경주지역 도질토기 출현기 토기생산체계 검토

안한솔(Han Sol An) 부산고고학회 2023 고고광장 Vol.- No.32

영남지역에서 3세기 후반 도질토기가 등장하게 된 배경에는 고온 소성을 가능하게 하는 가마의 구조 변화나 운영법의 향상 등 기술적 성취와 사회 내 토기생산체계의 전반적인 발전 및 확립이 있다. 도질토기가 출현하여 기존의 토기생산체계를 대체하는 과정은 경주, 김해, 함안 등 영남 전역에서 이루어지지만 전개 시기나 양상은 약간의 지역차를 보이기도 한다. 이 중 경주지역은 와질토기제작전통이 비교적 길게 지속되었으며 와질-도질토기 생산체계로의 전환·발달 과정이 뚜렷하지 않은편으로 연구되고 있다. 이는 경주지역의 4세기대 토기 자료가 상대적으로 공백인 점과 관련이 있는듯하다. 경주지역에서 와질-도질토기 생산체계의 공존·통합과정은 구체적으로 연구된 바가 적다고 판단하여, 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 경주지역 도질토기 출현기 토기생산체계를 살펴보았다. 와질-도질토기를 연결시켜 형식을 관찰할 수 있는 기종으로 (유개)대부호, 타날문단경호, 노형토기 등을 중심으로 설정하고 이 외 기종인 대호, 기대, 대부호를 함께 관찰하여 기술요소의 복합적인 양상을 검토하였다. 타지역과 마찬가지로 경주지역에서도 와질-도질토기 생산체계의 공존 과정에서 나타나는 다양한 현상이 확인되었다. 따라서 현재까지 경주지역에서 해당 시기 생산유적은확인되지 않고 있지만, 와질-도질토기 생산체계의 발전 과정은 주변 지역과 유사하게 진행되었을것이라는 결론을 도출하였다. The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the The background of the emergence of Dojil (stoneware;陶質土器) pottery in the second half of the 3rd century in Yeongnam is technical achievements such as changes in the structure of kilns that enable high-temperature firing and improvement of operating methods, and the overall development and establishment of pottery production systems in society. The process of replacing the existing pottery production system by the emergence of pottery is achieved throughout Yeongnam, including Gyeongju, Gimhae, and Haman. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the Wajil (soft stoneware;瓦質土器) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to Dojil pottery occurred at a relatively slow. This seems to be related to the relative absence of pottery materials from the 4th century in Gyeongju. It was judged that the coexistence and integration process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system in the Gyeongju area was not studied in detail. Therefore, based on this awareness of the problem, the pottery production system of the period of appearance of the Dojil pottery in Gyeongju was examined. First of all, it was set up the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pottery as a model that can observe the form by connecting Wajil-Dojil pottery. Other pottery was observed together to review the complex aspects of technical elements. Like other regions, various phenomena that appear in the coexistence process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system have been confirmed in the Gyeongju area. Therefore, until now, no production sites have been identified in the Gyeongju area, but it was concluded that the development process of the Wajil-Dojil pottery production system would have been similar to that of the surrounding area.

한반도 남부지역 삼국시대 토기생산의 비교

김슬애(Seulae Kim) 호서고고학회 2022 호서고고학 Vol.- No.53

원삼국·삼국시대의 토기생산은 대량생산, 분배의 확장과 위계화된 조직으로 발전했다고 이해되었다. 하지만 토기요지가 다수 조사된 한반도 남부지역의 자료를 통해 일률적 발전이 아닌 지역별 차이와 변동의 궤적이 달랐을 것으로 파악된다. 본 연구에서는 마한과 진한, 변한에서 백제, 신라, 그리고 가야로 서로 다르게 통합되어 간 호남과 영남지역을 대상으로 토기 생산조직이 어떤 사회경제적 배경에 따라 변화되어 갔는가를 지역 간 비교 검토를 시도해 보고자 한다. 삼국시대 영호남지역의 토기요지에 대한 데이터베이스를 구축하여 4가지의 토기요지 유형을 설정하고, 유형별로 생산기종과 소비지를 추론하여 생산과 분배를 파악해보았다. A와 B 유형의 토기요지는 취락을 주 소비지로 하여 실용토기를 생산했지만, 규모와 입지에서 차이점이 지적된다. C 유형은 부장토기를 주로 생산하여 주 소비지를 고분으로 정의할 수 있다. D 유형은 대규모의 토기요지로 당시 각 정치체의 중심지 외곽에 위치하여 토기 수요를 감당하였다. 삼국시대 초기에는 A와 B 유형이 공존하며, C와 D 유형은 각 지역의 정치체들이 성장하면서 등장한다. 특히 영남에서는 C 유형이, 호남에서는 B 유형이 토기 요지의 대표 유형으로 그 차이가 뚜렷한 편이다. 영남지역은 토기의 대량부장이라는 매장의례의 전통이 형성되어 토기생산에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 호남지역은 토기생산조직의 큰 변화가 중심취락의 등장과 긴밀한 관련이 있음을 살필 수 있었다. 지역에 따라 매 시기 주 소비지의 성격과 수요 기종은 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으며, 소규모에서 대량생산이라는 단선적 발전이 아니라, 서로 다른 유형이 공존하며 그 비중의 차이가 시기에 따라 달라진다는 점이 확인된다. It was understood that pottery production developed into a hierarchical organization with the expansion of mass production and distribution. In this study, we will try to compare and review the changes in the pottery production organization in Honam and Yeongnam regions, which have been integrated into different political groups. During the Three Kingdoms Period, a database of kilns was established to establish four types of kilns. The type and consumption of production pottery were inferred for each type to confirm production and distribution. Type A and B pottery kilns produced utilitarian pottery with villages as their main consumption sites, but there are differences in size and location. Type C mainly produces burial pottery and can define the main consumption site as an ancient tomb. Type D is a production area where large-scale kiln, it was located outside the center of each political body at the time to meet the demand for pottery. In the early days of the Three Kingdoms period, type A and B coexist, and type C and D emerge as political groups in each region grow. In particular, there is a clear difference between C type in Yeongnam and B type in Honam. In the Yeongnam, a tradition of burial rituals called the mass burial of pottery was formed, affecting production. In the Honam, it could be seen that a large change in the pottery production organization was closely related to the appearance of the central village. Depending on the region, the nature of the main consumer site and the type of demand show a distinct difference. It is confirmed that different types coexist and the difference in proportion varies depending on the time, not the single-line development of mass production in a small scale.

4세기 김해지역 토기생산체계의 전이

안한솔(An, Hansol) 한국고고학회 2021 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.119

영남지역에서 3세기 후반 도질토기의 출현은 새로운 생산체계의 등장을 의미하며 4세기에 이르러 기존의 토기 생산체계를 대체한다. 이러한 과정은 함안, 김해, 그리고 경주 등지의 영남 전역에서 확인되며, 그 전개의시기와 양상은 지역마다 다르다. 특히 김해·부산지역은 대형고분군의 조사 및 연구성과가 풍부하여 2~5세기에 걸치는 여러 고분군이 확인된 바 있다. 시기적으로 공백이 적으며 비교적 안정된 편년안 역시 확립되었기에 와질토기가 도질토기로 전환되는 과정을 살펴보는 데 적절하다. 기존 연구에서 와질-도질토기 생산체계의 대체·통합과 관련하여 일정 부분의 논의가 이루어진 바 있으나, 두 생산체계의 공존에서 통합에 이르는 일련의 과정에 대해서는 구체적으로 규명된 바가 없다. 이와 같은 문제의식을 바탕으로 4세기 김해지역 토기생산체계의 전이 과정을 해명해 보고자 했다. 4세기의 주요 기종인 타날문단경호와 노형토기·노형기대를 대상으로 작업연쇄를 분석하여 본 결과 각각A~E와 a~d로 분류할 수 있었다. 다음으로 3세기 후반부터 4세기에 걸친 토기유물군의 변화를 크게 Ⅰ~Ⅲ단계로 나누었을 때, 각 단계의 작업연쇄 및 제작전통의 변화는 다음과 같다. 제Ⅰ단계에 새로운 생산체계와 작업연쇄의 출현을 보았다면, Ⅱ단계에서는 도질토기 생산체계가 와질토기 생산체계를 능가하여 확장됨으로써두 생산체계가 통합되어 가는 과정을 볼 수 있다. 각 단계의 작업연쇄들이 변해 가는 양상을 검토해 본 결과, 김해지역에서는 와질토기와 도질토기의 제작전통을 각각 유지한 별도의 생산조직이 존재했으며, 이러한 개별 생산체계는 상호 영향을 주고받으며 공존하다 최종적으로 도질토기 생산체계로 흡수·통합된 것으로 생각된다. 토기생산체계의 변화, 유통 문제의 이면에는 그것을 만들어 낸 기술이 있다. 따라서 생산체계의 관점에서어떻게 기술을 규명하고 해석할 것인지에 대한 논의는 앞으로 더욱 중요하며 꾸준한 고민과 검토가 요구된다. Throughout the Yeongnam region, including the areas of Gimhae, Haman, and Gyeongju, a new pottery production system emerged in the second half of the 3rd century and the transition of this production system took place during the 4th century. However, regional differences exist in terms of development. Since the Gyeongju area was dominated by the wajil (soft stoneware) pottery tradition until the middle of the 4th century, the transition to dojil (stoneware) pottery occurred at a relatively slow pace. The Haman area already produced most of its vessel types as dojil ware during the first half of the 4th century, but the pottery data from the previous period has yet to be confirmed. The Gimhae region, on the other hand, witnessed a gradual shift from the existing wajil pottery production system to the dojil pottery production system, making it a suitable case study area to undertake a detailed analysis in order to trace show changes in the production system. Discussions on the replacement and integration of wajil-dojil ware production systems have already taken place to a certain extent, but a detailed approach to the process has been absent in previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the forming technique and the ceramic chaîne opératoire together. This study only focused on sites evidencing both wajil pottery and dojil pottery technology in the Gimhae area. In terms of pottery types, the beaten short-neck jar and brazier-shaped pedestal were selected as the main objects of analysis. Emphasis was placed on the manufacturing process, the related forming techniques, and the marks of the surface of the pottery. Focusing on the concept of ceramic chaîne opératoire, attempts were made to explain the motions that constituted continuous change and the associated technical elements. Through this study, which attempted to explain the transition from wajil pottery of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period to dojil pottery of the Three Kingdoms Period, by focusing on the different types of technology, chaîne opératoire, and even ceramic production systems involved, it was possible to establish that within the Gimhae area, there were clearly separate production organizations for wajil and dojil pottery that mutually influenced each other, and eventually integrated.

나말여초 도기에서 자기로의 생산체계 이행 과정

최견미 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.99 No.-

The purpose of this study is to establish the nature of the transition of the production system of pottery to celadon, which took place in the Late Silla to Early Goryeo Period. In order to accomplish this purpose, this study focused on identifying the forming techniques and manufacture of pottery and celadon. As a result, the transition process of the Late Silla-Early Goryeo production system could be divided into three stages. Stage 1 is characterized by the establishment and manufacture of the Late Silla-Early Goryeo pottery style, and dates from the mid-8th century to the 10th century. The sites of Hwagok-ri, in Gyeongju, and Jinjuk-ri, in Boryeong, represent examples of large-scale, industrial ceramic production carried out by full-time potters. On the other hand, the pottery kiln sites located in the provinces and operated on a short term basis are characterized by simple vessel form compositions and the production of relatively low-quality pottery. Stage 2, which dates from the early 10th century to the late 10th century, is when celadon was manufactured for the first time in the Korean Peninsula. The majority of the celadon vessels have the same shape and forming technique. The production system was of a large-scale, unlike that of pottery. In this stage, pottery was only manufactured to provide large storage and transportation containers. It was confirmed that the production system of celadon and pottery was divided into two parts. Stage 3 is when the interaction of the production systems of celadon and pottery took place. It dates from the late 10th century to the mid-11th century. Celadon was manufactured by potters who learned the skills from the Yuezhouyao potters, and a change can be observed, accordingly, in the celadon forms. Small tablewares were mainly produced. In addition, the manufacturing techniques of pottery and celadon were similar.

적색마연토기의 생산과 교환

이정은(Jeong Eun Lee) 영남고고학회 2023 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.95

청동기시대 중기 수전 농경의 도입과 집약화된 생산은 청동기시대의 사회, 정치, 경제에 커다란 변화를 유발하였다. 저장과 잉여의 증가, 주거 방식, 취락 구조의 변화, 위계의 형성과 같은 연쇄적 변화를 수반하였으며, 물류의 생산과 교환체계는 이러한 변화상을 추적하는데 있어 결정적 단초를 제공한다는 점에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 적색마연토기라는 특수 용기 주목하여 청동기 사회의 생산과 교환체계에 접근하고자 한다. 적색마연토기가 가지는용도와 상징성, 제작기술을 고려하였을 때, 전문 공인을 기반으로 한 생산-교환체계를 상정할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 청동기시대중기 가장 대표적인 금강유역과 남강유역의 청동기시대 중기 유적들을 대상으로 두 지역 간 공통성과 차별성을 비교·검토한다. 변동계수와(coefficient of variation)를 이용하여 시기와 기종에 따른 토기 생산의 표준화의 정도를 검토하고, 감쇠곡선(fall-off curve)을 통해 적색마연토기의 생산체제 및 소비처(생활유구와 매장유구)의 상관관계를 분석한다. 두 지역 청동기시대 중기에 이르면 이전 시기 및 무문토기와 비교하여 표준화가 진행되는 것으로 파악되며, 이를 통해 토기 생산의 체계화를 추정할 수 있다. 남강 유역의 적색마연토기를 매개로 한 생산-교환 범위는 전-중기에 걸쳐 대평리를 중심으로 확대와 축소를 겪었던 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 과정에서 남강을 따라 분포하는 중·대형 취락이 주요한 역할을 했을 것으로 보인다. 금강유역에서는 송국리유적과의 직접적인 교환을 기반으로 하는 비교적 좁은 생산-교환체계가 형성된 것으로 추정된다. 두지역에서 확인되는 차이는 토기의 소비를 비롯하여 거점취락의 역할, 지역통합 네트워크의 차별성과 같은 여러 사회경제적 요소들이 복합된 결과로 판단된다. The introduction of farming method using paddy field and the intensive agricultural production in the mid- Bronze Age brought about major changes in society, politics and economy in the Bronze Age. The increase in production involved a series of changes in political and economic aspects such as storage and surplus, housing style, village structure and formation of hierarchies. In particular, the production and exchange system of logis- tics is very important in that it provides a decisive clue for this pattern of change. This study aims to approach the production and distribution system in the society of the Bronze Age by pay- ing attention to a special container called red-burnished pottery. It is possible to present the use and symbolism, the official recognition for making skill and the systemized production-exchange system of red-burnished pot- tery. The commonality and differentiation of the most representative remains of the Geum River basin and the Nam River basin are compared and reviewed in the middle Bronze Age for this purpose. The degree of stan- dardization of pottery production according to the timing and model is reviewed using the coefficient of varia- tion. And the correlation between the production system and places of consumption of red-burnished pottery is analyzed through the fall-off curve. Towards the middle of the Bronze Age in the two regions, it is understood that standardization is underway compared to the previous period and plain pottery, through which the systematization of pottery production can be presumed. It is supposed that the production-exchange range of red-burnished pottery in the Nam River basin went through the process of expansion and reduction centering around Daepyeong-ri over the early and mid- term, in which process medium and large villages distributed along the Nam River seem to have played a major role. In the Geum River basin, it is assumed that a relatively narrow production-exchange system was formed based on direct exchange with the Songguk-ri. The differences found in the two regions are judged to be the result of a combination of several socioeconomic factors like the role of central villages and the differentiation of regional integrated networks including the consumption of pottery.

청동기시대 남강유역 적색마연토기의 생산과 유통

황재훈(Jaehoon Hwang),이정은(Jeongeun Lee) 한국고고학회 2022 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.123

본 연구는 청동기시대 사회경제적 측면에 접근하기 위한 예비 작업의 일환으로, 남강유역의 특징적인 유물 중 하나인 적색마연토기의 생산-유통시스템과 그것의 변화양상을 살펴보았다. 먼저 민족지, 고고학적 연구를 검토하여 생산 규모와 전문화, 생산의 집중도, 노동 시간과 집약도에 따라 크게 5가지 유형의 토기 생산체계를 도출하였다. 토기의 유통체계를 파악하기 위해서는 생산지와 소비지, 소비단위, 물품 성격, 엘리트 통제 등 다양한 사회환경적 조건들을 검토하였다. 다음, 토기의 변동계수를 이용해 남강유역의 생산 수준이나 규모, 전문화 등 생산체계를 파악하였다. 변동계수 값을 기준으로 보았을 때, 일상토기인 무문토기는 가내수공업자에 의해 생산되어 개별 가구 또는 취락 내에서 소비되었던 반면 적색마연토기는 가내수공업자 혹은 반전업 도공그룹에 의해 가내공작 또는 초보적 수준의 생산공방에서 제작되어 보다 넓은 범위에서 유통되었을 가능성이 높다. 특히 적색마연원저호 Ⅰ식은 진주 대평리 유적에서 생산되어 남강 일대 제 유적으로 활발히 유통되었을 것으로 보았다. 마지막으로, fall-off curve 분석을 이용하여 적색마연토기의 유통망을 살펴보았다. 생산지에서 소비지까지의 거리와 토기 수량 간 상관관계가 확인되었는데, 30km 정도의 유통범위를 보이는 생활유적에 비해 무덤유적의 경우 그 범위가 훨씬 넓다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 이는 유적 성격에 따른 물품의 교환-유통체계의 차별성이 반영된 결과이다. 특히 단순선형회귀식에서 생활유적과 무덤유적에서 유의미한 편차가 관찰되었는데, 전자는 down-the-line trade, 후자는 directional trade와 no distance decay trade에 가까운 결과값을 나타냈다. As part of a preliminary attempt to understand the socioeconomic aspects of the Bronze Age, this study examined the production-distribution system of red burnished pottery, one of the characteristic artifacts of the Namgang River Basin, as well as the changing nature of this system over time. First, based on a review of current archaeological and ethnographic studies, five types of pottery production systems were established, according to production scale, degree of specialization, degree of concentration, working hours and intensity. In order to understand the distribution system of the pottery, various social and environmental conditions, such as production and consumption areas, consumption units, product characteristics, and elite control were examined. Next, the nature of the production system (such as the production level, scale, and specialization) of the Namgang River Basin was identified using the coefficient of variation of the pottery. According to the analysis of the coefficient of variation values, it was proposed that ordinary pottery (i.e. mumun pottery) was likely produced by domestic craftspeople and then consumed within individual households or villages, whereas red burnished pottery was produced by craftspeople based at rudimentary level specialized production workshops (and/or skilled domestic craftspeople) and then consumed over a wider area. Finally, the distribution network of red burnished pottery was examined using fall off analysis. A correlation could be identified between the distance from the production site to the consumption site and the quantity of pottery. In particular, significant deviations were observed between settlement sites and burial sites in the simple linear regression equation. The former showed results close to down-the-line trade, and the latter to directional trade and/or no distance decay trade.

토기생산체계로 살펴본 신라통일양식토기의 성립

김현우 한국상고사학회 2022 한국상고사학보 Vol.117 No.117

This study attempts to examine the establishment of Unified Silla-type pottery from the point of view of the pottery production system. For this purpose, the distribution of production facilities, production scale, and production process were reviewed in the Songok-dong/Mulcheon-ri and Hwagok-ri sites of Gyeongju, which are representative production sites in the capital of Silla, to shed light on their characteristics and determine whether changes in production system had occurred. It is suggested that the production organization and scale expanded after unification, and the clay preparation process was separated from each production unit, making pottery production more efficient. This change in the production system is thought to be related to an increase in the demand for pottery, resulting from an increase in population due to the unification of the three kingdoms by Silla. The decrease in types and the expansion of stamped-design on the pottery surface seen in Unified Silla-type pottery are probably related to these changes in the production system and the increase in demand for pottery. 본 연구는 토기생산체계의 관점에서 신라통일양식토기의 성립을 살펴보고자 시도되었다. 이를 위해 신라 중앙의 대표적인 생산유적인 경주 손곡동⋅물천리유적과 화곡리유적에서 생산시설의 분포, 생산수준, 생산공정 등을 검토함으로써 생산체계의 변화 여부와 그 구체적인 양상을 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 통일 이후 생산조직과 규모가 확대되고, 연토공정이 개별 생산단위에서 분리됨으로써 토기 생산이 보다 효율화된 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 생산체계 변화의 이면에는 신라의 삼국통일로 인구 증가에서 비롯된 토기 수요의 증가와 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 통일양식토기에서 보이는 기종감소, 인화문 시문확대 등은 아마도 이러한 생산체계의 변화 및 그 이면의토기수요 증가와 관련이 있을 것이다.

낙동강하류역 와질토기의 편년

박종필 영남고고학회 2024 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.98

본 논문에서는 가야 성립 이전 낙동강하류역 원삼국시대의 여러 집단의 성립과 발전과정을 살펴보기 위한 기초 작업의 일환으로써 지역단위의 와질토기 속성분석과 형식분류를 통해 낙동강하류역의 지역별 와질토기의 편년안을 마련하고자 하였다. 그 결과 와질토기의 단계는 밀양지역은 6단계, 창원지역은 8단계, 김해지역은 12단계로 설정된다. 이를 각 지역의 단계별 와질토기의 형태적인 유사성과 지역성을 검토하여 전기와질토기는 8단계, 후기와질토기는 5단계로 종합하였고 총 13단계로 설정한 편년안을 제시하였다. 와질토기의 분석과정 속에서 관찰되는 지역별 속성과 형식의 선택과 존속기간의 차이로 인해 지역별로 와질토기가 각기 다르게 변화하는 것 그리고 동 시기 유사한 형식 간 미세한 형태 차이를 와질토기의 지역성으로 이해하였다. 지역성은 유적 또는 지역 단위의 와질토기 생산과 각 집단의 독자권을 의미하며, 나아가 집단의 성장과 통합으로 해석할 수 있을 것으로 보았다. 단계별 연대는 낙동강하류역에서 확인된 한식경 등의 절대연대자료를 제시하고, 기존의 연구성과를 참고하여 각 단계의 연대를 부여하였다. 전기와질토기 단계의 전기는 내륙에 위치한 집단들을 중심으로 전기와질토기가 생산되기 시작하며, 전기와질토기 단계 후기에는 내륙에 위치한 집단에서 전기와질토기의 생산이 축소되고 남해안에 인접한 집단들을 중심으로 전기와질토기의 본격적인 생산과 후기와질토기로 전환되어가는 양상인데, 이를 원삼국시대의 해수면 변동에 대한 연구 성과를 접목하여 설명하였다. In this paper, as part of the basic work to examine the establishment and development process of various groups during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period in the Nakdong River lower region before the establishment of Gaya, a chronology of regional Grayish Pottery in the Nakdong River lower region is established through regional attribute analysis and formal classification of Grayish Pottery. I wanted to come up with a plan. As a result, the level of Grayish Pottery was set at level 6 in the Miryang area, level 8 in the Changwon area, and level 12 in the Gimhae area. By examining the morphological similarities and regional characteristics of Wajil pottery at each stage in each region, the early Grayish Pottery was synthesized into 8 stages and the late Grayish Pottery into 5 stages, and a chronological plan with a total of 13 stages was presented. Due to differences in the selection of properties and forms and differences in duration observed during this series of analysis processes, Grayish Pottery changes differently in each region, and the subtle differences in form between similar types of the same period were understood as regional characteristics of Grayish Pottery. Regionality refers to the differences between the production and group of Grayish Pottery at the regional or heritage level, and was interpreted as having the potential to be interpreted as the growth and integration of the Grayish Pottery. The age of each stage presented absolute age data such as the Korean style scriptures confirmed in the lower reaches of the Nakdong River, and the age of each stage was assigned by referring to existing research results. At the beginning of the early Grayish Pottery stage, early Grayish Pottery began to be produced mainly in Dahori, Changwon, and Gyodong, Miryang. In the later period, production of early Grayish Pottery began to decrease in Dahori, Changwon, and Gyodong, Miryang, and production of early Grayish Pottery began in earnest, centering on Gimhae, resulting in a transition to the late Grayish Pottery stage. In other words, in the latter part of the Early Grayish Pottery phase, the production of Early Grayish Pottery was reduced at the ruins located in the current inland, and the full-scale production of Early Grayish Pottery was centered on the ruins adjacent to the southern coast, and there was a transition to late Grayish Pottery. The explanation was combined with research results related to sea level fluctuations during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period.

토기생산체계로 살펴본 신라통일양식토기의 성립

김현우(Hyunwoo Kim) 한국상고사학회 2022 한국상고사학보 Vol.117 No.117

본 연구는 토기생산체계의 관점에서 신라통일양식토기의 성립을 살펴보고자 시도되었다. 이를위해 신라 중앙의 대표적인 생산유적인 경주 손곡동⋅물천리유적과 화곡리유적에서 생산시설의분포, 생산수준, 생산공정 등을 검토함으로써 생산체계의 변화 여부와 그 구체적인 양상을 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 통일 이후 생산조직과 규모가 확대되고, 연토공정이 개별 생산단위에서 분리됨으로써 토기 생산이 보다 효율화된 것으로 추정되었다. 이러한 생산체계 변화의 이면에는 신라의 삼국통일로 인구 증가에서 비롯된 토기 수요의 증가와 관련이 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 통일양식토기에서 보이는 기종감소, 인화문 시문확대 등은 아마도 이러한 생산체계의 변화 및 그 이면의토기수요 증가와 관련이 있을 것이다. This study attempts to examine the establishment of Unified Silla-type pottery from the point of view of the pottery production system. For this purpose, the distribution of production facilities, production scale, and production process were reviewed in the Songok-dong/Mulcheon-ri and Hwagok-ri sites of Gyeongju, which are representative production sites in the capital of Silla, to shed light on their characteristics and determine whether changes in production system had occurred. It is suggested that the production organization and scale expanded after unification, and the clay preparation process was separated from each production unit, making pottery production more efficient. This change in the production system is thought to be related to an increase in the demand for pottery, resulting from an increase in population due to the unification of the three kingdoms by Silla. The decrease in types and the expansion of stamped-design on the pottery surface seen in Unified Silla-type pottery are probably related to these changes in the production system and the increase in demand for pottery.

제작 기술을 통해 본 백제 흑색마연토기의 의미

남상원 한국고고학회 2013 한국고고학보 Vol.89 No.-

Black burnished pottery is the representative type of Hanseong Baekjepottery. It played an important role as a prestige object in the Three KingdomsPeriod. However, despite this importance, there has not been much researchundertaken on the production technology of black burnished pottery. In thisstudy, a large amount of black burnished pottery excavated from PungnabEarthen Wall Fortress was subject to both visual observation and scientificanalysis, and its production technology was studied. As a result, the use of ne clay, compact burnishing, and carbon adsorption(the most important element) could be confirmed for the black burnishedpottery. These technological properties were features of the indigenous Baekjeceramic tradition and through their combination, a new type of productiontechnology was reborn. In this study, an attempt was made to establish the standard technologicalsignature of black burnished pottery from the Baekje center. Then this wascompared with the technological signature of black burnished pottery excavatedfrom regional locations. As a result, it was possible to conrm regional variationsin production technology, according to which the black burnished pottery wasdivided into four categories. First, black burnished pottery that was producedaccording to the same technological method as that of the Baekje center. Second, black burnished pottery that was produced in the Baekje center andthen sent to powerful regional people. Third, indigenous examples that weremade to imitate the black burnished pottery of the Baekje center. Finally, blackburnished pottery that was produced with regional technologies which havenothing to do with the pottery of the Baekje center. It is thus possible to maintain that, in studying the black burnished potteryproduction techniques of each region and in exploring their meanings, the results can be used as a clue in understanding the past and the politicalrelationship between the Baekje centre and regional communities.