지중스틱을 이용한 관수가 ‘후지’/M.9 사과나무의 수분상태와 토양 체적수분함량에 미치는 영향

김영한,황현승,전익조 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2025 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.34 No.1

본 연구는 기후변화로 인해 사과 과수원에서 발생하는 가뭄에 대응하기 위한 새롭게 개발된 ‘지중스틱’의 영향을 조사하였다. 지중스틱이 ‘후지’ 사과나무(Malus domestica Borkh.) 의 증발산량, 상대엽수분함량, 토양체적수분함량에 어떤 영향을 주는지 스프링클러 관수 방식과 비교하였다. 2022년과2023년에 지중스틱으로 측정된 일별 증발산량은 스프링클러보다 각각 37.2%와 71.4% 낮았다. 시간별 평균기온에 따른2022년과 2023년의 지중스틱 증발산량은 스프링클러보다48% 및 51% 낮았다. 2023년에 측정된 스프링클러와 지중스틱의 증발량은 평균기온 15°C에서 0.04L·h-1, 0.03L·h-1였고, 평균기온 40°C에서 0.54L·h-1, 0.14L·h-1였다. 관수 시스템에따른 ‘후지’ 사과나무의 상대엽수분함량을 조사한 결과, 스프링클러와 지중스틱을 통해 각각 26L, 16L를 관수하였을 때의상대엽수분함량은 관수 전과 비교하여 각각 관수 4시간 후, 24시간 후에 유의하게 증가했다. 동일한 시간 동안 스프링클러와 지중스틱을 통해 관수를 적용한 후, 10cm, 20cm 깊이에서 토양 체적수분함량(Volumetric Water Contents, VWC) 을 측정하였다. 스프링클러는 깊이에 따른 토양 VWC에 차이가 없었다. 반면, 지중스틱으로 관수했을 때, 20cm 깊이의VWC가 10cm 깊이의 토양 VWC보다 더 많이 변화했다. 그러나 지중스틱의 토양VWC는 스프링클러와 비교하여 낮게나타났다. 지중스틱과 스프링클러를 이용한 동일시간의 관수에서 지중스틱의 처리에서 낮은 증발산량을 보였으며, 스프링클러보다 40% 적은 관수량이 필요한 것으로 조사되었다. This study was conducted to investigate the influences of ‘Subsurface sticks’ to reduce irrigation amounts and relieve drought stress caused by climate change. The effects of subsurface stick irrigation on evapotranspiration, leaf relative water content (RWC), and soil volumetric water content (VWC) of ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were compared to those of sprinkler irrigation. In 2022 and 2023, daily evapotranspiration of subsurface stick irrigation was 37.2% and 71.4% lower than that of sprinkler irrigation. Hourly evapotranspiration, based on the hourly average air temperature, was also about 48% and 51% lower than that of the sprinklers in 2022 and 2023. The evaporation of sprinkler and subsurface stick irrigation was 0.04 L·h-1, 0.0 3 L·h-1 at an average air temperature of 15°C, 0.54 L·h-1, 0.14 L·h-1 at an average air temperature of 40°C. The leaf RWC of ‘Fuji’ apple trees was measured after applying 26 L and 16 L irrigation through sprinklers and subsurface sticks, leaf RWC significantly increased after 4 hours and 24 hours, respectively. Soil VWC was measured at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm after irrigating same hour via sprinklers and subsurface sticks. There were no significant differences in soil VWC depending on depth in sprinkler irrigation. On the other hand, using a subsurface sticks increased soil VWC at a depth of 20 cm compared to 10 cm. Soil VWC measured under subsurface stick irrigation was lower than sprinkler irrigation. These results indicate that subsurface stick irrigation could reduce evapotranspiration, but it could not increase soil VWC as much as sprinkler irrigation when irrigating for the same duration. In additon, subsurface stick irrigation requires 60% of the irrigation amount used in sprinkler irrigation.

Effect of High Vanillin Treatment on Storage Quality of Fresh-cut Apples

Hun-Sik Chung,Peter M.A. Toivonen,Kwang-Deog Moon 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.3

The effect of post-cut vanillin treatment at high concentrations on changes of quality and microorganism in freshcut apples was studied. Apples (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) were sliced, treated by dipping in different vanillin solution, 0, 40, 80, and 120 mM, packed in polyethylene bag, and then stored for up to 3 weeks at 4℃. Changes in total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds, browning, soluble solids, and titratable acidity during storage were investigated. Growth of total aerobic bacteria throughout storage was strongly inhibited by vanillin regardless of treatment concentrations. Growth of yeast and molds was inhibited by vanillin of all concentrations until 2 weeks of storage. Levels of browning index, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were not significant difference among the treatment conditions until 2 weeks of storage. However, when stored for 3 weeks, browning index increased more at 80 or 120 mM vanillin, while soluble solids and titratable acidity more be decreased by 120 mM vanillin as compared with other treatment conditions. These results show that the usage of vanillin in processing of fresh-cut apples had a limitation for maintaining quality.

S-allele Specific PCR 분석에 의한 사과와 꽃사과 품종의 자가불화합성 유전자형 동정

조강희,김정희,이정우,권순일,박종택,신일섭,김세희,김대현,최인명 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.4

사과는 배우체형 자가불화합성을 나타내는데 이는 S-locus의 복대립유전자에 의해 조절된다. 본 연구는 S-allele specific PCR분석을 통해 신품종을 포함한 24종의 사과 주요 재배품종과 7종의 꽃사과 품종의 자가불화합성 유전자형(S-genotype)을 결정하고자 수행하였다. 31종의 재배품종과 꽃사과 품종 을 23종의 S-allele specific primer을 이용하여 분석한 결과 12개의 S-allele (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10, S16, S21, S23, S26, S29)이 동정되었다. 그 중에서 24종의 재배품종에는 S1(41.7%), S3(58.3%), S7(29.2%), S9(54.2%)의 S-allele이 흔히 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 국내육성 신품종인 ‘아리수’와 ‘황옥’의 S-genotype은 각각 S3S7과 S3S9으로 동정되었다. 본 실험에서 얻은 S-genotype 정보는 안정적인 사과 과실생산에 적합한 수분수 선발과 육종프로그램에서 교배조합 작성에 유용 하게 활용될 것이다. Apple (Malus ☓ domestica Borkh.) has gametophytic self-incompatibility (S) controlled by the multi-allelic S-locus. In the present study, S-genotypes of 24 apple cultivars including newly released Korean cultivars and seven crabapple cultivars were identified using S-allele specific polymerase chain reaction analysis. Twelve different S-alleles (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10, S16, S21, S23, S26, and S29) from 31 apple and crabapple cultivars were identified using 23 S-allele specific primers. Among them, S1 (41.7%), S3 (58.3%), S7 (29.2%), and S9 (54.2%) S-alleles were found to be common in 24 apple cultivars. The newly released Korean cultivars ‘Arisoo’ and ‘Hwangok’ were genetyped as S3S7 and S3S9, respectively. S-genotypes information obtained from the present study will be useful to select proper pollinzers for stable production of apple fruit and to design cross of breeding programs.

생육기 조기낙엽에 따른 사과 ‘후지’/M9의 광합성과 탄수화물의 변화

정재훈(Jae Hoon Jeong),한점화(Jeom Hwa Han),류수현(Suhyun Ryu),한현희(Hyun Hee Han),권용희(YongHee Kwon),도경란(Gyung-Ran Do),임순희(Sun-Hee Yim),이한찬(Han-Chan Lee) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2017 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구에서는 사과 ‘후지’/M9의 생육기간 중 조기낙엽 피해가 발생하였을 때 영향을 알아보기 위하여 인위적으로 적엽 처리하여 광합성과 탄수화물의 변화를 측정하였다. 눈의 재발아율은 대조구, 50% 처리구, 80% 처리구에서 각각 2.1%, 45.9%, 82.7%로 매우 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 적엽처리 후 남은 잎의 자당(sucrose)와 전분 함량을 측정한 결과 모든 처리구에서 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한 대조구와 50% 처리구에서는 총 유리당의 변화도 크지 않았다. 반면 80% 처리구에서 총 유리당과 sorbitol의 함량은 처리 후 14일동안 꾸준히 감소하였으며, 이것은 대조구에 비하여 높은 sink로서의 탄수화물 요구가 일어난 것으로 추정된다. 뿌리에서의 전분 축적은 적엽처리 정도가 심할수록 감소하였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 광합성속도와 기공전도도는 80% 처리구에서 처리 후 14일동안 꾸준히 유의하게 증가하였다. 광합성 속도의 상승은 남아있는 source 잎에서의 삼투포텐셜이 증가하여 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 이는 적엽처리로 인하여 눈의 당년 2차 재발아에 필요한 sink의 탄수화물 요구가 갑작스럽게 일어나게 됨으로써 남아있는 잎에서 광합성이 증가한 것으로 추정된다. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of early defoliation on photosynthesis and carbohydrate reserves when the source leaves of ‘Fuji’/M9 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were removed during the growing period. Bud regrowth rates of 80%, 50% defoliation and non-defoliation treatments were significantly different 82.7%, 45.9% and 2.1% respectively at 30 days after treatment. In all treatments, sucrose and starch concentrations in remaining leaves decreased non-significantly during the 14-day period. No significant changes were observed for total soluble carbohydrates in non-defoliation and 50% defoliation. However, in 80% defoliated treatments, concentrations of sorbitol and total soluble carbohydrates in remaining leaves declined steadily during the 14-day period. It is thought that high sink strength increases the requirements of carbohydrate from remaining leaves more than non-defoliated. The concentrations of starch in the roots tend to decrease non-significantly as percentage of defoliation increased. Photosynthesis of remaining leaves was monitored during the 14-day period after partial defoliation treatments. Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and stomatal conductance were significantly enhanced in the 80% defoliation. The observed photosynthetic enhancement following partial defoliation may have been due to the enhancement of osmotic potential in leaves. These results were estimated that increasing of photosynthetic rate in the partial defoliation is due to the sink carbohydrate requirements for the current year"s secondary growth of buds.

Applications of Organic Fungicides Reduce Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees

Bhusal, Narayan,Kwon, Jun Hyung,Han, Su-Gon,Yoon, Tae-Myung Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.5

Two different pest control programs were applied on 8-year-old 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture with emulsified oil were applied 12 times from late March to mid-September as organic treatment, and synthetic chemicals were 7 times applied as control treatment. Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August. Photosynthesis-related parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration behaved similarly to photosynthesis. The leaf area in the organic treatment was significantly smaller ($24.7cm^2$) than that in the control treatment ($30.7cm^2$). Organic leaves contained significantly less Chl. a ($15.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$) than did control leaves ($17.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$). Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata) than did control fruits. Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter's a values). In this experiment, the pest control program with frequent applications of organic fungicides showed negative effects on photosynthesis and disease infection on leaves and fruits, and thus reduce the fruit quality and yield in 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees.

Wax Composition of ‘Red Fuji’ Apple Fruit during Development and during Storage after 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment

Xiaoqing Dong,Jingping Rao,Donald J. Huber,Xiaoxiao Chang,Fucun Xin 한국원예학회 2012 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.53 No.4

Changes in surface wax composition of ‘Red Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Red Fuji’) during development and during storage at 0 ± 1℃ after 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments were studied by the means of gas chromatography -mass spectrometry. Total wax increased during fruit development. During the storage at 0 ± 1℃, total waxes declined, and the decline was significantly delayed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. Total waxes were chromatographically separated into nonpolar and polar components. Nonacosane was the most abundant nonpolar wax, comprising 95% of total hydrocarbons. Polar wax components were comprised of nonacosan-10-ol (29%) and nonacosan-10-one (16%), along with a series of fatty acids and derivatives. Distinct patterns of wax changes were observed. Nonacosane, heptacosane and nonacosene increased during the development and decreased over seven months of fruit storage at 0 ± 1℃. Declines were delayed or slightly suppressed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. By contrast, nonacosan-10-ol, nonacosan-10-one, and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid showed variable accumulation trends during the development but significant increases during storage that were strongly suppressed in 1-MCP–treated fruit. The association of wax changes with ethylene production and the responses to 1-MCP indicate that ethylene strongly influences wax composition in ‘Red Fuji’ apple fruit.

Chill Unit Models for Predicting Dormancy Completion of Floral Buds in Apple and Sweet Cherry

곽성희,Denise Neilsen 한국원예학회 2013 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.54 No.1

Temperature-controlled experiments were conducted to determine the relative contribution of temperatures to dormancy completion of floral buds in ‘Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Shoots were collected right before chill inception, and exposed continuously to seven different temperatures in the range of -2°C and 16.8°C for 1320 hours. Chilling requirements were determined on sequential field samples from plots of days to bud break against sampling date. Temperature-response curves, which were best fit in a four parameter logistic nonlinear regression, indicated that optimum chilling temperatures were between -2°C and 5.5°C for ‘Gala’ and between -2°C and 7°C for ‘Sweetheart’, with no chilling effect above 13°C in both species. The derived chill unit models predicted that chill unit accumulations required for dormancy completion averaged 921 for ‘Gala’and 740 for ‘Sweetheart’ over the three year period. The year-to-year variation in ‘Gala’ apple was smaller with our ‘Gala’ model than with the ‘Utah’ model (14% vs 23.5% coefficients of variation), while similar to each other in ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherry.

Influence of Grass Cover on Water Use and Shoot Growth of Young 'Fuji'/M.26 Apple Trees at Three Soil Water Regimes in Double Pot Lysimeters

노희명,Ro, Hee-Myong Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 1999 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.32 No.4

This study measures the influence of grass cover on water use and shoot growth of apple trees growing under different soil water regimes in temperate climate conditions and evaluates monthly crop coefficients of such conditions during four months of the growing season in 1995. To do so, double pot lysimeter experiments of 3-year-old Fuji' apple (Males domestica Borkh.) trees under a transparent rain shield were designed and installed. Trees were triplicate under three soil water regimes: (A) drip-irrigation at -50 kPa of soil matric potential (IR50). (B) drip-irrigation at -80 kPa of soil matric potential (IR80), and (C) constant shallow water table at 0.45 m below the soil surface (WT45). In each treatment, two soil surface conditions were tested: the soil surface bare, and covered with turf grasses. Mean monthly water use increased with increasing soil matric potential for drip irrigation and was greatest in the WT45 treatment. Monthly crop coefficients increased linearly in time for drip-irrigated apple trees ($r^2$ values of $0.953^{***}$ for turf grass-covered system and of $0.862^{***}$ for bare surface system), while those obtained in the WT45 treatment fluctuated, Duncan's multiple range tests for shoot growth showed that grass-covered IR50 was most favorable to apple trees. while bare surface waterlogged situation was most adverse at least in part due to a lack of oxygen in the root zone. Mid-season leaf Kjeldahl-N was higher in drip-irrigated apple trees than in WT45 trees, while soil Kjeldahl-N was not different irrespective of treatments.

단근처리가 ‘후지’/M.9 사과나무의 수체 생장과 과실 품질에 미치는 영향

윤태명(Tae-Myung Yoon),박현수(Hyun-Soo Park),사공동훈(Dong-Hoon Sagong) 한국원예학회HST 2005 원예과학기술지 Vol.23 No.3

갈색무늬병에 의한 낙엽이 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 수체생장 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

사공동훈(Dong-Hoon Sagong),권헌중(Hun-Joong Kweon),송양익(Yang-Yik Song),박무용(Moo-Yong Park),남종철(Jong-Chul Nam),강석범(Seok-Beom Kang),이상규(Sang-Gyu Lee) 한국원예학회 2011 원예과학기술지 Vol.29 No.6

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of defoliation by Marssonina blotch (Diplocarpon mali Harada et Sawamura) on vegetative growth and fruit quality in ‘Fuji’/M.9 apple tree. Soluble solid contents decreased when the defoliation percentage by Marssonina blotch was over 10% before the end of September, and fruit weight decreased when percentage of defoliation was over 30%. Fruit red color and starch contents tend to decrease as percentage of defoliation near the fruit increased. Return bloom, fruit weight, and shoot growth the following year tend to decrease as percentage of defoliation increased. Photosynthetic rate of healthy leaves in bourse shoot during the end of September was maintained about 10 μmol?m-2?s-1, effects in increasing fruit growth and soluble solid contents after the end of September. Photosynthetic rates for the damaged leaf, damaged area was over 50% on the leaf surface, while 30% of the photosynthetic rates of healthy leaf are without damage applied with Marssonina b lotch at the end of September. The results show that the decrease of fruit quality in defoliation treatments may be caused by the decrease of starch contents in fruit, and that was caused by the photosynthetic rates of leaves near fruit was decreased by Marssonina blotch in the wake of August.