대중국 외국인직접투자 및 중국의 대외직접투자 결정요인에 관한 실증적 연구: 제도 및 입지요인 기반 수정 중력모형을 중심으로

수역훤,권영철 한국국제경영관리학회 2018 국제경영리뷰 Vol.22 No.4

After joining WTO, the China inward and outward direct investments have been activated. This paper analyzed the determinants of China inward and outward direct investments with using a panel data. We adopted a modified “gravity model” incorporating the locational and institutional variables such as labor cost, cultural distance, political risk, and double taxation. In this process the standard gravity model variables such as national economic size(GDP) and geographical distance were also analyzed. In addition, we divided the home and host investment countries into two groups, namely developed and less developed countries. First of all, based upon the panel data analysis, it was proven that the standard gravity variables such as GDP and geographical distance between home and host investment countries have significant impacts on both the China inward and outward direct investment flows. It was also found that the locational and institutional variables such as labor costs, cultural distance, political stability, and double taxation agreement have significant impacts on the China inward FDI flows in developed countries, but interestingly not in less developed countries. On the other hand, the labor costs and cultural distance have significant impacts on the China outward FDI flows in less developed countries, but not in the developed countries. In the meantime, the reverse result was found in the impact of cultural distance on the China outward FDI flows. These results indicate that the determinants of FDIs can be different depend upon the developed and less developed countries as the home and host countries. 본 연구에서는 제도 및 입지요인 기반 수정된 중력모형을 토대로 중국으로의 외국인직접투자(inward FDIs) 및 중국의 대외직접투자(outward FDIs) 흐름에 영향을 미치는 주요 결정요인에 대한 실증적 분석이 이루어졌다. 패널 데이터 분석결과 중력모형의 기본 설명변수인 투자국 및 피투자국의 경제규모(GDP)와 지리적 거리 차이가 중국의 외국인직접투자와 대외직접투자 모두에 정의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대중국 외국인직접투자의 경우 투자국을 선진국과 개도국으로 분류하여 분석한 결과, 선진국의 경우 중력모형 기본 설명변수 외에 노동비용, 문화적 거리, 정치적 안정성, 이중과세방지협정 여부 등 여타 입지 및 제도적 요인이 대중국 직접투자에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 반면, 개도국의 경우 문화적 거리, 정치적 안정성, 이중과세방지 등의 요인은 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 중국의 대외직접투자에 있어서는 피투자국이 선진국인 경우 노동비용과 정치적 안정성은 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 반면, 개도국의 경우에는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 선진국과 개도국의 문화적 거리의 영향력은 정반대의 결과를 보였다. 이는 투자국과 피투자국이 선진국 또는 개도국이냐에 따라 대중국 외국인직접투자와 중국의 대외직접투자에 미치는 요인들의 영향력에 있어 차이가 날 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 이러한 연구결과는 해외직접투자이론에 기초하여 결정요인을 분석하더라도 투자국과 피투자국을 선진국과 개도국으로 분류하여 분석하는 것이 정책적 함의를 더 높일 수 있음을 입증하는 것이다.

Towards implementation of sustainable development goals (SDG) in developing nations: A useful funding framework

Temidayo Olabode Akenroye,Håvard Mokleiv Nygård,Ama Eyo 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2018 International Area Studies Review Vol.21 No.1

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is impressive in its breadth. However, the extensive nature of the agenda presents countries with a set of challenges. In particular, few if any countries will be able to focus on all goals in parallel, yet the agenda offers little clear guidance on how each country can determine their priority areas of focus and funding arrangements for such priority areas. Presently, few efforts have been made to analyse and examine the significance or importance of each sustainable development goal (SDG) and target for individual countries. More importantly, there is the challenge that governments would need to find the finances to fund the goals. Inevitably, politicians and policy makers in financially constrained countries are asking: what levers can we actually use to implement the SDGs efficiently and effectively? In this paper, we develop a simple framework that can help countries in leveraging existing budget resources to guide funding for the implementation of SDGs

FDI Characteristics of Chaebols and Non-Chaebols in Less-Developed and Developed Countries : Understanding the Strategic Motives of Korean Investment

Jeoung Yul Lee(이정열),Young-Ryeol Park(박영렬),Sunghoon Hong(홍성훈) 한국무역학회 2009 한국무역학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2009 No.12

Key determinants that distinguish the foreign direct investment (FDI) behavior of chaebols from that of non-chaebols in less-developed and developed countries were investigated to identify the underlying global strategic motives of Korean investment. Developed markets was preferred by chaebols that belonged to competitive domestic industries and that also had less aggressive foreign ownership strategies than less-developed markets. When chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals were compared, additional variables, such as initial entry time, subsidiary investment scale, and parent's R&D intensity and host country experience, were found to influence the geographic choices of chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals. Overall, an examination of different investment behaviors between chaebols and non-chaebols has allowed us to identify the global strategic approaches of them in the two regions. In this study, Dunning's (2000) recent envelope OLI paradigm and Frost and Zhou's (2000) evolutionary perspective of location-learning selection complemented each other in explaining the geographic preferences of chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals.

FDI Characteristics of Chaebols and Non-Chaebols in Less-Developed and Developed Countries : Understanding the Strategic Motives of Korean Investment

Jeoung Yul Lee(이정열),Young-Ryeol Park(박영렬),Sunghoon Hong(홍성훈) 한국무역학회 2009 國際學術大會 論文集 Vol.2009 No.12

Key determinants that distinguish the foreign direct investment (FDI) behavior of chaebols from that of non-chaebols in less-developed and developed countries were investigated to identify the underlying global strategic motives of Korean investment. Developed markets was preferred by chaebols that belonged to competitive domestic industries and that also had less aggressive foreign ownership strategies than less-developed markets. When chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals were compared, additional variables, such as initial entry time, subsidiary investment scale, and parent's R&D intensity and host country experience, were found to influence the geographic choices of chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals. Overall, an examination of different investment behaviors between chaebols and non-chaebols has allowed us to identify the global strategic approaches of them in the two regions. In this study, Dunning's (2000) recent envelope OLI paradigm and Frost and Zhou's (2000) evolutionary perspective of location-learning selection complemented each other in explaining the geographic preferences of chaebol and non-chaebol multinationals.

The Effect of Multinational Direct Investment on the Employment of Developing Country

Lee, Moon-Sik 龍仁大學校 人文社會科學硏究所 1999 인문사회논총 Vol.- No.3

ABSTRACT The technology transfer from a foreign country to the less developed countries(LDC), mainly entailed by direct investment, has many effects on the latter economy. This is to analyse the effect of the foreign direct investment on the employment of the recipient country (i.e., LDC). For this, we use a microeconomic model of a multinational firm. With the several assumptions, It is showed that the foreign direct investment may deteriorate the employment opportunities of the developing countries. Key words: foreign(multinational) direct investment, employment, less-developed countries(LDC), labor demand function. The technology transfer from a foreign country to the less developed countries(LDC), mainly entailed by direct investment, has many effects on the latter economy. This is to analyse the effect of the foreign direct investment on the employment of the recipient country (i.e., LDC). For this, we use a microeconomic model of a multinational firm. With the several assumptions, It is showed that the foreign direct investment may deteriorate the employment opportunities of the developing countries.

Effects of the Transnational Network and Neoliberal Restructuring on Infant and Neonatal Mortality Rates: Cross-National Comparison of 63 LDCs

유은혜 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2014 Asian Women Vol.30 No.3

Previous research on infant mortality rate (IMR) and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in less developed countries (LDCs) has emphasized various socio-economic factors explaining an increase or decrease in IMR and NMR. Among those factors, neoliberal restructuring through structural adjustment programs, foreign direct investment, and trade liberalization have an ambiguous effect on IMR and NMR, while transnational network also plays an important role in improving global health conditions. The present paper classifies LDCs into low-income countries and lower-middle-income countries and shows how the socio-economic factors have different effects in these two country-income groups. By conducting a cross-national time-series analysis on IMR and NMR in 63 less developed countries during the periods 1971-2011 (IMR) and 1990-2011 (NMR), this study finds that international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) are effective in promoting IMR and NMR in low-income countries. Both IMF structural adjustment programs and foreign direct investment have harmful effects on IMR and NMR. These findings suggest that women and children’s health in LDCs suffers more from neoliberal restructuring than it benefits from the transnational health network comprised of INGOs. In sum, the findings indicate that the variables affecting IMR and NMR work differently in the low-income and lower-middle-income country-groups.

Effects of Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Peer Relations on the Emotional, Behavioral, and Comorbid Disorder Symptoms in Low-SES Children

( Byoun Gduk Sohn ) 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

The current study examined the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and peer relations on the emotional, behavioral, and comorbid disorder symptoms among low-low-SES children, using the Young Lives Survey: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 1, 2002. Participants were 1,000 8-year-old children (502 boys and 498 girls) from low-low-SES families. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-tests, post hoc test (Scheffe`s method), correlations, and multiple logistic regression analyses according to the analysis strategy. There was a moderate correlation between selected socio-demographic variables and emotional/behavioral disorder symptoms, and the caregiver`s marital status, child`s health compared to others, child`s work status corresponded to significant differences in their emotional/behavior levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, in addition to the effects of socio-demographic variables reflecting the characteristics of less-developed countries, marital status, child`s working status, and conflicts with peers proved to be detrimental to emotional, behavioral, or comorbid disorder symptoms in low-SES children, who have been lack quality parenting, social resources, and child human rights. Results indicated the need to develop health care services that would address those problems and appropriate intervention and prevention programs targeting children in low-income families. Moreover, careful assessment and intervention for child`s health status, child`s working status and peer relationship problems are suggested as possible strategies for helping children at risk of exhibiting further problematic behaviors.

Effects of Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Peer Relations on the Emotional, Behavioral, and Comorbid Disorder Symptoms in Low-SES Children

손병덕 대한가정학회 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

The current study examined the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and peer relations on the emotional, behavioral, and comorbid disorder symptoms among low-low-SES children, using the Young Lives Survey: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 1, 2002. Participants were 1,000 8-year-old children (502 boys and 498 girls) from low-low-SES families. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-tests, post hoc test (Scheffe's method), correlations, and multiple logistic regression analyses according to the analysis strategy. There was a moderate correlation between selected socio-demographic variables and emotional/behavioral disorder symptoms, and the caregiver's marital status, child's health compared to others, child's work status corresponded to significant differences in their emotional/behavior levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, in addition to the effects of socio-demographic variables reflecting the charac- teristics of less-developed countries, marital status, child's working status, and conflicts with peers proved to be detrimental to emotional, behavioral, or comorbid disorder symptoms in low-SES children, who have been lack quality parenting, social resources, and child human rights. Results indicated the need to develop health care services that would address those problems and appropriate intervention and prevention programs targeting children in low-income families. Moreover, careful assessment and intervention for child's health status, child's working status and peer relationship problems are suggested as possible strategies for helping children at risk of exhibiting further problematic behaviors.

Effects of Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Peer Relations on the Emotional, Behavioral, and Comorbid Disorder Symptoms in Low-SES Children

Sohn, Byoung-Duk The Korean Home Economics Association 2010 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.11 No.1

The current study examined the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and peer relations on the emotional, behavioral, and comorbid disorder symptoms among low-low-SES children, using the Young Lives Survey: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 1, 2002. Participants were 1,000 8-year-old children (502 boys and 498 girls) from low-low-SES families. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-tests, post hoc test (Scheffe's method), correlations, and multiple logistic regression analyses according to the analysis strategy. There was a moderate correlation between selected socio-demographic variables and emotional/behavioral disorder symptoms, and the caregiver's marital status, child's health compared to others, child's work status corresponded to significant differences in their emotional/behavior levels. Regarding the logistic regression analysis, in addition to the effects of socio-demographic variables reflecting the characteristics of less-developed countries, marital status, child's working status, and conflicts with peers proved to be detrimental to emotional, behavioral, or comorbid disorder symptoms in low-SES children, who have been lack quality parenting, social resources, and child human rights. Results indicated the need to develop health care services that would address those problems and appropriate intervention and prevention programs targeting children in low-income families. Moreover, careful assessment and intervention for child's health status, child's working status and peer relationship problems are suggested as possible strategies for helping children at risk of exhibiting further problematic behaviors.

Rediscovery of Social Capital in Korea’s Saemaul Undong

Lee, Eunjin(이은진) 한국지방정부학회 2016 지방정부연구 Vol.20 No.2

본 논문은 새마을운동과 사회적 자본과의 관계를 분석하는 것이 그 목적으로, 특히 결속(bonding), 가교(bridging), 연계(linking)형 사회적 자본에 초점을 둔다. 새마을운동이 절대 빈곤 감소를 위한 지역발전의 모델로 전세계적, 특히 저개발국의 관심을 받으면서 많은 저개발국에서는 새마을 ODA(공적개발원조) 프로젝트가 시행되어 왔다. 그러나 지금까지의 원조 규모에 비해 성과가 미미하다는 평가와 함께, 저개발국 또한 물질적 원조만이 더 이상 해결책이 될 수 없다는 것을 인지한 듯하다. 이에 원조 시행기관뿐 아니라 학계에서는 새마을운동의 성공 요인 중 사회적 자본 측면에 초점을 두기 시작했다. 본 논문에서는 Lin(2001)의 사회적 자본 이론을 연구틀로 하면서, 사회적 자본의 요인을 정부 문헌을 포함하여 새마을운동 관련 선행 연구 분석과 함께, 새마을 시대를 실제로 겪었던 당시 공무원, 마을 주민, 그리고 새마을 지도자 등과의 인터뷰를 통해 분석하였다. 결과적으로 새마을운동은 신뢰, 규범, 네트워크, 협동 등 마을 저변의 사회적 자본 요인을 기반으로, 마을 간 가교형 사회적 자본, 국가와 마을 간의 연계형 사회적 자본 형성에 촉매제가 되었으며, 이는 경제발전으로까지 이어졌다. 이러한 결과는 가까운 이웃과의 관계에서도 신뢰가 부족한 저개발국에서 어떠한 사회적 자본 요인이 생성될 수 있으며, 어떻게 발전되어야 하는지, 그리고 왜 국가발전으로까지 이어져야하는 지에 대해 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다. This study explores the relationships between Korea"s Saemaul Undong (new community movement) and social capital by answering research questions including what social capital existed in Korean communities, and how it was fostered in neighboring communities, and finally led to national economic development, focusing on bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. As Korea"s Saemaul Undong has been recognized as a world-renown community development model to eradicate absolute poverty, many less developed countries (LDCs) intend to initiate Saemaul ODA (official development assistance) projects. However, there have been, as yet, no notable achievements compared with the amount of aid having been poured. This has made ODA implementing organizations and academics shift their attention to social capital. This research, based on the framework of the social capital theory of Lin (2001), has been analyzed through literature review and semi-structured interviews with Saemaul generations including government officials, ordinary villagers and Saemaul leaders. According to the results, Saemaul Undong, based on resources of social capital such as cooperation, trust, norms and network already imbedded in the communities, helped expand the existing social capital to the neighboring communities and ultimately lead it to economic development. Hopefully, the results can generate insights for LDCs: what social capital can be created in those countries, how it can be developed to higher levels, and why it should lead to economic development.