도시의 지속가능성을 위한 공원녹지 정책의 재정립 방안

최희선,안소은,이후승,송슬기,이길상 한국환경정책평가연구원 2019 기본연구보고서 Vol.2019 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적 □ 도시의 지속가능성 측면에서 ‘도시공원 일몰제’의 위기 속에서도 공원녹지의 가치 및 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 기존 정책의 개선 및 연계 필요성 증대 ○ 도시 공원녹지계획의 합리성 확보 차원에서 도시공원의 가치와 기능의 제고를 통해 도시공원 및 녹지의 유형, 대상, 조성기법 등의 개선 방안 도출 필요 ○ 도시공원의 조성 및 관리 차원에서 관련 주체(중앙정부, 지자체, 소유자, 민간기업, 시민 등)의 역할과 조성 및 관리·활용 체계 등 다각적 측면에서 개선 및 연계 모색 필요 □ 현 공원녹지 정책의 한계와 문제점을 점검하고 미래 도시의 지속가능성 확보를 위한 공원녹지 정책의 재편 방향 모색 ○ 도시 공원녹지와 관련된 국토교통부, 환경부, 산림청, 농림축산식품부 등의 관련부처 간 상호 연계 및 통합적 접근을 통해 정책 추진의 효율성을 높이는 정책대안 제시 Ⅱ. 공원녹지 관련 정책현황 고찰 1. 공원녹지 관련 법률 및 정책의 변화 □ r조선시가지계획령(1934)」을 시작으로「도시공원 및 녹지 등에 관한 법률(2005)」까지 제도권의 편입과 관련 규정의 신설, 법적 독립 등을 거치면서 변천 ○ 급격한 경제성장 시기에는 공원녹지가 개발유보지로 인식되었으나, 이후 환경과 도시의 지속가능성 등의 가치를 지향하며 보다 적극적인 공원녹지 정책 수립 ○ 현대에는 도시공원에 대한 개념을 새롭게 규정하고 다양한 제도를 도입함으로써 도시 재생, 재해로부터 안전한 도시, 아름다운 도시공간 조성, 시민참여 등을 지향 2. 부처별 공원녹지 관련 법률 및 정책 분석 □ 관련 부처들의 협력 하에 도시 내 전반적인 오픈스페이스를 검토하여 시민이 체감할 수 있는 도시공원과 녹지의 통합적 관리 필요 ○ 국토교통부: 도시 시설 중심의 공원녹지에서 구역 등 자연지역으로 범위 확대 ○ 환경부: 보전지역 중심에서 보전과 이용을 고려한 도시지역으로 확장(자연공원) ○ 농림부/산림청: 도시숲, 도시농업 등 도시지역으로 공간적 영역 확대 및 기능 다양화 ○ 범부처 차원에서 환경, 삶의 질을 위한 생활SOC/복지공간으로서의 공원정책 강조 Ⅲ. 관련문헌 및 해외사례 분석 1. 관련문헌 조사 및 분석 □ SDGs(Sustainable Development Goals), LULUCF(Land use, Land use change and forestry), 미래도시의 변화, 공원녹지의 가치 및 기능 측면에서 공원녹지 패러다임 전환에 시사점 제시 2. 해외사례를 통해 본 시사점 □ 영국, 일본, 독일, 호주 주요 4개국의 공원녹지 관련 정책과 법, 조성 현황 등을 살펴보았으며, 각국의 주요 특징을 기반으로 시사점 제시 ○ 환경 및 여건 변화로 공원녹지에 대한 필요성 증대에도 불구하고, 도시 내 개발가용지의 수요 증가로 공원녹지 확대에 한계 존재 ○ 공원녹지의 환경·생태적 기능뿐 아니라, 사회적·경제적 측면이 고려된 공원녹지 유형 및 조성방안 모색 증대 ○ 대부분 국가(연방정부) 차원, 광역(연방주정부) 차원에서는 큰 방향을 명확히 제시하고, 지자체 차원에서는 권한과 책임에 기반한 정책 및 사업추진력 확보 노력 ○ 공원 조성뿐 아니라 조성 후 유지관리 비용 고려 및 최소화를 위한 기법 모색 필요 ○ 민간기업 참여수준의 적절한 검토 및 유지관리에 참여할 수 있도록 역할 확대 ○ 공원 조성, 유지관리 등에 지역주민의 자발적 참여 유도 및 확대 추세 Ⅳ. 지속가능한 공원녹지 정책 재정립 방안 □ 도시의 지속기능발전을 위한 미래 도시공원 정책의 추진 및 관리 시 거버넌스(governance) 체계를 기반으로 공원녹지의 다양성(diversity), 효율성(efficiency), 형평성(equity) 확보 차원의 정책 마련을 위한 패러다임 전환 요구 □ 도시의 공원녹지 정책의 패러다임 전환은 ① 개념 확대 차원, ② 질적 개선 차원, ③ 조성운영 다각화 차원, ④ 관리기반 확보 차원으로 구분하여 설정 1. 도시 공원녹지의 개념 확대 차원 □ 도시계획시설로서의 공원녹지뿐 아니라 도시 내 다양한 녹지공간을 포함하고, 이들 의 네트워크를 통해 녹지의 다기능성을 고려하는 그린인프라(green infra)로 전환 ○ 본 연구에서는 공원, 녹지의 개념을 ‘그린인프라(green infrastructure)’로 개념과 공간적 범위를 확장하고 ‘도시의 자연·생태적 요소와 인공적으로 조성된 녹지공간을 포함하는 개념으로 도시의 공간구조를 결정하고 다양한 기능을 향상시키는 주요한 기반이자 시스템’으로 정의 ○ 이러한 전환은 법정공원뿐만 아니라 관리대상의 사각지대에 있던 비법정공원, 기타 녹지들뿐만 아니라, 자연생태계에 가까운 자연지역들을 정책에 통합함으로써 공원녹지 정책의 행정상의 괴리를 최소화함 □ 공간계획의 수립단계에서 부터 도시공간구조와 녹지와의 관계성을 확보하여 그린인프라 계획·조성을 위한 관련부처 통합추진 ○ 우리나라 공원녹지 정책의 주관 중앙부처는 국토교통부(「공원녹지법」)이나 도시계획 시설로서의 공원 및 녹지를 포함하여 도시공간 내 모든 녹피 공간, 공원으로서 기능할 수 있는 오픈스페이스, 생태복원지역, 도시숲 등 그린인프라로서의 정책 확대를 고려하면 관련부처의 범위가 환경부, 산림청, 농림축산식품부 등으로 확대 가능 ○ 따라서 개별부처 단위의 접근이나 도시기반시설로서의 한 부문이나 요소가 아닌, 각 부처별로 지정·관리하고 있는 대상지역들이 목적 또는 기능의 유사성을 가지거나 공간적으로 중복되어 있는 대상들을 통합적으로 계획·관리하고 공간계획의 수립단계에서부터 도시공간구조와 녹지와의 관계성을 확보하여 추진하는 방안 모색 2. 도시 공원녹지의 질적 개선 차원 공원녹지의 입지 및 공원기능 설정을 위하여 도시회복력과 환경정의를 고려한 평가체계 및 공원녹지의 입지·유치거리 기준 개선 ○ 공원녹지의 입지기준과 관련한 정책개선 방향은 기존의 기준으로 주로 적용되어 온 1인당 공원녹지 면적과 공원별 유치거리의 한계 고려 ○ 도시회복력 측면: 공원입지 및 공원기능 설정을 위한 평가체계 개선 - 기본적으로 공원의 다기능성을 고려하되 생태네트워크(Green-Blue-White) 체계, 지역의 인구구조(나이, 소득수준, 건강 등), 기후 및 재난취약성 분석을 통해 중점 기능을 설정할 수 있는 평가시스템 요구 - 평가결과에 따라 공원기능이 지역마다 상이하게 설정될 수 있으므로, 세부적인 공원 유형의 자율성 제공 필요 ㆍ 바람길 및 바람통로 지역의 경우 공원배치 ㆍ 재난재해 취약지역의 경우 방재기능이 가능한 공원입지 ㆍ 생태회복력 확보가 요구되는 지역은 생태형 공원입지 ○ 환경정의 측면: 취약지역 및 취약계층의 수혜가능성과 접근성 고려 - 질적 가치가 높은 공원녹지는 인접성만으로도 건강에 긍정적 영향을 줌을 고려하여, 주거지내 녹지공간을 최대화하기 위한 기법, 기술 확대 - 형평성을 고려하여 취약계층{건강, 소득수준, 나이 등) 평가기준, 건강취약지역 평가등급에 기반한 접근이 용이한 공원 조성이 이루어질 수 있도록 입지기준 설정 공원녹지의 유형을 다양화하여 획일적 시설공원에서 탈피하여 지역의 가치와 기능을 고려한 그린인프라로 활용 ○ 도시의 공원녹지를 그린인프라로 포괄 시 자연과 인공, 공공과 개인의 영역에 이르기 까지 공원녹지의 유형 다양화 ○ 생태적 기능이 큰 공간과 이용 및 생산, 다기능성이 강화된 공간으로 구분하여 획일적 시설공원에서 탈피하여 지역의 가치와 기능을 고려한 그린인프라로 활용 □ 공원녹지의 생태성 및 다기능성 강화를 위한 조성기법 마련 ○ 생물다양성이나 생태적 기능을 고려한 도시공원의 경우 공원의 수나 면적보다는 입지적 특성을 충분히 고려하는 것이 우선적으로 필요 ○ 현재의 수요와 미래의 환경적 변화, 지역의 특성 등을 복합적으로 고려하여 공원녹지의 다기능성을 확대 - 현재의 수요는 세대별, 소득수준별, 가족구성에 따라 수요가 달라질 수 있음 - 미래의 환경변화의 경우 기후변화로 인한 열섬, 홍수, 미세먼지, 폭염 등의 대응과 재난재해 측면에서의 다양한 기능 요구 - 지금까지 인구와 경제 성장이 전제인 가운데 녹지의 기능으로 환경 측면이 중시되어 왔지만 인구 감소 시대에는 사회경제적 중요성 증대 3. 도시 공원녹지 조성운영의 다각화 차원 □ 공원녹지 조성운영에 다양한 형태의 민간참여를 독려하고, 자발적으로 형성된 민간조직들과의 파트너십 및 거버넌스 구축을 위한 제도적 장치 마련 □ 공원녹지 관련 업무가 재정여건이 열악한 기초지자체로 이관됨에 따라 공원녹지 조성 운영을 위한 재원의 다각화 도모 필요 4. 도시 공원녹지 관리기반 확보 차원 □ 공원녹지의 운영관리뿐만 아니라 정책 활용성을 고려할 때, 각각의 그린인프라에 대한 인벤토리 구축은 반드시 필요하며, 정보의 수집(시민 의견 포함)을 포함하는 의사결정을 지원하는 체계로까지 발전 필요 ○ 전국단위 그린인프라를 포괄하는 정보관리 시스템 및 녹지의 효과와 관리방안을 자동으로 제시해 주는 시스템 개발 및 운영 도시 공원녹지를 포함하는 그린인프라의 유형 및 기능의 다양화에 따라 이를 관리 운영할 수 있는 스마트기술 도입의 확대 필요 ○ 스마트 그린인프라 관리 핵심서비스 방향 설정(커뮤니티, 기후변화, 자연재해, 환경정의 및 복지, 문화, 물관리 등) 및 생애주기 맞춤형 서비스 제고 및 관리체계 확보 V. 결론 및 정책 제언 도시의 지속가능발전을 위한 공원녹지 정책 재정립의 방향 □ 그린인프라 유형별 주요 관련부처와 조성 및 관리주체, 주요 추진수단과 토지소유자와의 협력수단 등 □ 지속가능한 도시의 공원녹지 재정립 차원에서 향후 필요한 과제 제시 ○ 조성 및 운영관리 측면 - 도시 그린인프라 다기능성 정의 및 분류, 평가기법 개발 - 스마트 그린인프라 조성, 관리 플랫폼 및 기술 개발 - 그린인프라 인벤토리 구축 및 의사결정시스템 개발 등 ○ 계획 및 법제도적 측면 - 그린인프라 도입을 위한 도시 및 환경계획 수립 방안 - 그린인프라 유형별 조성모델 및 지침 개발 - 그린인프라 통합관리를 위한 법제화 방안 Ⅰ. Background and Purpose □ Due to the emphasis on the value and importance of parks and green areas in terms of urban sustainability, there is a need to improve current policies related to parks and green areas, and enhance connections ㅇ Investigate areas for improvement, such as types of urban parks and green areas, subjects, and development methods in order to secure rationale for parks and green areas plans ㅇ Investigate the development and management methods of urban parks from various perspectives such as roles of related organizations (central government, local communities, owners, private and public enterprises, citizens) and improve these methods □ Inspect the current limitations and problems of policies related to parks and green areas and find ways to improve the policies to secure future urban sustainability ㅇ Look comprehensively for political alternatives to enhance the efficiency of political movements and mutual connections among the departments related to parks and green areas policies Ⅱ. Investigation of Current Policies Related to Parks and Green Areas 1. Changes in laws and policies related to parks and green areas in Korea □ Starting from the “Ordinance on the City Plans of Joseon (1934)” to the current “Act on Urban Parks, Green Areas, etc. (2005),” new policies, legal independence, and implementation of systems have led to changes in laws related to parks and green areas ㅇ Although development plans were held off for green areas during the times of rapid economic growth, more active policies on parks and green areas were formulated to secure urban and environmental sustainability ㅇ In the present, there is a focus on urban regeneration, developing safe cities free from disasters and aesthetically pleasing urban areas, and encouraging citizen participation by redefining the concept of urban parks and implementing various policies related to them 2. Analysis of policies and laws related to parks and green areas by various departments □ Need of a comprehensive management plan for urban parks and green areas by reviewing open spaces in general within the cities under the cooperation of related departments ㅇ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: Expand the current range of parks and green areas now centering around the urban facilities to regions including natural areas ㅇ Ministry of Environment: Expand the current preserved areas to urban areas for their preservation and public use (e.g., natural parks) ㅇ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry/Korea Forest Service: Expand spatial areas such as urban forests and urban agricultural lands into cities and diversify their functions ㅇ All organizations should emphasize park policies in terms of environment and lifestyle SOC for improvement in quality of life and welfare space Ⅲ. Analysis of Related Literature and Foreign Examples 1. Research and analysis of related literature □ Provide implications for a paradigm shift in understanding the values and functions of parks and green areas from the perspective of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and changes in future cities ㅇ Reinforce functions of parks and green areas in terms of safety, adaptation to climate change, and securing resilience; develop parks considering women, children, the elderly, and the disabled to realize an inclusive society ㅇ Discover locations for possible green space and develop green technology to increase the amount of greenhouse gas absorption ㅇ Investigate a transition to a natural use of land due to decreasing populations and meet the demands and secure management efficiency through smart parks 2. Implications from foreign examples □ Investigate policies and laws related to parks and green areas and the development statuses of four countries: Britain, Japan, Germany, and Australia. Derive implications based on the major characteristics of each country ㅇ Despite the need to improve parks and green areas due to changes in the environment, there is an increase in demand for land for development within cities; therefore, it is necessary to overcome limitations in improving the parks and green areas ㅇ There should be investigations on the types of parks and green areas and developmental methods that consider not only their environmental and ecological functions but also their social and economic aspects ㅇ Generally, the government at the national (or federal) and regional (state government) levels should clearly set the overall directions, while the local governments should establish policies and programs based on their rights and responsibilities ㅇ It is necessary to investigate methods for not only developing the parks but also considering and minimizing the maintenance costs after development ㅇ It is necessary to expand the level of participation in the management of parks to public and private enterprises ㅇ It is necessary to encourage and expand voluntary participation from citizens in the development and management stages Ⅳ. Sustainable Transformation on Parks and Green Policies □ There is a demand to formulate policies for securing the diversity, efficiency, and equity of parks and green areas based on a governance system in terms of developing and managing future urban park policies for sustainable urban development □ Select policies related to urban parks and green areas by classifying the transition into ① Expanding the Concept, ② Qualitative Improvement, ③ Diversification of Development and Management, and ④ Securing Foundations for Management 1. Expanding the concept of urban parks and green areas □ Include various green areas within the city aside from parks as green areas in urban planning facilities and introduce the concept of “Green Infrastructure” which considers the mulifunctionality of green areas by making them part of a network ㅇ Expand the concept and spatial range of parks and green areas to “Green Infrastructure” defined as “a comprehensive concept that includes the natural ecological factors of a city and artificially developed green areas, and a fundamental basis and system to improve the functions” ㅇ This expansion will not include only legally designated parks, but also unofficial parks and other green areas that were in the blind spot of management and natural areas close to the natural ecosystem, to minimize the administrative discrepancy within the policies related to parks and green areas □ Consider integrating all related departments to plan and develop Green Infrastructure by securing the relationship between the urban spatial structure and green space from the establishment stage of spatial planning ㅇ It is possible to expand the range of related departments to the Ministry of Environment, Korea Forest Service, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs when considering the expansion of policies as a Green Infrastructure such as all areas that can function as open space, ecological restoration areas, and urban forests in the city ㅇ Investigate methods to comprehensively plan and manage areas with repeated subjects in terms of space or similar functions designated by each department, and secure a relationship between green areas and the urban spatial structure from the establishment stage of spatial planning 2. Qualitative improvements of urban parks and green areas □ Improve the standards for location and disposition of parks and green areas and the evaluation system for urban resilience and environment in selecting the location and designing functions of parks and green areas ㅇ Regarding political improvements related to the location standards of parks and green areas, first consider the area of parks and green areas per person and the limit of disposition distance between parks that had been generally applied in the past ㅇ Urban Resilience Aspect: Improve the evaluation system to select park locations and design park functions - While considering the mulifunctionality of the parks, an evaluation system should be in place to determine the primary function by analyzing the Green-Blue-White system, the demographic structure of the region (age, economic levels, health, etc.), climate and disaster vulnerability - Provide autonomy on the detailed types of parks as functions may vary depending on the evaluation results of each region ㅇ Environmental aspect: Consider the accessibility and potential benefits for vulnerable areas and vulnerable groups - Expand methods and technology to maximize green areas within residential areas considering the fact that parks and green areas are high in qualitative value and positively affect health simply by being nearby residential areas - Set location standards for park development that allows for easy accessibility based on the evaluation standards, including vulnerable groups (based on health, economic status, age, etc.) and vulnerable areas □ Diversify the types of parks and green areas to be used as Green Infrastructure by considering their regional characteristics ㅇ Diversify the types of parks and green areas considering the natural and artificial, and the public and private to integrate them into Green Infrastructure ㅇ Consider the regional value and function of large ecological areas, divide them into areas for use, manufacturing, and multifunctionality to avoid standardizing park facilities □ Consider developmental methods that reinforce the ecology and multifunctionality of parks and green areas ㅇ In terms of urban parks that consider the diversity of living creatures or ecological functions, it is necessary to first sufficiently consider the locational characteristics rather than the number of parks or park areas ㅇ Expand the multifunctionality of parks and green areas by comprehensively considering the current demand, future environmental changes, and the regional characteristics - In terms of future environmental changes, there is demand to consider various functions from the perspectives of natural disasters, reactive measures to deal with the heat islands effect, floods, fine dust, and heat waves due to climate change, and an increase in the socioeconomic importance of parks and green areas 3. Diversification of development and management of urban parks and green areas □ Establish a system to support voluntary partnership and governance among public and private organizations and encourage various forms of private and public participation □ Need to diversify resources to develop and manage parks and green areas ㅇ Expand government support for nationally designated parks, provide incentives to protect private property rights, connect applications of related budgets with corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of private and public enterprises 4. Securing a foundation for the management of urban parks and green areas □ Need to establish an inventory on Green Infrastructure and a support system for decision-making that includes data collection (including opinions from citizens) ㅇ Develop and manage information management systems that include all national Green Infrastructure and systems that automatically estimate the effectiveness and management methods of green areas □ Need to improve the implementation of smart technology for management of Green Infrastructure ㅇ Set directions for the core services of management of smart Green Infrastructure management (community, climate change, natural disasters, definition of environment, welfare, culture, water control, etc.); enhance customized services for each stage of the life cycle and secure a management system Ⅴ. Conclusion and Suggestions for Policies □ The directions for restructuring policies on parks and green areas for sustainable urban development are summarized as follows: □ Suggest future tasks in terms of restructuring sustainable parks and green areas ㅇ Development and Management Aspects - Develop an evaluation method for the mulifunctionality of urban Green Infrastructure - Develop smart Green Infrastructure, a management platform, and technology - Establish an inventory for Green Infrastructure and develop a decisionmaking system, etc. ㅇ Planning and Legal Aspects - Establish urban and environmental plans to implement Green Infrastructure - Develop a composition model and policies by types of Green Infrastructure - Policies for a comprehensive management of the Green Infrastructure

인식 및 이용실태에 기반한 학교 실내 녹색공간의 효용성 분석 -수도권 중ㆍ고등학교를 중심으로-

박준호,이주영 한국환경과학회 2023 한국환경과학회지 Vol.32 No.8

This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of improving indoor environmental awareness, relieving stress, and improving learning efficiency in school indoor green space, and suggest desirable ways to develop indoor green space in the future. As part of the study, a survey was conducted among 225 individuals across six schools in a metropolitan area with garden and panel-type indoor gardens inside the school building. The survey comprised the current status and use of indoor green spaces, the perception of indoor green spaces, improvement measures in indoor green spaces, and basic properties. Semantic Differential (SD) was used to investigate the impression of school indoor spaces. Resultantly, the more frequent the use of green spaces in the school, the more they feel the positive effects of indoor green spaces, such as improving the school's indoor environment, reducing stress, and improving learning efficiency. In addition, it appears that the more frequent contact with the natural environment, the more they feel the positive effects provided by indoor green space at school. Therefore, it is suggested that educational conditions must be improved by revitalizing various green welfare, including indoor green areas, at the school level.

자연체험 기회 증진을 위한 용도지역간의 융합 연구

이두열 ( Doo Yeol Lee ),조택연 ( Taig Youn Cho ) 한국공간디자인학회 2015 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.10 No.1

(연구배경 및 목적)한국 사회는 산업화 사회를 거치며 급격한 인구의 도시 유입이 발생되었고, 이러한 인구 집중은 주거환경을 악화시키게 되었다. 이에 부족한 주거 공간 확보를 위해 1990년대 제1기 신도시 약200만 호가 공급되었다. 수도권 일원에 건설된 신도시는 비교적 넓은 토지를 활용해 삶의 질 향상을 위한 공원·녹지를 전체 도시면적의 약20% 정도 할애하였고 이후2000년대 제2기 신도시는 지속가능한 개발과 생태도시, 삶의 쾌적성을 목표로 점진적으로 녹지율을 증가시켜 최근에는 녹지율이 40%를 넘어서게 되었다. 그러나 녹지 면적이 증가됨에 따라 분양가가 상승되고 이를 유지하는데 소요되는 관리 비용이 증가되는 문제와 공원 주변 주택과 외곽 주택의 공원 이용 상의 형평성 문제와 주택가격의 차이가 발생되었다. 즉, 고령화 사회로 진행되면서 건강에 대한 관심은 생활환경 속에서 손쉽게 산책과 운동할 수 있는 공간이 필요하게 되었으나, 도시 외곽지역 주민은 도보로 공원을 이용하는데 어려움을 겪게 되고, 또한 생활의 많은 시간을 소요하는 업무 및 상업공간의 자연환경은 신도시 도입단계에 비해 크게 개선되지 않고 있다. 이를 통해 보면 도시민이 생활 속에서 자연과 접할 수 있는 기회가 단순히 녹지 면적 증가와 비례하지 않는 다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 이에 적정한 녹지면적을 유지하며 이용자의 새로운 시대적 니즈를 수용한 공원·녹지의 배치와 형태의 변화를 통해 도시민 전체가 생활 속에서 편리하게 자연과 접할 수 있는 균등한 기회를 제공할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. (연구방법)과거 및 현대의 제1,2기 신도시의 공원·녹지의 형태 및 면적을 조사, 분석 후 이에 따른 문제점과 시대 변화에 따른 도시민의 새로운 요구를 자연 속 산책 공간 확보, 문화 공간 조성, 물 순환 공간 연계, 민·관의 소통 공간 마련 등으로 4가지로 구분하여 각각에 적합한 도시 디자인을 자연과의 공간 융합을 통해 제시 하였다. (결과)디지털의 영향으로 다수의 분야가 융합의 시대로 변화하고 있는 것에 발 맞춰 공원·녹지도 다양한 용도의 공간들과 결합되고 연계되어야 이용과 관리상의 시너지 효과를 얻을 수 있으며, 시대적 요구 또한 충족할 수 있다고 판단되며 대표적인 도시 구성 요소인 도로와 상업시설, 공공시설, 공동주택을 공원·녹지와 융합된 디자인을 제시하여 생활 속에서 자연의 쾌적함을 누리며 삶의 질을 향상 할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. (결론)인간은 자연 속에 태어나 그 속에서 생활할 때 가장 편안함을 느낄 수 있으나, 현대의 공원은 정주공간과는 분리된 독립된 공원을 만들어왔다. 거대한 녹지 면적이 중요한 것이 아니라 자연을 다양한 생활환경과 얼마나 친밀히 융화시키도록 만들어 내느냐가 생태도시의 척도라고 말 할 수 있을 것이다. (Background and Purpose) As Korean society experienced a drastic industrialization, a tremendous in flux of the population shifted to urban areas, which led to exacerbated living conditions. In order to supply additional living spaces, the first new town was established in the 1990s to accommodate approximately two million households. As there was a relatively large area for development, this town, which was established within the metropolitan region, allocated approximately20 percent of this area for parks and green zones in order to improve the quality of living. The second new town developed in the 2000s gradually expanded its greening ratio, while aiming for sustainable development and to be a comfortable eco-city. As a result of this effort, the greening ratio recently exceeded 40 percent. However, the increase in green zones has led to a rise in management and maintenance costs as well as a fluctuation in housing prices due to accessibility to and equity of these zones. In other words, people’s needs for spaces in which to exercise and go for walks has increased, while those who live in the outskirts are less able to enjoy the parks. In addition, the environmental surroundings within the work and commercial areas have not been improved as much as they were at the beginning of the new town projects. This demonstrates that the opportunities to access the nature in urban areas is not necessarily proportional to the increase in green zones. Hence, we must seek new methods to provide all residents with equal opportunities to easily access nature in their daily lives by transforming the locations and formations of parks and green zones based on these new demands. (Method)The study investigated and analyzed the formation and areas of parks and green zones within the first and second new towns. Next, it categorized the needs of people into four aspects (spaces for promenade, cultural experiences, water circulation, and private-public communication) and suggested the appropriate convergence of city spaces and nature to fulfill these aspects. (Results)Parks and green zones should be merged with other spaces to not only create synergetic effects in utilization and management, but to also meet current needs in a way similar to the digital era, in which cross-cutting convergences are taking place every day. This study suggested converged designs of roads, commercial and public facilities, and housing, as well as green zones, in order to improve the quality of lives by allowing individuals to enjoy the comforts of the nature everyday. (Conclusions)Humans are born in a natural state, and therefore feel most comfortable in nature. However modern parks are separate from the living spaces and have been created as independent zones. The measure of an ecological city lies not in the huge areas devoted to nature, but in how nature is intimately fused into a variety of living environments.

공원녹지내 사화직물 출현실태 분석에 관한 연구

노재현 한국조경학회 1998 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of this study is on identifying real condition of naturalized plants in urban green space. For this, Chollabak-do region was selected for case study. The occurring frequency and distribution status was investigated by field survey. The area of green open space, level of management and passed years after construction etc, were analized to identify the influence on occurrence of naturalized plants. The result is as follows: 1. In 18 sites, 145 taxa as weed species including naturalized plants were occurred. Average No. of occurring taxa is 22.7. Two families of plants, Graminae and compositae charged the most part. Also the rate of naturalized plant among them is 29.7%. 2. Naturalized species showing high occurring rate are 14 taxa of compositae, 5 taxa of Gramineae, Leguminosae and 4 taxa of cruciferae. These plants of previous four somatic polymorphism among all the naturalized plants. 3. The taxa number of naturalized plants were reducedby intensive management. But the rate of naturalized plants in extensively managed area was relatively lower than intensively managed one. Naturalizd plants were widely distributed in most of urban green space with being cognitioned as whole weed. 4. In origin of naturalized plants, the taxa from north America were 16 and the taxa from Europe were 16. Therefore the rate originated from north America and Europe charged high part as 68.2%. The rate of Annual, Biennial and Perennial were each 78.7%, 21.3%. The alternative of management for control aganist disturbance by Annual & Biennial required. 5. Multi-relations analysis shows 0.81 which is the relatively high interralation between the number of emerged axa and that of naturalized ones. 6. The number of naturalized species has no relation to the lapse of years after construction of open-space. Especially it was identified that weed control in the beginning of construction is very important. On the other hand the relation between Ys and Xp was Ys=1.784Xp+4.646.

도시공원녹지의 생태성 및 기후변화 대응성 평가 기초 연구

성현찬 ( Hyun Chan Sung ),황소영 ( So Young Hwang ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Problems in regard of ecological stability of urban ecosystem ensue from climate change and urbanization. Particularly, urban ecological conditions are deteriorating both quantitatively and qualitatively to a great extent. The present study aims to assess the current condition of selected sites (i. e. urban green zones and parks) in terms of preset assessment components; to find out problems and relevant solutions to improve the quality and quantity of parks and green zones; and ultimately to suggest some measures applicable to coping with climate change as well as to securing the ecological attributes of urban green zones and parks. According to the findings of this study, from quantitative perspectives, ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change are high on account of the large natural-soil area(80%). By contrast, from qualitative perspectives including the planting structure (1 layer: 47%), the percentage of bush area(17%), the connectivity with surrounding green zones (independent types: 44%), the wind paths considered (5.6%), the tree species with high carbon absorption rates (20%), water cycles (17%), energy (8%) and carbon storage capacities(61%), ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change were found very low. These findings suggest that the ecological values of urban parks and green zones should be improved in the future by conserving their original forms, securing natural-soil grounds and employing multi-layered planting structures and water bodies, and that responsiveness to climate change should be enhanced by planting tree species with high carbon storage capacities and obtaining detention ponds. In sum, robust efforts should be exerted in the initial planning stages, and sustained, to apply the methodology of green-zone development along with securing ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change.

도쿄 골목공간의 그린시퀀스 조사연구

민문희(Min, Moon-Hee),서귀숙(Sus, Kuee-Sook) 한국실내디자인학회 2010 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.12 No.1

A This Study is about the characteristics of alley space in the urban residential area and old commercial area of Tokyo. The Alley Space plays an mediating role to connect the main space and the sub space in the urban, and also it provides a place to form community with nature. Especially, the alley space could expand urban space networking as that gives freely choice to choose pathway in the urban. The Alley Space has a restful effect and Inducing experiences that the space allows to the world.

대구광역시 공원형 녹지의 기능적 특성을 고려한 종합 평가

이우성 ( Woo Sung Lee ) 한국지리정보학회 2016 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.19 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 효율적인 녹지의 계획 및 관리방향 설정을 위한 기초자료 제공을 위해 녹지의 기능적 평가를 실시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 연구대상지를 대구광역시 공원형 녹지로 설정하였으며, 녹지의 기능은 자연생태적, 환경조절적, 이용적 기능으로 제한하였다. 선행연구 고찰 및 전문가 설문조사에 의한 MCB 분석을 통해 13개 지표를 선정하였으며, 전문가 설문조사에 의한 AHP 분석을 통해 기능별 지표의 가중치를 설정하였다. 공원형 녹지의 기능별 평가 결과를 살펴보면, 자연생태적 기능 평가에서는 냉천유원지, 대구체육공원, 달창유원지의 녹지 평가 점수가 80점 이상으로 높게 분석되었다. 환경조절적 기능 평가의 경우 복현공원, 만촌공원, 천내공원 등 15개 녹지의 평가 점수가 75점 이상으로 높게 나타났고, 이용적 기능 평가에서는 수성공원, 달성공원, 월배공원 등 11개 공원형 녹지의 점수가 80점 이상으로 높게 평가되었다. 이러한 분석결과들은 향후 공원형 녹지의 신규 조성, 지속적인 관리 및 리모델링이 요구될 경우 효율적인 기초자료 및 가이드라인으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study is to assess the green space considering functional characteristics in order to provide the base data for efficient green planning and management. The study area was the park-type green spaces in Daegu and the functions were limited in nature-ecological, environment-control, and usage functions. Thirteen indicators were selected from the literature review and MCB analysis of expert survey. The weightings of functional indicators were established through AHP analysis of expert survey. According to the results of functional assessment, Naengcheon amusement, Deagu sports, and Dalchang amusement parks had scores of more than 80 in the case of nature-ecological function. Fifteen parks such as Bokhyeon, Manchon, and Cheonnae parks had scores of more than 75 in terms of environment-control function and eleven parks such as Suseong, Dalseong, and Wolbae parks had scores of more than 80 in usage function. The findings from this study can be used as the base data and guideline for construction of new park-type green space and continuous management and remodeling of current green space.

우리나라 중소도시의 녹지보전과 녹화추진 방안 - "지방의제 21' 실천을 중심으로 -

박미호,이명우 한국조경학회 2002 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to propose directions for urban greening and nature conservation in small-to-medium-sized cities in Korea for implementation of the Local Agenda 21 (LA 21 hereafter). In this paper, the status of implementation of the LA 21 in both Korea and Japan have been examined. In addition, the green-related plans of both countries have been compared. The cities of Jeonju and Sagamihara were chosen as examples to compare. The result of the research is as follows: 1)With regard to the responsible bodies, in Korea, the implementing plans were initiated by the environment-related authorities of local governments while, in Japan, the plans of action were initiated through consultative committees reflecting opinions from citizens and business entities. 2)Concerning the status of implementation of LA 21, the city of Jeonju has adopted a plan of action and then implemented the plan through a consultative body without adequate legal ground. On the other hand, the city of Sagamihara has enacted a local ordinance to implement the LA 21 It was learned that the newly enacted ordinance has positively been interrelated to existing environmental plans. 3)Regarding urban greening and nature conservation plans, the city of Jeonju has focused on comprehensive measures to preserve and restore ecology while the city of Sagamihara has clearly suggested educational purposes in its plans in addition to preserving and restoring ecology. 4)In terms of support by law or legal system concerned, it has been teamed that, compared with Japan, Korean plans have not been properly supported by law or the legal system to urban greening and nature conservation plans. The same was shown in the city of Jeonju as compared with the city of Sagamihara. As for future directions, the follow are proposed: 1) establishment of a local Committee on Sustainable Development, 2) enactment of relevant and regulations such as the Master Plan of Parks and Green Open paces, 3) establishment of ecological greening plans.

Health benefits of evidence-based biophilic-designed environments: A review

Shih-Han Hung,Chun-Yen Chang 인간식물환경학회 2021 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Background and objective: People-nature experiences, which suggest that humans seek connections between nature and other forms of life, were presented by biologist E. O. Wilson in 1984. Biophilic design attributes support environments that can improve human connections to nature. A significant amount of literature on environmental psychology provides empirical evidence that nature benefits humans, and that practical landscape and built environments can be designed to link humans and nature (e.g., the 14 biophilic design patterns). To date, however, there has been no well-done research on reviewing the health benefits of biophilic design. Methods: The paper provides a narrative review on biophilic design and human health. The scope of this article is limited to biophilic-design books and peer-review articles related to “biophilic design,” “evidence-based,” “benefits,” “health,” rather than an attempt to identify universal issues with biophilia hypothesis. Results: A total of 45 papers were included in our review, which was related to the top five biophilic design patterns and design: the presence of natural images, the presence of plants, visual and non-visual connections to nature, and material connection with nature. These studies were related to physiology and psychology through direct or indirect connections with nature and experiences in space and place. Conclusion: This study presents two important comparisons of the empirical research on biophilic design and human health that can explain the relationship of people-nature experiences to biophilic design and human health and provides insights into related researches and recommendations for future application of our findings.

생태면적률을 적용한 현대 도심사찰의자연성 연구

이신영(Shin Yeong Lee),홍광표(Kwang Pyo Hong),유주한(Ju Han You) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2014 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.68

본 연구는 기존의 환경계획지표로 이용되고 있는 생태면적률을 현대 도심사찰에 적용하여 도심사찰의 자연성이 어느 정도 수준인가를 분석하는데 목적을 두고 진행되었으며, 더불어 현재의 여건에서 자연성을 확대시킬 수 있는 방안을 모색하는데 주목하였다. 나날이 녹지가 감소하는 도심 속에 세워진 도심사찰은 종교공간의 기능과 더불어 도시민들에게 녹지공간을 제공할 수 있는 새로운 대체녹지공간이 되어야 한다는 것이 본 연구의 기본 전제사항이다. 연구결과 연구대상으로 선정한 도심사찰들은 모두 자연성이 ‘없다’로 평가되었다. 이는 사찰 내의 공간유형이 자연지반녹지, 인공지반녹지, 불투수포장면으로 한정되어 나타나고 있고, 녹지율은 현저히 낮으나 불투수포장률은 월등히 높게 나타나는 것이 주된 원인이었다. 또한 법정 식재면적을 가까스로 만족시키는 정도에서 녹지를 조성하는 것도 문제점으로 지적되었다. 이러한 상황에서 현대도심사찰의 자연성을 증진시키기 위해서는 인공지반녹지의 확충과 입체녹화의 실시, 소규모 수공간 조성, 친환경 투수포장의 적극적 사용 등이 필요할 것으로 보인다. This paper aimed to analyze the level of natural property of temples in a downtown by applying the Biotope Area Factor which is used as the ecological planning indicator to the modern temples in the downtowns. Moreover, it was also investigated how to expand the natural property of temples in downtowns in present environment. As greens have been gradually reduced day by day, this paper premised that the temples in downtowns should be the new alternative green space providing the greens to the residents in downtowns as well as satisfying its roles as th religious facility. In accordance with the analysis results, the temples in downtowns selected in this paper were evaluated as having no natural property. The spaces in temples were restricted to greens on natural soil, greens on artificial ground and impermeable paved ground. In particular, the green area ratio was significantly low, but the impermeable paved ground ratio was remarkably high. Another problem was greening plan only satisfying the minimum level of legal planting area requirement. For increasing the natural property of temples in downtowns in such environment, it will be required to secure greens on artificial ground, implement the dimensional greening, form small-scale water space, and progressively use the eco-friendly permeable pavement.