허혈/재관류 심장의 산화손상에서 미토콘드리아의 역할

박종완(Jong-Wan Park),전양숙(Yang-Sook Chun),김명석(Myung-Suk Kim) 대한약리학회 1996 대한약리학잡지 Vol.32 No.2

Restoration of the blood flow after a period of ischemia is accompanied by generation of toxic oxygen radicals. This phenomenon may account for the occurrence of reperfusion-mediated tissue injury in ischemic hearts. In in vitro studies, although oxygen radicals can be generated from a variety of sources, including xanthine oxidase system, activated leucocytes, mitochondria and others, the most important source and mechanism of oxygen radical production in the post-ischemic reperfused hearts is unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the respiratory chain of mitochondria might be an important source of oxygen radicals which are responsible for the development of the reperfusion injury of ischemic hearts. Langendorff-perfused, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia at 37˚C, followed by reperfusion. Amytal, a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, was employed to assess the mitochondrial contributions to the development of the reperfusion injury. Intact mitochonria were isolated from the control and the post-ischemic reperfused hearts. Mitochondrial oxygen radical generation was measured by chemiluminescence method and the oxidative tissue damage was estimated by measuring a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde(MDA). To evaluate the extent of the reperfusion injury, post-ischemic functional recovery and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release were assessed and compared in Amytal-treated and -untreated hearts. Upon reperfusion of the ischemic hearts, MDA release into the coronary effluent was markedly increased. MDA content of mitochondria isolated from the post-ischemic reperfused hearts was increased to 152% of preischemic value, whereas minimal change was observed in extramitochondrial fraction. The generation of superoxide anion was increased about twice in mitochondria from the reperfused hearts than in those from the control hearts. Amytal inhibited the mitochondrial superoxide generation significantly and also suppressed MDA production in the reperfused hearts. Additionally, Amytal prevented the contractile dysfunction and the increased release of LDH observed in the reperfused hearts. In conclusion, these results indicate that the respiratory chain of mitochondria may be an important source of oxygen radical formation in post-ischemic reperfused hearts, and that oxygen radicals originating from the mitochondria may contribute to the development of myocardial reperfusion injury.

Heart +사랑-비유표현과 개념구성

조영순 ( Young Soon Cho ) 21세기영어영문학회 2014 영어영문학21 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to present the English figurative expressions of heart+love and to show their concept compositions. For the former aim, Kovecses (2000)’s metonymy and metaphors of love, and for the latter aim, Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera-Masegosa (2011)’s idea of complexes’ composition is utilized. The heart+love metonymy exploites strong, rapid, and irregular heart beats; The heart+love metaphors rest on [CLOSENESS TO ONE’S HEART], [POSSESSION OF ONE’S HEART], [FORCE TO ONE’S HEART], [ABNORMAL STATE OF ONE’S HEART], and [SOMETHING IN ONE’S HEART]. Composition types of complexes of heart+love are mostly metaphor with metonymy, chained metaphor, and metaphor amalgam. Different conceptualizations of [HEART] are found in different types of heart+love compositions: [HEART FOR FEELING] is found in the target domain of a metaphor with metonymy, [HEART FOR PERSON] in its source domain, and [HEART AS A VALUABLE OBJECT] & [HEART AS A CONTAINER] in a chained metaphor.

heart+화와 heart+두려움과 사용

조영순 ( Young Soon Cho ) 대한언어학회 2014 언어학 Vol.22 No.4

This study aims to present the metonymies and the metaphors of anger and fear exploiting HEART (heart+anger and heart+fear), and to analyze the use of their types. Metonymies of heart+fear are presented and three types of metaphors of heart+anger and heart+fear are identified: HEART AS A CONTAINER type, HEART AS AN AGONIST type, and BAD HEART FOR BAD FEEUNG type. Examining corpus data reveals that fear exploits HEART much more than anger does; and the two emotions similarly prefer HEART AS A CONTAINER, HEART AS AN AGONIST and BAD HEART in that order; but they use HEART AS AN AGONIST and BAD HEART to different degrees. Through the different uses, different stages and conceptualizations of anger and fear get salient: INTENSITY of anger and the initial stage of fear, fear as an antagonist attacking HEART, and the negative evaluation of anger.

구약성서 잠언에 나타난 마음교육

안근조(Keun-Jo Ahn) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2013 기독교교육정보 Vol.39 No.-

본 논문은 잠언에 나타난 마음( לבב/לב )에 대한 가르침을 오늘날 기독교교육의 현장에 적용 할 수 있는 가능성을 타진하고 실제로 수량화되어 있고 외면화 되어 있는 교육적 폐단의 치유책으로서 마음교육의 필요성을 역설하는데 목적을 둔다. 잠언에 나타나 있는 마음교육의 실체를 그 구조와 특성 그리고 내재적 목표를 통해 밝히는 것을 선행과제로 삼고 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 구약성서의 잠언이 속한 지혜문학 전통이 아닌 다른 문학전통 즉, 오경 전통이나 예언전통 그리고 시가서 전통의 대표인 시편의 문학전통에서 마음에 대하여 어떻게 묘사하고 있는가를 살펴본다. 이로부터 고대 이스라엘 신앙인들의 마음에 대한 이해를 파악할 수 있으며 잠언서의 마음 묘사와의 관련성을 발견한다. 잠언에서의 마음은 인간의 모든 행동 가운데 작용하는데 이를 다음의 네 측면으로 나눌 수 있다: 감정적, 지성적, 동기적, 영성적 작용이다. 그러나 무엇보다 마음이 제대로 그 기능을 발현할 수 있는 요건은 창조주의 질서 안에 모든 상호관계성이 자리 잡을 때 가능하다. 잠언의 명제인 “여호와를 경외하는 것이 지혜의 근본이다”라는 말씀과 긴밀하게 관련되어 있다. 실제로 교육현장에 적용가능한 마음교육의 원리는 다음의 세 가지이다: 듣는 마음, 마음 지키기, 조화로운 관계성. 듣는 마음은 자발적 배움의 자리로 인도한다. 마음 지키기는 파괴적 욕망과 무질서한 행위로부터 우리를 보호한다. 조화로운 관계성은 삶의 모든 관계성 가운데 조화와 평화를 이루는 삶의 첩경이다. 이러한 마음교육의 궁극적 목표는 창조주 하나님 앞에서의 통전적 정체성의 확립으로 수렴된다. This paper delves into the possibility of the "heart"(לבב/לב) in the Book of Proverbs in applying the sapiential teachings around the heart into mind cultivating education in today"s didactic settings. It is well known that today"s public education is too much focused on external learnings such as language, mathematics, economics, politics and so on. However, internal cultivation and character formation emerges essential in personal life as well as social life. Before treating the wisdom education in Proverbs, the concept of heart in the Old Testament in general is discussed. The Pentateuch focuses on the heart of obedience. The Prophets emphasizes the heart of morality. The Psalter informs us with the heart of spirituality. When we observe the heart in Proverbs, each aspect of heart from different traditions is combined and innovated in the wisdom tradition: from obedience to intelligent recognition; from morality to disposition before God; from spirituality to relationship with realities. Proverbs introduces us active features of the heart that performs central functions in every activity of human beings: emotional, intelligent, intentional, spiritual. Yet, heart interrelates all the diverse relationships in harmony when it is oriented well to the order of the Creator. That is why Proverbs emphasizes the sapiential premise: "To fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom"(9:10). We have found three principles of mind cultivation education in Proverbs: listening heart, guarding heart, relating heart. Listening heart leads us into voluntary works of learning. Guarding heart protects us from devious ways. Relating heart gives us integrity of life in which we are in proper position with myself, others, world, as well as with God. To reach to the horizon of the integral heart is the final aim of the mind cultivating education.

명당장부도(明堂臟腑圖)에서 기원한 심장도(心臟圖) 29종의 비교

조학준 ( Jo Hak-jun ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2017 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Objectives : The transition of the 29 diagrams of Heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu will be used to understand the shape of heart and the changes of people`s understanding of heart. Methods : The 29 diagrams of Heart originated from MingTangZangFuTu are divided according to their shape elements (Heart itself, internal curvatures, structures above heart, wuzangxi, and excursus). Then its transitions are analyzed, and each shape element is compared to modern anatomy and its textual basis is searched. Results : The lengthy cylinderical organ situated above the heart is composed of upper part consisting with joints and the lower part void of joints. The upper part is Pyewan (such as the lungs) and fall into trachea. The lower part is Xinxi or Feixi which are either relative vein (or aorta) or left bronchus that passes behind the heart. This depiction of the structures around the heart can be considered to have composed by actual observance of a physical heart, a method that is similar to anatomy. However, the shape of the heart itself is described as a lotus flower that has not been bloomed, a depiction which finds its origin from Zhongguangbuzhu huangdineijing suwen (762). The three short curvatures inside the heart is described as Pericardium, influenced by Shisijingfahui (1341) in its depiction, or as sammo, influenced by Nanjing. Structures that are connected directly from the heart to spleen, kidney, and uterus are not found in modern anatomy. The saying in Excursus "All cords of five internal organs belong to heart" is based on Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu, and this is changed to the saying cords of four internal organs belong to heart in Leijingtuyi for the first time. Conclusions : The authors of medical scriptures at the time did not have a method of direct observance when they were copying heart diagrams. Therefore, they made changes to the source material`s diagram and excursus while being influenced by Nanjing, Huatuoxuanmenneizhaotu, and Shisijingfahui. Then the doctors` understandings with regards to the shape and function of heart were reflected during that process.

간호학생의 심장해부학 학습 경험 : 질적 내용분석

정애리(Jung, Aeri),강지영(Kang, Jiyoung) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2020 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.20 No.20

간호학에서 해부학은 간호사가 되어 환자를 돌보기 위해서 필수적으로 습득해야 할 인체의 구조와 기능을 학습하는 중요한 전공기초 교과목이다. 본 연구의 목적은 간호학생을 위한 심장해부 간호실습모듈을 개발하고 적용하여 학생들의 심장해부 학습 경험을 생생하게 탐색하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 개발한 심장해부 간호실습모듈은 사전학습, 현장학습, 사후학습, 과제학습으로 이루어진 4단계의 학습과정이다. 1단계 사전학습은 심장모형을 활용한 이론수업, 2단계는 심장박물관 현장견학으로 심장해부학 카데바 실습과 특강, 심장박물관 투어, 심장 VR 체험활동을 포함한 실습수업, 3단계는 심장의 구조와 기능을 그림으로 그리고 색칠하면서 심장해부를 복습하는 사후학습, 4단계는 심장박물관 현장학습 후에 실습일지를 작성하는 과제학습이다. 연구 참여자는 2019년 2학기에 해부학을 수강한 B대학교 간호학과 1학년 학생 중에 사후 및 과제학습 내용인 실습일지를 분석하는데 동의한 학생 70명이며, 그 중 7명의 학생은 개별면담에 참여하였다. 본 연구는 심장해부학 학습 경험을 자유롭게 서술한 실습일지 내용과 개별면담 내용을 전통적 내용분석 방법으로 분석한 질적 연구이다. 심장해부 간호실습모듈을 통해 학습한 경험은 3개의 중심주제와 6개의 하위주제가 도출되었으며 학생들은 “심장을 생생하게 체험하며 학습함”을 경험하였다. 도출된 3개의 중심주제는 ‘심장을 이해함’, ‘심장을 체험함’, ‘생생하게 학습함’ 이었다. 학생들은 심장을 직접 보고 만지며 생생하게 체험하면서 학습하였다며 만족감을 표현하였고 잊지 못할 특별한 경험이었다고 말하였다. 본 연구는 기존 심장해부 이론수업에 심장박물관 현장견학을 통한 심장 카데바 실습을 추가한 심장해부 간호실습모듈을 간호학생에게 적용하여 심장해부 학습 경험을 포괄적으로 탐색한 실습 사례를 공유함으로써 간호학생을 위한 해부학 실습교육 프로그램 개발에 기초자료를 제공한 점에서 의의가 있다. In nursing, human anatomy is a major basic course for nursing students in which they learn the structure and function of the human body. This course is essential to taking care of patients and must be mastered. The purpose of this study is to develop and apply a cardiac anatomy nursing practice module to explore the nursing students heart anatomy learning experience. The cardiac anatomy nursing training module developed in this paper is a four-step learning process consisting of pre-learning, on-site learning, post-learning, and task learning. Step 1 or pre-learning is a theory class using a heart model. Step 2 or on-site learning is a hands-on lesson in which a heart museum tour includes a heart cadaver training and a special lecture, as well as a heart VR experience activity. Step 3 or post-learning is a review process on the heart anatomy conducted by drawing and coloring the heart. Step 4 or task learning is the process of writing and reflecting on the practical training diary after on-site learning at the heart museum. Among the first-year nursing students who took anatomy in the second semester of 2019, 70 students agreed to analyze the practice diary, and seven of them participated in individual interviews. This study is a qualitative content analysis that evaluates the contents of a practice diary and the individual interviews on the heart anatomy practice. The experience acquired through the cardiac anatomy nursing practice module was derived with three core themes and six sub-themes, where it was found that the students experienced “learning while experiencing the heart vividly.” The three main themes derived were “understanding the heart,” “experiencing the heart,” and “learning vividly.” The students expressed satisfaction by describing a crowned heart, a mysterious heart, a beautiful heart, a wise heart, and a powerful heart, and by learning while directly observing and touching the heart. The students also stated that it was an unforgettable and special training. In conclusion, basic data were gathered for the development of an anatomy practice nursing education program by means of comprehensively exploring the learning experiences of students who were able to experience cardiac anatomy practice via heart cadaver training through a heart museum field visit in theory class.

논문 : 공자의 "마음" 논의; 흰 마음과 검은 마음

신정근 ( Jeong Geun Shin ) 동양철학연구회 2012 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.72 No.-

동아시아 사람이라면 "세상사 모든 일이 마음먹기에 달려있다"는 말을 즐겨 쓰고 그만큼 또 그 말을 쉽게 듣는다. 우리는 마음이 동아시아철학의 시작 단계에서부터 중요한 개념으로 간주되었으리라 예상한다. 마음이 동아시아 철학에서 핵심적인 개념이지만 맹자 이후에야 철학적 개념으로 정착된다. 이런 측면에서 맹자 이전의 마음을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 글에서는 공자의 마음을 대상으로 그 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. 공자는 군자의 마음과 소인의 마음을 완전히 다른 방식으로 사용한다. 그 결과 다음의 여섯 가지 특성을 끌어낼 수 있다. 1. 마음은 쌓지도 감추지도 않는다. 2. 마음은 표정과 언행으로 그대로 옮겨진다. 3. 마음은 자립적 실체가 아니라 네트워킹 센터이다. 4. 군자의 흰 마음은 공공연한 지향이 있다. 5. 소인의 검은 마음은 사적이며 숨기는 지향이 있어서 그 속과 겉이 다르다. 6. 군자의 公心과 同心은 결국 無心과 같다. According to East Asian culture, "Everything depends upon one`s heart-and-mind." Actually many people say often and believe the proverb in everyday life and matter of personal choice. Therefore many people will expect that the concept of heart-and-mind is regarded as the most important thought in its early stages. East Asian people did not know the value of heart-and-mind until Mencius discover the problem of psychological conflict. This paper primarily focuses on the problem of heart-and-mind before Mencius. In other words, I will deal with the meaning of Confucius` heart-and-mind and its characteristics. As a result Confucius` heart-and-mind has six notable features. 1) Heart-and mind does not accumulate and conceal. 2) Heart-and-mind reveals facial expressions and speech and behavior. 3) Heart-and mind is not independent substance but networking center. 4) White heart-and mind of Junzi has public and overt orientation. 5) Black heart-and mind of Xiaoren has private and the covert orientation. Its ins differ from outs. 6) Impartiality and universality of Junzi leads to No-heart-and-mind.

공자의 ‘마음' 논의: 흰 마음과 검은 마음

신정근 동양철학연구회 2012 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.72 No.-

According to East Asian culture, “Everything depends upon one’s heart-and-mind.” Actually many people say often and believe the proverb in everyday life and matter of personal choice. Therefore many people will expect that the concept of heart-and-mind is regarded as the most important thought in its early stages. East Asian people did not know the value of heart-and-mind until Mencius discover the problem of psychological conflict. This paper primarily focuses on the problem of heart-and-mind before Mencius. In other words, I will deal with the meaning of Confucius’ heart-and-mind and its characteristics. As a result Confucius’ heart-and-mind has six notable features. 1) Heart-and mind does not accumulate and conceal. 2) Heart-and-mind reveals facial expressions and speech and behavior. 3) Heart-and mind is not independent substance but networking center. 4) White heart-and mind of Junzi has public and overt orientation. 5) Black heart-and mind of Xiaoren has private and the covert orientation. Its ins differ from outs. 6) Impartiality and universality of Junzi leads to No-heart-and-mind. 동아시아 사람이라면 “세상사 모든 일이 마음먹기에 달려있다”는 말을 즐겨 쓰고 그만큼 또 그 말을 쉽게 듣는다. 우리는 마음이 동아시아 철학의 시작 단계에서부터 중요한 개념으로 간주되었으리라 예상한다. 마음이 동아시아 철학에서 핵심적인 개념이지만 맹자 이후에야 철학적 개념으로 정착된다. 이런 측면에서 맹자 이전의 마음을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 글에서는 공자의 마음을 대상으로 그 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. 공자는 군자의 마음과 소인의 마음을 완전히 다른 방식으로 사용한다. 그 결과 다음의 여섯 가지 특성을 끌어낼 수 있다. 1. 마음은 쌓지도 감추지도 않는다. 2. 마음은 표정과 언행으로 그대로 옮겨진다. 3. 마음은 자립적 실체가 아니라 네트워킹 센터이다. 4. 군자의 흰 마음은 공공연한 지향이 있다. 5. 소인의 검은 마음은 사적이며 숨기는 지향이 있어서 그 속과 겉이 다르다. 6. 군자의 公心과 同心은 결국 無心과 같다.

우리 나라 말기심부전 환자에서 적출한 심장에서의 인형 거대세포 바이러스 감염의 빈도

최성준(Seong Choon Choe),김효수(Hyo Soo Kim),오병희(Byung Hee Oh),이명묵(Myoung Mook Lee),최현석(Hyun Seok Choi),김용진(Yong Jin Kim),손대원(Dae Won Sohn),박영배(Young Bae Park),최윤식(Yun Shik Choi),서정돈(Jung Don Seo),이영우(Young 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.3

N/A Objective: In order to evaluate the prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection to terminally failing heart, cytomegaloviral DNA was detected in the explanted hearts of transplantation recipients. Methods: DNA extractions were performed from explanted failing hearts(N=22) and normal hearts (N=5) and polymerase chain reactions(PCRs) were done for detection of late gene sequence coded pp150 phosphoprotein. The products were confirmed with electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel. In order to improve the sensitivity of detection in cytomegaloviral genome, nested PCRs were executed with the primers designed for the original 607 bp products. Results : All patients had IgG anti-cytomegalovirus antibody and did not have IgM anti-cytomegalovirus antibody. Cytomegaloviral genomes in myocardium were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The 607bp products by PCRs were found in both explanted failing hearts(3 cases/22, 13.5%) and normal hearts(1 case/5, 20.0%). In nested PCRs, 186bp products were found in both failing hearts(LV 4/22, LA 3/20, RV 5/22, HA 0/17) and normal hearts(LV 2/5, LA 1/4, RV 1/5, RA 2/5). There was no significant change in the presence of cytomegaloviral DNA between failing and normal hearts. Total positivity of cytomegaloviral genome in explanted hearts was 44.4% according to nested PCR results. Conclusion: Cytomegalovirus was rarely observed in explanted hearts of terminal heart failure and nested PCR could enhance the sensitivity of cytomegaloviral genome detection. But cytomegalovirus might have no direct causal relationship in the development of terminal heart failure.

송아지에 이식한 공기구동형 인공심장의 혈역학적 연구

박표원 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1990 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.23 No.3

Pneumatic total artificial heart[TAH] has been clinically applied for the purpose of permanent or temporary use followed by cardiac transplantation in the patients with end stage heart diseases. In spite of the good durability of the pneumatic TAH, thrombus formation, bleeding and infection resulted in death. The Tomasu heart, which is a type of pneumatic TAH, was used in this study. This model is a modified Jarvik heart and consists of atrial cuffs, outflow vascular grafts and thin-layer seamless diaphragm type of ventricles. Cardiac outputs of the left artificial heart were measured by Donovan`s mock circulation under variable conditions of driving parameters, and an experimental artificial heart implantation was performed in 4 calves to observe the changes of hemodynamic parameters in early postoperative period and hematologic and bio-chemical changes in a long-term survival case. In the mock circulation test, cardiac output of the heart was increased with the increase of the left atrial pressure and left driving pressure. Maximum cardiac output was obtained at the heart rate of 120 to 130/min and percent systole of 40 to 45Zo under the condition of a constant left driving pressure of 180mmHg and left atrial pressure of 10mmHg. During the first 24 hours of TAH pumping, driving pressure ranged from 178$\pm$5mmHg to 187$\pm$8mmHg for the left heart and from 58$\pm$6mmHg to 78$\pm$28mmHg for the right heart. The Mean arterial pressure significantly increased between 2 and 8 hours after the start of pumping. The survival time ranged from 27 hours to 46 days. The causes of death were respiratory failure in 2 cases, mechanical valve failure in one, and left ventricular outflow obstruction due to thrombus in a 46-day survival case. This study demonstrated that Tomasu artificial heart operated effectively during the first 24 hours of artificial heart pumping, but thrombus formation around the valve holding area was the main problem in long-term survival case.