chan,Chong Won A,Kim Hyun Joo The Korean Society for Radiation Oncology 1998 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.16 No.3

목적 : 본 연구는 계획된 방사선치료의 과정 도중에 방사선치료를 완료하지 못하는 환자들의 빈도를 조사하고 그 이유를 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 :삼성서울병원 치료방사선과에서 방사선치료를 받은 환자 중에서 1996년 4월부터 1997년 5월까지 방사선치료를 시행 받은 1,100명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 대상 환자들 중에서 최초 계획 방사선량의 95$\%$ 이하를 받은 경우를 불완전 방사선치료로 정의하여 그 빈도와 이유를 조사하였다. 결과 : 불완전 방사선치료의 빈도는 1,100명 중 128명으로 12$\%$였다. 불완전 방사선치료 환자들의 운동수행능력은 전체 환자들에 비하여 불량하였으며, 방사선치료의 목적은 고식적 목적이 많았다. 불완전 방사선치료의 가장 흔한 이유는 환자의 거부였으며 이는 주로 환자의 방사선치료에 대한 불신과 경제적 부담 때문이었다. 결론 : 불완전 방사선치료의 빈도를 줄이기 위해서는 방사선치료의 임상적 적응 여부는 물론 환자의 사회 경제적인 여건을 잘 고려하여 방사선치료의 대상 환자를 선정하는 것이 요망되며 이는 특히 고식적 방사선치료의 경우에 더욱 중요하다고 할 수 있겠다. Purpose : This study is to see how much proportion of the patients receiving radiation therapy drop out during radiation therapy and to analyze the reason for the incomplete treatment. Materials and Methods : The base population of this study was 1,100 patients with registration numbers 901 through 2,000 at Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Authors investigated the incidence of incomplete radiation therapy, which was defined as less than 95$\%$ of initially planned radiation dose, and the reasons for incomplete radiation therapy. Results : One hundred and twenty eight patients (12$\%$) did not complete the planned radiation therapy. The performance status of the incompletely treated patients was generally Poorer than that of the base population, and the aim of radiation therapy was more commonly palliative. The most common reason for not completing the planned treatment was the patients' refusal of further radiation therapy because of the distrust of radiation therapy and/or the poor economic status. Conclusion : Careful case selection for radiation therapy with consideration of the socioeconomic status of the patients in addition to the clinical indication would be necessary for the reduction of incomplete treatment, especially in the palliative setting.

절제 가능한 직장암에서 수술전 방사선 치료의 효과 -병리 조직학적인 연구를 중심으로-

최일봉,장지영,김인아,신경섭,이종서,장석균,최규용,김영하,김준기,전정수,계철승,Choi, Ihl-Bong,Jang-Ji-Young,Kim, In-Ah,Shinn-Kyung-Sub,Lee, Jong-Suh,Chang-Suk-Kyun,Choi, Kyu-Young,Kim, Young-Ha,Kim, Jun-Gi,Chun-Chung-Soo,Kay-Chul-Seung 대한방사선종양학회 1997 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.15 No.1

목적 : 절제 가능한 직장암 환자에서 수술전 방사선 치료를 시행한 예들(대상군)과 동일한 임상병기에서 수술만을 시행했던 예들(대조군)사이의 수술후 병리 조직학적 소견들을 비교하여 수술전 방사선 치료의 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 :1995년 7월부터 1996년 4월까지 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 방사선종양 학과에서 수술전방사선치료를 받았던 19명의 환자중 수술을 시행받은 16명을 대상으로 하였으며, 이를 과거에 수술만을 시행했던 31명과 후향적분석을 통해 비교하였다. 진단 당시 이들의 임상병기 분류는 Thomas Jefferson(TJ) system을 이용하였다. 수술전 방사선 치료는 매일 180-200 cGy로 주 5회, 총 방사선 조사량 4500-5000cGy까지 시행하였으며, 방사선 치료가 끝나고 평균 4주후에 수술을 시행하였다. 수술후 병기 결정은 Modified Astler-Coiler(MAC) system을 이용하였다. 방사선 치료후 임상 병기에 따른 수술후 병리학적 병기와 소견을 관찰하고, 이 결과를 수술전 동일한 임상 병기를 지녔던 대조군의 병리학적 소견과 비교하였다 병리학적 소견으로는 종양세포의 혈관 침범, 림프관 침범및 신경조직주위 침범여부 등을 관찰하였다. 통계학적 방법으로는 chi-square test를 사용하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되었던 19명중 16명에서 종양의 위치에 관계없이 방사선 치료후 항문보존적 근치수술을 시행할수 있었으며, 방사선 치료후 1명$(6.3\%)$의 환자가 병리조직학적으로 완전반응을 보였다. 방사선 치료후에 항문보존적 근치수술을 시행했던 대상군과 수술만을 시행했던 대조군사 이의 임상적 병기와 수술후 병기를 비교해 보면 TJ stage III였던 경우, 9명의 대상군중에서는 완전반응을 보인 1명을 제외하고는, 8명 모두가 MAC stage B로 나타났으며$(88.9\%)$, 17명의 대조관에서는 B인 경우가 11명$(64.7\%)$, C인 경우가 6명$(35.3\%)$이었으며, TJ stage III였던 경우, 7명의 대상군에서는 MAC stage상 B인 경우가 4명$(57.1\%)$, C인 경우가 3명 $(42.9\%)$이었고, 14명의 대조관에서는 B인 경우가 4명$(28.6\%)$, C인 경우가 10명$(71.4\%)$이었다. 따라서 수술전 방사선 치료를 시행했던 예들에서 병리학적 병기가 낮은 경향을 보였으며, 특히 방사선 치료후 MAC stage C 소견의 급격한 감소가 보였다(p=0.049). 병리학적인 소견으로 종양세포의 혈관 침범, 림프관 침범과 신경조직 주위 침범등이 대상군에서 대조군에 비하여 모두가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 동일한 임상 병기에서 수술전 방사선 치료를 시행한 군과 수술만을 시행한 군 사이의 수술후 병기는 수술전 방사선 치료를 시행한 경우에 비하여 병기가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 특히 병리학적으로 종양세포의 림프관 침범 소견이 감소된 것은 방사선 치료군에서 수술후 MAC Stage C 소견이 감소된 것과 일치되는 소견을 보였다 이러한 결과를 통해 절제 가능한 직장암 환자에서 수술전 방사선 치료를 하는 것이 효과적일수 있다고 사료된다. 그러나, 좀 더 명확한 결론을 얻기 위해서는 더 많은 수의 환자들을 대상으로 장기적인 추적관찰을 하는 연구가 함께 이루어져야 할 것이라고 생각된다. Purpose : To evaluate the pathologic effects of preoperative radiotherapy o the resectable distal rectal cancer, we analyzed the results of postoperative pathologic findings for the patients with preoperative radiotherapy ant surgery Materials and Methods: From July 1995 to April 1996, we treated sixteen patients of resectable rectal cancer with preoperative radiation therapy and curative surgery At diagnosis, Thomas Jefferson (TJ) system was used for the clinical stage of the Patients. We treated the patients with conventional radiation therapy of 4500~5000cGy before surgery. The surgery was carried out 4 weeks after completion of radiation therapy. Modified Astler Coller (MAC) system was used for the postoperative pathologic stage. We analyzed the pathologic stages and findings according to preoperative clinical stage and compared with those of the control group in similar clinical stages. Result : All patients were treated with sphincter preservation surgery after Preoperative radiation therapy. Pathoiogic complete response (CR) was shown in 1 case $(6.3\%)$. We compared the results between preoperative radiation therapy group (Preop.RT group) and surgery only group (control group). In TJ stage II, among nine patients of Preop.RT group, 8 patients $(88.9\%)$ were in MAC stage 8 except 1 CR patient, but among 17 patients of control group. 11 patients$(64.7\%)$ were in MAC stage B and 6 Patients $(35.3\%)$ in MAC stage C. In TJ stage III, among 7 patients of Preop.RT group, 4 patients $(57.1\%)$ were in MAC stage B and 3 patients$(42.9\%)$ in MAC stage C. Among 14 Patients of control group, 4 patients $(28.6\%)$ were in MAC stage B and 10 Patients $(71.4\%)$ in MAC stage C. Above results showed that postoperative Pathologic stage was decreased in Preop.RT group with statistical significance (P=0.049). The postoperative Pathologic findings (blood vessel invasion. Iymphatic vessel invasion, perineural invasion) were decreased in the Preop.RT group compared with those of control group. But statistical significance was found only in Iymphatic vessel invasion (p=0.019). Conclusion : The Postoperative pathologic stages and adverse Prognostic pathologic findings were decreased in preoperative radiation therapy group. The Iymphatic vessel invasion and MAC stage C findings were abruptly decreased in Preoperative radiation therapy group. The preoperative radiation therapy was found to be effective in resectable rectal cancer. The patients group in our study was very small and long term follow up was not done. Therefore, further study about this issues is needed.

Factors predicting radiation pneumonitis in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Myungsoo Kim,Jihae Lee,Boram Ha,Rena Lee,Kyung-Ja Lee,Hyun Suk Suh 대한방사선종양학회 2011 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.29 No.3

Purpose: Thoracic radiotherapy is a major treatment modality of stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer. The normal lung tissue is sensitive to radiation and radiation pneumonitis is the most important dose-limiting complication of thoracic radiation therapy. This study was performed to identify the clinical and dosimetric parameters related to the risk of radiation pneumonitis after definitive radiotherapy in stage Ⅲ non-small cell cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The medical records were reviewed for 49 patients who completed definitive radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer from August 2000 to February 2010. Radiation therapy was delivered with the daily dose of 1.8 Gy to 2.0 Gy and the total radiation dose ranged from 50.0 Gy to 70.2 Gy (median, 61.2 Gy). Elective nodal irradiation was delivered at a dose of 45.0 Gy to 50.0 Gy. Seven patients (14.3%) were treated with radiation therapy alone and forty two patients (85.7%) were treated with chemotherapy either sequentially or concurrently. Results: Twenty-five cases (51.0%) out of 49 cases experienced radiation pneumonitis. According to the radiation pneumonitis grade, 10 (20.4%) were grade 1, 9 (18.4%) were grade 2, 4 (8.2%) were grade 3, and 2 (4.1%) were grade 4. In the univariate analyses, no clinical factors including age, sex, performance status, smoking history, underlying lung disease, tumor location, total radiation dose and chemotherapy were associated with grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis. In the subgroup analysis of the chemotherapy group, concurrent rather than sequential chemotherapy was significantly related to grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis comparing sequential chemotherapy. In the univariate analysis with dosimetric factors, mean lung dose (MLD), V20, V30, V40, MLDipsi, V20ipsi, V30ipsi, and V40ipsi were associated with grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that MLD and V30 were independent predicting factors for grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: Concurrent chemotherapy, MLD and V30 were statistically signifi cant predictors of grade ≥2 radiation pneumonitis in patients with stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer undergoing definitive radiotherapy. The cutoff values for MLD and V30 were 16 Gy and 18%, respectively.