영화 편집의 대안적 재현 전략 : 파편화를 중심으로

이정하 ( Lee¸ Jeong-ha ) 부산대학교 영화연구소 2021 아시아영화연구 Vol.14 No.3

본 논문은 영화 편집의 역사에서 대안적 재현 전략의 방법으로 시도되었던 파편화 방식에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 파편화는 통상 브레송의 몽타주 개념으로 잘 알려져 있다. 브레송이 파편화를 통해 의도한 것 또한 대안적인 재현 전략에 기반한 새로운 영화 형식의 발견이다. 이에 대해 브레송은 영화가 단순한 재현으로 전락하지 않기 위해서는 무엇보다 파편화를 통해 영화를 구성해야 한다고 주장한다. 그런데 사실상 편집의 역사에서 ‘파편화’ 혹은 ‘파편화로서의 몽타주’는 고전적 창조 이념 및 총체화의 욕구에서 벗어나, 해체된 현실과 현상의 이질적 파편들(해체된 총체성의 흔적, 레디메이드들)로 새로운 형태와 의미를 만들고자 한 아방가르드 시기의 방법론 중 하나였다. 파편화로서의 몽타주 방식은 그 구성단위인 파편의 물질적, 미학적 역량과 관계 가능성(비츠 효과)에 기대어, 언어적 표현이나 담론의 논리로 해명되지 않는 다양한 표현적, 논증적 효과를 생산하고자 했다. 브레송은 이러한 파편화의 대안적 재현 전략을 시네마토그라프, 모델 등과 같은 고유한 영화적 개념 및 장치를 통해 실현했다. 본 논문은 브레송의 파편화 개념을 ‘파편화로서의 몽타주’의 역사적 맥락에서 비교 고찰하고, 브레송 고유의 파편화 방식과 이 개념이 의도한 대안적 재현 전략(시네마토그라프라는 ‘창조로서의 영화’) 및 그 구체적 사례들에 대한 분석을 시도했다. This paper intends to examine the fragmentation method that has been attempted as an alternative representation strategy in the history of film editing. Fragmentation is commonly known as Bresson’s concept of montage. What Bresson intended through fragmentation was also the discovery of a new film form based on an alternative representation strategy. In response, Bresson argues that, above all, in order for a film not to be reduced to a mere representation, the film must be composed through fragmentation. However, in fact, in the history of editing, ‘fragmentation’ or ‘montage as fragmentation’ is a new form of heterogeneous fragments of deconstructed reality and phenomena, breaking away from the classical idea of creation and the desire for totalization. It was one of the methodologies of the avant-garde period to create meaning, and the montage method as fragmentation tried to produce various expressive and argumentative effects that cannot be explained by the logic of verbal expression or discourse, relying on the material and aesthetic capabilities of fragments and the possibility of a relationship (Witz effect). Bresson realized this alternative representation strategy of fragmentation through unique cinematic concepts and devices such as cinematographe and models. This paper compares Bresson’s concept of fragmentation in the historical context of ‘montage as fragmentation’, and Bresson’s unique fragmentation method and alternative representation strategies intended by this concept are analyzed through concrete examples.

수변생태벨트 구축을 위한 하천 단절구간 평가 방법에 관한 연구

강형식(Kang Hyeongsik),이영숙(Lee Young Sook),전승훈(Jeon Seung Hoon) 대한토목학회 2011 대한토목학회논문집 B Vol.31 No.4B

본 연구에서는 수변생태벨트 조성 사업에 있어서 우선구간을 선정하기 위한 단절구간 평가 방법을 제시하였다. 대상 하천은 홍천강으로 하였으며, 홍천강 약 96 ㎞를 2 ㎞의 구간으로 구분하여, A1-P3의 48개 구간에 대한 도상조사 및 현장조시를 실시하였다. 단절 항목은 크게 연결성 및 생태적 기능성 단절로 구분하였으며, 연결성 단절에서는 토지이용 등의 면적 단절과 도로 및 제방 등의 선적 단절로 구분하였다. 또한 생태벨트의 기능성 단절은 기존 연구결과의 일부 항목을 도입하여 크게 하천 수로 및 하상구조, 수림대 및 식생, 하천구조물로 구분하여 평가하였다. 현장조사를 통하여 각각의 세부 항목별단절 점수를 부여하였으며, 각 단절 항목별 평균하여 이를 등급화 하였다. 그 결과, F1-G2 구간에서 2등급 이상의 연결성 및 기능성 단절 등급을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 구간에서는 연결성 단절이 2등급으로 높지만, 기능성 단절이 3-4등급으로 낮아 복원이 시급한 구간이 아닌 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 수변생태벨트 조성 등의 하천복원 사업에 있어 대상 하천내 우선 사업구간 선정에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. In this study, an evaluation method was proposed to determine the restoration section in the riverine ecobelt project. The target river for this study is the Hongcheon river in Kangwon-do. The Hongcheon river of 96 ㎞ was divided longitudinally into subsections of 2 ㎞. The analysis through map and aerial photograph as well as field surveys were performed in 48-sub-sections. The fragmentation items were classified into connectivity and ecological functionality. The connectivity fragmentation was also divided into two items: the area discontinuity of the land use and the line discontinuity of river bank and road. Also, the ecological functional fragmentation was evaluated by using the items of river channel, river bed, vegetation, and the obstruction of river flow. These items was modified from those in the previous literature. From map analyses and field surveys, the fragmentation score was kept with each items in 48 sub-sections of Hongcheon river. The fragmentation rate was made from the total score in each section. The results showed that sections from F1 to G2 was evaluated to have high rates of all connectivity and functionality fragmentation of 1st or 2nd rate. Other sections have high connectivity fragmentation of 2nd rate, but low functional fragmentation. Thus, these sections are evaluated to be excludible in restoration site. This study seems to make a contribution to evaluate the fragmented sections for the riverine ecobelt project.

로베르 브레송 영화의 '파편화 fragmentation' 연구

정은정(JEONG Eun-Jeong) 프랑스학회 2013 프랑스학연구 Vol.65 No.-

Le présent article vise à analyser l'esthétique de la ≪fragmentation≫ dans les films de Robert Bresson. En générale, la fragmentation d'un film s'acquiert de deux caractères : la ≪décomposition≫ et la ≪composition≫. Afin de comprendre l'esthétique de la fragmentation d'un cinéaste, il est impératif d'appréhender l'ensemble de ces deux caractères. La présente étude porte donc sur ces deux aspects spécifiques de la fragmentation bressonienne. Nous analysons principalement le film <L'Argent> (1983) de Bresson. Bresson décompose le temps et l'espace cinématographiques à sa propre manière. D'un côté, en employant l'absence du plan de situation, l'amplification du son, les images partielles en gros plan et la mise en valeur des espaces périphériques, il décompose l'espace cinématographique. De l'autre, il décompose le temps avec l'audacieuse ellipse narrative et la mise en valeur du temps périphérique. Cependant, nous constatons que cette phase decomposée se transforme, au fur et à mesure, en phase composée. Cette composition de la fragmentation bressonnienne s'effectue sur le plan perceptif. Les fragments de Bresson approfondissent notre perception et la prolongent. A travers cela, Bresson entreprend le retour à la perception pure et au temps et à l'espace cinématographiques qui, auparavent, ont été éclipsés par la narration. Pour ainsi dire, la fragmentation de Bresson reconstruit l'univers ≪perceptif≫ en décomposant le monde narratif. C'est pourquoi Bresson attache une grande importance à des aspects comme la peinture, le rythme et l'intuition. Pourtant, cela ne veut pas dire que sa fragmentation exclut le récit, l'émotion et le sens. Au contraire, la fragmentation de Bresson ouvre une nouvelle dimension de l'univers de récit-émotion-sens à travers la force perceptuelle. Cet effet dialectique de la fragmentation bressonnienne nous aide à mieux éclairer le caractère paradoxal de ses films.

Fragmentation Kinetics of Icosahedral Clusters: Ar12(Ar) and Ar12(Ar+)

이종백,김유항,신형규 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.2

We study the fragmentation kinetics of icosahedral Ar12(Ar) and Ar12(Ar+) clusters in the temperature range 10–300 K, using a classical dynamics method for detailed forms of host–host and host–guest interaction energies composed of short- and long-range terms. The fragmentation of host atoms in charged clusters is ~20% and weakly dependent on temperature, whereas that of neutral clusters is less efficient but shows moderate temperature dependence. The dominant products from Ar12(Ar+) are 10-Ar and 9-Ar clusters, but a wider size distribution is found for Ar12(Ar) with the principal products 11- and 10-Ar clusters. The fragmentation of Ar12(Ar+) occurs on two timescales; rapid fragmentation at short time with rate coefficients ~3 × 1011/s, and slow process at long time with ~2 × 1010/s. In neutral clusters, the extent of fragmentation is low during the early period with rate coefficients ~5 × 109/s. The fragmentation dynamics is distinctly different from Ar12(Ar+), which is attributed to an escaping host atom promoting the dissociation of neighbors, a host–host cooperative effect leading to a sigmoidal rise of fragmentation. The effect is present in the temperature range 100–300 K. Fragmentation kinetics of neutral clusters is discussed in detail.

The rock fragmentation mechanism and plastic energy dissipation analysis of rock indentation

Zhu, Xiaohua,Liu, Weiji Techno-Press 2018 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.16 No.2

Based on theories of rock mechanics, rock fragmentation, mechanics of elasto-plasticity, and energy dissipation etc., a method is presented for evaluating the rock fragmentation efficiency by using plastic energy dissipation ratio as an index. Using the presented method, the fragmentation efficiency of rocks with different strengths (corresponding to soft, intermediately hard and hard ones) under indentation is analyzed and compared. The theoretical and numerical simulation analyses are then combined with experimental results to systematically reveal the fragmentation mechanism of rocks under indentation of indenter. The results indicate that the fragmentation efficiency of rocks is higher when the plastic energy dissipation ratio is lower, and hence the drilling efficiency is higher. For the rocks with higher hardness and brittleness, the plastic energy dissipation ratio of the rocks at crush is lower. For rocks with lower hardness and brittleness (such as sandstone), most of the work done by the indenter to the rocks is transferred to the elastic and plastic energy of the rocks. However, most of such work is transferred to the elastic energy when the hardness and the brittleness of the rocks are higher. The plastic deformation is small and little energy is dissipated for brittle crush, and the elastic energy is mainly transferred to the kinetic energy of the rock fragment. The plastic energy ratio is proved to produce more accurate assessment on the fragmentation efficiency of rocks, and the presented method can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of drill bit and selection of well drilling as well as for the selection of the rock fragmentation ways.

스페인 원조분절화에 대한 탐색적 연구: 수원국과 공여국의 교차분석 결과를 중심으로

정헌주,홍지영,손혁상 한국유럽학회 2019 유럽연구 Vol.37 No.4

Spain, with its typical fragmented aid system, has undertaken several policy efforts to overcome this overdue problem. This study aims to empirically test whether this effort by Spain has produced a substantial and positive effect on aid fragmentation. To do this, we examine institutional changes and policies for mitigating fragmentation and compare aid fragementation levels in 2012 and 2016 through cross-sectional analysis frameworks. In other words, from the recipient and donor perspectives, four indices, which take into consideration the number of aid providers and the share of their aid in total aid amount in a given recipient and aid sectors, are employed to measure different aspects of aid fragmentation. The results show that despite the policy efforts by Spain, aid fragmentation has deteriorated for the recipient country and has not improved from the viewpoint of aid providers in Spain. This paper presents an alternative empirical tool in the study of aid fragmentation and lays foundation for further research to compare fragmentation across donor countries and to investigate the relationship between aid fragmentation and effectiveness. 스페인은 전형적으로 분절화된 원조체계를 가지고 있다는 평가를 받는다. 스페인 정부는 이를 극복하기 위한 노력으로 다각적인 정책을 실행하였다. 본 연구는 스페인의 이러한 노력이 실질적인 효과를 도출하였는지에 대해 실증적인 검증을 시도한다. 이를 위해 분절화 완화를 위한 제도변화와 정책을 고찰하고 행위자와 분석수준의 두 가지 차원에서 교차분석틀을 구성하여 2012년과 2016년의 원조분절화 정도를 비교한다. 즉 수원국과 공여국 관점에서 행위자 수와 상대적 원조규모에 따른 4가지 지표를 통해 분절화 정도를 측정한다. 분석 결과에 따르면 스페인의 원조분절화는 정책적 노력에도 불구하고 수원국 관점에서는 오히려 악화되었고, 공여국 관점에서도 크게 완화되지 못하였다. 본 연구는 원조분절화 연구에 있어 대안적인 실증연구 방법론을 제시하고 있으며, 분절화 정도와 개발원조효과성의 상관관계를 밝히는 후속연구의 토대를 제공한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

한국의 원조분절화 현상에 관한 실증연구

홍지영,정헌주,손혁상 한국정치학회 2020 한국정치학회보 Vol.54 No.2

This study aims to analyze the degree of aid fragmentation and its trend over time through quantitative measurement of aid fragmentation, which has been one of the most challenging problems in Korea's foreign aid. To do this, we examine the degree of fragmentation by comparing 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2017 aid data through cross-sectional analysis frameworks. Our study results show that the fragmentation level has been exacerbated from both recipient and donor countries’ perspectives as the number of aid-providing agencies and total aid volumes have increased. At the aid sector level, however, the degree of fragmentation was alleviated. These results imply that it is crucial to limit the number of Korean aid-providing agencies to improve aid fragmentation in the future and to establish an effective coordination mechanism. This study not only deepens the methodological understanding of empirical research on aid fragmentation and expands the horizon of international development cooperation study, but also contributes to improving the quality of Korean ODA by suggesting policy implications for alleviating aid fragmentation. 본 연구는 한국의 공적개발원조에서 가장 중요한 문제 중 하나인 원조분절화 현상의 계량적 측정을 통해 분절화 정도와 추세적 변화 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 행위자 차원—수원국과 공여행위자—과 분석수준 차원—국가 수준과 원조부문 수준—에서 교차분석 연구틀을 구성하여 2006년, 2009년, 2012년 그리고 2017년 한국의 원조분절화 정도를 비교한다. 분석 결과 한국 공적개발원조의 분절화는 공여규모와 공여행위자가 증가하면서 수원국 관점과 공여국 관점에서 모두 심화되었다. 하지만 원조부문 수준에서 한국 공여행위자에 의한 원조의 분절화 정도는 완화된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향후 원조분절화 개선을 위해 공여행위자 수의 증가를 억제하고 공여행위자들 간의 효과적인 조정체계 수립이 중요하다는 함의를 제시한다. 본 연구는 원조분절화 실증연구에 대한 방법론적 이해를 심화하고 개발원조 연구 지평을 확장할 뿐만 아니라, 원조분절화 완화를 위한 정책 함의를 제시함으로써 향후 개선 방안 마련에 기여한다.

경관의 지수화 및 시각화 기법을 활용한 대전광역시 녹지비오톱 파편화 분석

김진효 ( Jin-hyo Kim ),나정화 ( Jung-hwa Ra ),이순주 ( Soon-ju Lee ),권오성 ( Oh-sung Kwon ),조현주 ( Hyun-ju Cho ),이은재 ( Eun-jae Lee ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2016 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.19 No.3

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively and visually analyze the degree of green biotope fragmentation caused by road construction and other development work using FRAGSTATS and GUIDOS tool. Moreover, linking of the endangered species research, we mapped "Biotope Fragmentation Map" of Daejeon-city. The findings of the study are summarized as follows: First, as the result of FRAGSTATS, landscape indices:number of patch(NP), mean patch size (MPS), edge length(TE), mean nearest neighbor distance(MNN), edge shape(LSI) showed meaningful change from fragmentation. Moreover, the result of GUIDOS analysis, middle core-small core-bridge-branch-edge-islet-perforation showed increase of area percentage without large core. Lastly, analysis result of ``Biotope Fragmentation Map`` revealed that changing site of large core``s size appeared eighteen-site and designated as the special protection area appeared forty-one site. As the result of the two data, overlapping areas that showed both change of core size and revealed special protection area revealed four site. For example, five species of endangered species appeared on the NO. 4 site in Biotope Fragmentation Map``. The findings of this study as summarized above are considered to play an important role in basic data preventing green biotope fragmentation at the planned level from various development work.

Specific tail swelling pattern in hypo-osmotic solution as a predictor of DNA fragmentation status in human spermatozoa

Kim, Sung Woo,Nho, Eun Jee,Lee, Joong Yeup,Jee, Byung Chul The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 2019 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.46 No.4

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate DNA fragmentation status in human spermatozoa according to specific tail swelling patterns determined via hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Methods: Frozen semen samples from 21 healthy donors were thawed and prepared by the swim-up technique for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The semen samples were treated for 5 minutes as part of the HOST procedure and then underwent the sperm chromatin dispersion test using a Halosperm kit. DNA fragmentation status (large halo, medium halo, small halo, no halo, or degraded) and the specific tail swelling pattern ("a"-"g") were assessed at the level of a single spermatozoon. A total of 42,000 spermatozoa were analyzed, and the percentage of spermatozoa without DNA fragmentation (as evidenced by a large or medium halo) was assessed according to the specific tail swelling patterns observed. Results: The HOST examinations showed that > 93% of spermatozoa across all types displayed no DNA fragmentation. The percentage of spermatozoa without DNA fragmentation was 100% in type "d", 98.67% in type "g", and 98.17% in type "f" spermatozoa. Conclusion: We found that the type "d" spermatozoa displayed no DNA fragmentation, but the other types of spermatozoa also displayed very low rates of DNA fragmentation. This result may be associated with the processing of the spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation and the swim-up technique.

싸이트 스며들기 클러스터의 다항 분열 축척 현상

허무영,천무경,장익수 한국물리학회 2009 새물리 Vol.59 No.2

Multiple fragmentation behavior appears in various random systems, such as porous media, coal particles, branched polymers, etc. whose structures can be modeled by using a site percolating cluster. The important quantities to describe such fragmenting behavior are the fragmentation rate and the mass distribution of fragmented objects in a random system. We generate the site percolating cluster by using the Leath algorithm and calculate the average number of fragmentating sites and the mass distribution of fragmented site percolation clusters by using the burning algorithm. We checked whether these two quantities in multiple fragmentation follow the scaling behavior of binary fragmentation, Edward's scaling law of binary fragmentation, and showed that a universal scaling behavior exists for both binary and multiple fragmentations. 다항 분열 현상은 본드 스며들기 클러스터에서 뿐만아니라 싸이트 스며들기 클러스터에서도 공통적으로 일어나는 현상이다. 리스 알고리듬(Leath Algorithm)을 이용하여 싸이트 스며들기 클러스터를 생성시킨 후, 분열 싸이트의 평균 개수(as)와 이것의 크기 분포(bs's)를 버닝 알고리듬(burning algorithm)을 이용하여 계산하였다. 우리는 다항 분열 현상에서의 as와 bs's가, 이항 분열(binary fragmentation)에서 성립하는, Edward의 축척 법칙(scaling law)을 따르는가를 검증하였으며, 이 결과로부터 싸이트 스며들기 클러스터의 이항 분열 현상과 다항 분열 현상 사이에는 공통적으로 만족되는 보편적인 축척 법칙이 존재함을 보였다.