여성에서 갑상샘 기능과 심혈관계 질환의 위험인자와의 관계

나은희,이정규 대한진단검사의학회 2009 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.29 No.4

Background : Thyroid hormones play an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Thus this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the thyroid hormone (FT4) or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in the individuals with subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Methods : The female health examinee with normal range of FT4 were classified into three groups according to the level of TSH; euthyroid group (n=4,410), subclinical hypothyroidism group (n=438) and subclinical hyperthyroidism group (n=66). Age, blood pressure, BMI, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein(a), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels of serum specimens were compared among the groups and association of FT4 or TSH with these parameters. Results : Fasting glucose was significantly higher in subclinical hyperthyroidism than in euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroidism groups (P=0.031), and total cholesterol was higher in subclinical hypothyroidism than in subclinical hyperthyroidism (P=0.011). But the other factors showed no difference among the groups. The level of TSH increased as triglyceride increased, while FT4 decreased as BMI or triglyceride increased. The FT4 also lowered when fasting glucose was above 126 mg/dL. TSH was not related with the metabolic syndrome, but the possibility of the syndrome was 1.3 times higher in the lowest quartile of the normal range of FT4 than in its highest quartile. Conclusions : For the interpretation of FT4, its reference interval needs to be divided into 4 quartiles, which can be used as one of the predicting factors of the metabolic syndrome. 배경 : 갑상샘호르몬은 지질대사와 당 대사에 중요한 역할을 하고 있으며, 무증상 갑상샘기능저하증에서 혈중 지질이상과 관 련이 있다는 보고와, 관련이 없다는 보고가 혼재되어있다. 그러 므로 무증상 갑상샘기능이상에서 갑상샘호르몬(FT4) 또는 갑상 샘자극호르몬(thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)과 심혈 관계질환 위험요소 및 대사증후군과의 연관성을 알아보고자 하 였다. 방법 : 여성 건강검진자중에서 정상갑상샘기능군(4,410명), 무증상 갑상샘기능저하증군(438명), 무증상 갑상샘기능항진증 군(66명) 사이의 연령, 혈압, 체질량지수, 공복혈당, 총콜레스테 롤, HDL콜레스테롤, LDL콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 리포지단백(a) 과 고감도 C-반응성 단백질을 비교하였고, FT4 또는 TSH와 심 혈관계질환의 위험요소 및 대사증후군과의 연관성을 알아보았다. 결과 : 공복혈당은 무증상 갑상샘기능항진증군에서 정상갑상 샘기능군이나 무증상 갑상샘기능저하증군과 비교해서 더 높았 고(P=0.031), 총콜레스테롤은 무증상 갑상샘기능저하증군에서 무증상 갑상샘기능항진증과 비교해서 의의있게 더 높았다(P= 0.011). 그러나 연령, 체질량지수, 혈압, HDL콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, Lp(a), hsCRP는 세 군 사이에 차이가 없었다. TSH는 중성지방이 높은 경우에 더 높았고, FT4는 체 질량지수가 높을수록, 공복혈당이 정상인 경우보다는 126 mg/ dL 이상인 경우에, 중성지방이 높을수록 더 낮았다. TSH와 대 사증후군 발생과는 연관성이 없었으나, FT4 정상범위의 가장 낮은 사분위인 경우에 가장 높은 사분위에 비해 대사증후군 발 생의 위험이 1.3배 더 높았다. 결론 : FT4 검사 결과 해석 시 정상범위를 사분위로 세분화 할 필요가 있으며, 이는 대사증후군 발생을 예견하고 예방하는 데 도움이 될 수 있으리라 생각되었다.

TSH, FT4 검사의 Two-point Calibration Curve 적용의 유용성 평가

박혜미,유선희,이선호,김년옥,Park, Hye-Mi,Yoo, Seon-Hee,Lee, Seon-Ho,Kim, Nyun-Ok 대한핵의학기술학회 2016 핵의학 기술 Vol.20 No.2

Purpose The ASAN Medical Center, Nuclear Medicine performs TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) and FT4 (Free Thyroxine) tests 8 times per day. Accordingly, 70 ~ 80 kit tubes are consumed every day for the measurements and the time consumed for reagent dispensing averages over 170 seconds, where the TAT (turnaround time) may be effected when the number of test samples is larger than expected. Therefore, the following test was conducted with the purpose to reduce the number of kit tubes consumed, and reduce the time for reagent dispensing. Materials and Methods The test is based on applying the same reagent for tests where the number of samples is 30 or less. The test for TSH was conducted 9 times from July $1^{st}$ 2015 to July $10^{th}$ 2015. The test for FT4 was conducted 4 times from June $18^{th}$ 2015 to June $22^{nd}$, 2015. Standard Solution No.2 (0.153 uU/mL) and No.5 (4.96 uU/mL) was selected as the two-point standards for the TSH test, and Standard Solution No.3 (0.777 ng/dL) and No.4 (2.044 ng/dL) was selected as the two-point standards for the FT4 test. 38 test samples were subject to correlation analysis. Results For TSH, the result of the normal test shows ranges of 0.20 ~ 0.37 uU/mL for Control1, 0.53 ~ 0.71 uU/mL for Control2, and 6.77 ~ 7.94uU/mL for Control3, while the result of two-point calibration curve test shows ranges of 0.18 ~ 0.27 uU/mL for Control1, 0.53 ~ 0.71 uU/mL for Control2, and 7.30 ~ 8.52 uU/mL for Control3. For FT4, the result of the normal test shows ranges of 0.85 ~ 0.94 ng/dL for Control1 and 4.23 ~ 4.57 ng/dL for Control2, while the result of two-point calibration curve test shows ranges of 0.61 ~ 0.75 ng/dL for Control1 and 3.88 ~ 5.71 ng/dL for Control2. For TSH, the CV% of the normal test for Control1, Control2 and Control3 are 10.5, 3.3 and 3.6 respectively, while the CV% of the two-point calibration curve test for Control1 and Control1 are 12.4, 8.2 and 5.1 respectively. The result shows an outstanding correlation of TSH: y = 0.9985x - 0.0459 $R^2=0.9986$. For FT4, the CV% of the normal test for Control1 and Control2 are 0.70 and 0.71 respectively, while the CV% of the two-point calibration curve test for Control1 and Control1 are 8.7 and 16.2 respectively. The result shows an outstanding correlation of FT4: y = 1.2674x - 0.1133 $R^2=0.9824$. Conclusion The two-point calibration curve can be efficiently applied for TSH in cases where the number of test samples is not large, since the number of samples to be re-tested increases when the result is abnormal from the calibration curve. The two-point calibration curve test should not be applied for FT4 where the results do not consistently comply with the quality assessment range. Depending on how the two-point calibration curve is applied, up to 5 test tubes can be conserved per test, and the reduced time for reagent dispensing is anticipated to have a positive effect on the TAT (turnaround time).

정상 임산부에서 fT4와 TSH에 관한 연구

조윤성 ( Yun Sung Jo ),김두만 ( Du Man Kim ),이귀세라 ( Gui Se Ra Lee ),김민정 ( Min Jeong Kim ),김사진 ( Sa Jin Kim ) 대한주산의학회 2009 Perinatology Vol.20 No.4

목적: 연구에서 우리나라의 갑상선 질환이 없는 정상 임산부를 대상으로 TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)와 fT4 (free thyroxine)를 측정하여 임신 시기별 변화와 정상범위를 구해보고자 하였다. 방법: 2007년 1월부터 2008년 6월까지 가톨릭대학교 성가병원 산부인과 외래를 방문하여 산전검사로 갑상선 기능검사를 실시한 산모를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 대상 산모는 초음파로 임신주수를 확인하였으며, 단태아 임산부 만율 대상으로 하였다. 갑상선 질환을 앓았거나, 앓고 있는 산모, 1형 당뇨병 또는 자가면역질환이 있는 산모, 임상적으로 갑상선 질환이 의심되는 산모와 갑상선자가항체가 양성인 산모, 외국인 산모는 제외하였다. TSH, free T4를 측정하였으며, 각 임신기간을 월별, 분기별로 나누어서 평균값, 중간값, 정상범위(2.5th~97.5th percentile)를 구하였다. 결과: 대상산모는 총 265명이었다. 이중 임신 1삼분기에 94명, 2삼분기에 49명, 3삼분기에 122명이 포함되었다. TSH의 정상범위는 임신 1, 2, 3삼분기에 각각 0.03~2.72, 0.27~2.29, 0.03~2.88 mIU/L였으며, FT4는 4.50~19.75, 4.70~12.98, 5.07~11.84 pg/mL였다. 결론: 향후 연구를 통하여 임신 분기별 정상값 뿐만이 아니라 더 세분화하여 각 임신 개월에 따른 혹은 주수에 따른 정상값을 정하고 그에 따라 갑상선질환을 조기에 발견하고 치료함으로 산모와 태아의 예후 향상에 도움을 주어야 하겠다. Purpose: To determine the means, medians and reference intervals for TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and fT4 (free thyroxine) for each month of gestation and for three trimesters in Korean pregnant women. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 265 pregnant women with singleton gestation. Levels of TSH, fT4 were measured by immunoassay. After exclusion of subjects with positive anti-microsomal autoantibodies, the means, medians and reference intervals based on 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for TSH, fT4 were determined. Results: The study population consisted of 94 women in first trimester, 49 women in second trimester, and 122 women in third trimester. The trimester-specific reference intervals were: TSH (1st trimester: 0.03~2.72, 2nd: 0.27~2.29, and 3rd: 0.03~2.88 mIU/L), fT4 (1st trimester 4.50~19.75, 2nd: 4.70~12.98 and 3rd: 5.07~11.84 pg1mL). fT4 levels were significantly lower in the second and third trimesters. TSH levels were lower in the first trimester than second and third trimester, with gradual elevation in the second and third trimester. Conclusion: Levels of TSH, fT4 during pregnancy differ from those in non-pregnant women. Gestational age specific reference intervals will play a cental role in screening and diagnosis of thyroid disorders. Further studies for normal reference ranges during pregnancy are needed to create reference intervals in Korean pregnant women.

뇌사환자의 갑상선 기능, 전신대사 및 중증도에 관한 연구

이영주,정금희,왕희정,문봉기,한연희,이영석 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1999 아주의학 Vol.4 No.1

Background and Objectives : Brain death may lead to hormonal depletion, metabolic derangement and multiple organ dysfunction. We have carried out present study to examine the effects of brain death on the thyroid function, metabolic indices, and the severity scoring systems. Methods : 13 adults patients admitted for organ donation or brain death evaluation were examined after brain death was confirmed. Thyroid hormones measured were .thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4). The metabolic indices measured were arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR), lactic acid (LA), and base defiat (BD). as for reference to the severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ and multiple organ failure score (MOFS) were assessed on the day of brain death confirmation. Arterial blood was drawn for all measurements. Results : As for the thyroid function, there were significant decreases in T3 (40.48±20.96 ng/dL) and T4 (3.47±2.15 ㎍/dL), but no significant change in FT4 (0.75±0.31 ng/dL) and TSH (1.12±1.37 uIU/mL) compared to the normal range. Significant decreases in AKBR (0.39±0.31) and BD (-9.46±5.83 m㏖/L), and significant increase in LA (2.57±2.46 m㏖/L) In metabolic indices, were shown, as for severity scoring systems, APACHE Ⅲ score (101.54±19.41) and MOF score (9.11±2.57) indicated a high mortality. There were significant correlation between thyroid hormones (r=0.565 -0.781) but no correlation among other indices. Also, significant inverse correlations were shown between base deficit and lactic acid (r=-0.660), APACHE Ⅲ score (r=-0.726) and MOF score (r=-0.604). The highest correlation was observed between APACHE Ⅲ score and MOF score (r=0.851). Conclusions : As for the thyroid function, significant decrease in T3 and T4, and almost normal range of FT4 and TSH imply the euthyroid sick syndrome. Abnormal finding of the metabolic parameters indicates an inhibition of the aerobic metabolic rate of the body as a whole. And the severity scoring parameters are compatible with high mortality.

Pycnometric and Spectroscopic Studies of Red Phosphors Ca²⁺_(1-1.5x)WO₄:Eu³⁺_x and Ca²⁺_(1-2x)WO₄:Eu³⁺_x,Na⁺_x

Cho, Seon-Woog Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.9

Red phosphors $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}Eu_xWO_4$ and $Ca_{(1-2x)}Eu^_xNa_xWO_4$ were synthesized with various concentrations x of $Eu^{3+}$ ions by using a solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure of the red phosphors were found to be a tetragonal scheelite structure with space group $I4_1/a$. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the (112) main diffraction peak centered at $2{\theta}=28.71^{\circ}$, and indicate that there is no basic structural deformation caused by the vacancies ${V_{Ca}}^{{\prime}{\prime}}$ or the $Eu^{3+}$ (and $Na^+$) ions in the host crystals. Densities of $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}Eu_xWO_4$ were measured on a (helium) gas pycnometer. Comparative results between the experimental and theoretical densities reveal that $Eu^{3+}$ (and $Na^+$) ions replace the $Ca^{2+}$ ions in the host $CaWO_4$. Also, the photoluminescence (PL) emission and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show the optical properties of trivalent $Eu^{3+}$ ions, not of divalent $Eu^{2+}$. Raman spectra exhibit that, without showing any difference before and after the doping of activators to the host material $CaWO_4$, all the gerade normal modes occur at the identical frequencies with the same shapes and weaker intensities after the substitution. However, the FT-IR spectra show that some of the ungerade normal modes have shifted positions and different shapes, caused by different masses of $Eu^{3+}$ ions (or $Na^+$ ions, or ${V_{Ca}}^{{\prime}{\prime}}$ vacancies) from $Ca^{2+}$.

핵의학 혈액 검사의 경고치 자동통보 시스템

심성재,윤필영,임수연,천준홍,신영균,유선희,조시만,Sim, Seong-Jae,Yoon, Pil-Young,Lim, Soo-Yeon,Cheon, Jun-Hong,Shin, Young-Kyoon,Yu, Seon-Hui,Cho, Si-Man 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 본원에서 시행하고 있는 혈액 검사 경고치 자동통보 시스템의 목적은 환자의 혈액 검사 결과에 따라 신속한 치료를 받아야 할 상황이 발생되면 구축된 자동통보 시스템을 통해 즉시 환자 주치의에게 결과를 알려주고, 이에 따른 적절한 처치가 시행되어 환자에게 발생될 수 있는 치명적 영향을 줄이기 위함이다. 최근 핵의학과 혈액 검사실에서도 TSH, FT4, $17{\alpha}$-OHPGR 3종목에 대해 혈액 검사 경고치 자동통보 시스템을 실시함에 따라 운영현황을 소개 하고자 한다. 실험재료 및 방법 : 대상은 2009년 2월 19일부터 5월 11일까지 신생아과로부터 의뢰된 TSH, FT4, $17{\alpha}$-OH-PGR 처방환자 중 다음 기준에 해당하는 환자들로 하였다. N2340 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: >$10{\mu}IU/mL$(참고치: 0.4~5.0) N2360 Free-Thyroxine: <$0.8{\mu}g/dL$(참고치: 0.8~1.9), N2444 $17{\alpha}$-OH-Progesterone: >$30{\mu}g/dL$(참고치: 남성(0.6~3.42), 여성 난포기(0.19~1.8)) 방법은 OCS Program에 대상 검사 종목, 진료과, 경고치보고 기준 값을 입력해 놓은 후 확정된 결과가 입력된 조건에 해당하면 처방의 및 주치의의 PDA로 SMS를 전달하게 된다. 결과 : 경고치 자동통보 시스템으로 보고된 결과는 2009년 2월 19일부터 3월 31일까지 총15건이었고 2009년 4월 1일부터 5월 11일까지 총 18건으로 3건의 증가가 있었다. Purpose: The automatic notification system for alarm values on blood tests conducted by this hospital is designed to immediately inform the attending physician of the result of a blood test, to help the relevant patient to promptly receive proper treatment, and furthermore, to reduce the likelihood of a fatal influence to the patient. From 2004, the clinical pathology department of this hospital has been operating an automatic notification system for blood tests, in relation to the items of WBC, Hb, Plt, PB cell morphology, Malaria, PT, aPTT, BT, fibrinogen, Ca, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Glucose, Ketone, Digoxin, PKU, Homocystinuria, 17-OHP, Neonatal TSH, and Galactosemia. Recently, the blood test room of the nuclear medicine department has been operating an automatic notification system for the alarm values of a blood test, in relation to three items of TSH, FT4, and 17-${\alpha}$-OH-PGR, and the details of its operation will be described here. Materials and Methods: The subjects were newborn babies that were receiving TSH, FT4, and $17{\alpha}$-OH-PGR prescriptions from February $19^{th}$ to May $11^{st}$, 2009, and who met with the following criteria: N2340 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: >$10{\mu}IU/mL$ (Reference value: 0.4~5.0). N2360 Free-Thyroxine: <$0.8{\mu}g/dL$ (Reference value: 0.8~1.9), N2444 $17{\alpha}$-OH-Progesterone: >$30\;{\mu}g/mL$ (Reference value: Male (0.6~3.42), Female follicular phase (0.19~1.8). The automatic notification system was operated by entering test items, relevant treatment departments, and standard values for reporting alarm values into the OCS program, and then transmitting results that met with the input conditions to the PDAs of the prescription and the attending physician by SMS. Results: Reporting an alarm value of the nuclear medicine blood test, which can have a fatal influence on the lives of patients, will help cure patients, improve the quality of the test, and furthermore, will increase the patient's satisfaction with the prescription and treatment of the test.

CH₄ 농도 변화가 저유전 SiOC(-H) 박막의 유전특성에 미치는 효과

신동희,김종훈,임대순,김찬배,Shin, Dong-Hee,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Lim, Dae-Soon,Kim, Chan-Bae 한국재료학회 2009 한국재료학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The development of low-k materials is essential for modern semiconductor processes to reduce the cross-talk, signal delay and capacitance between multiple layers. The effect of the $CH_4$ concentration on the formation of SiOC(-H) films and their dielectric characteristics were investigated. SiOC(-H) thin films were deposited on Si(100)/$SiO_2$/Ti/Pt substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with $SiH_4$, $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ gas mixtures. After the deposition, the SiOC(-H) thin films were annealed in an Ar atmosphere using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for 30min. The electrical properties of the SiOC(-H) films were then measured using an impedance analyzer. The dielectric constant decreased as the $CH_4$ concentration of low-k SiOC(-H) thin film increased. The decrease in the dielectric constant was explained in terms of the decrease of the ionic polarization due to the increase of the relative carbon content. The spectrum via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed a variety of bonding configurations, including Si-O-Si, H-Si-O, Si-$(CH_3)_2$, Si-$CH_3$ and $CH_x$ in the absorbance mode over the range from 650 to $4000\;cm^{-1}$. The results showed that dielectric properties with different $CH_4$ concentrations are closely related to the (Si-$CH_3$)/[(Si-$CH_3$)+(Si-O)] ratio.

생간건비탕가미방(生肝健脾湯加味方)을 이용한 갑상선기능저하증 치험1예(例)

구진숙 ( Jin Suk Koo ),김봉현 ( Bong Hyun Kim ),서부일 ( Bu Il Seo ) 대한본초학회 2014 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.29 No.5

Objectives : Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as tiredness, poor ability to tolerate cold, and weight gain. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical effects of herbal medicine on hypothyroidism. Methods : We employed oriental medical treatments; herbal-medication (Saenggangeonbi ? tang gamibang), acupuncture and moxibustion. At the same time, the patient started to exercise. We treated the patient two or three times a week with oriental therapy method. She took medicine three times a day after a meal. During taking medicine, we let the patient avoid fatty food, flour based food, and alcohol. The symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels are important points of evaluating the patient`s condition. So the patient measured the body weight and took a blood test a time per two months and compared the results with previous results. Results : After taking treatment ? acupuncture and moxibustion during 6 months ? and taking herbal-medicine, the level of TSH, fT4, T4 and T3 became normalized. The body weight was decreased about 18 pounds. In advance, the symptom of tiredness, edema was much improved. Conclusion : Herbal medicine (Saenggangeonbi-tang gamibang) was effective in the treatment of hypothyroidism and it helped to normalize the level of TSH, fT4, T4 AND T3

Establishment of Trimester-Specific Reference Intervals for Thyroid Hormones in Korean Pregnant Women

문희원,정희정,박철민,허미나,윤여민 대한진단검사의학회 2015 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.35 No.2

Background: Establishment of trimester- and assay-specific reference intervals for every population is recommended. The aim of this study was to establish a trimester- and assay-specific reference interval for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in Korean pregnant women. Methods: From April 2012 to December 2012, 531 pregnant women receiving prenatal care and 238 age-matched, non-pregnant women were enrolled in this study. After excluding patients with pregnancy-associated complications or thyroid-specific autoantibody, 465 pregnant and 206 non-pregnant women were included. Non-parametric analysis (2.5-97.5th percentile) was performed to determine the reference interval. Levels of TSH and FT4 were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys thyroid tests, Roche Diagnostics, Germany). Results: The TSH reference intervals were 0.01-4.10, 0.01-4.26, and 0.15-4.57 mIU/L for the first, second, and third trimester, respectively. From the first trimester to the third trimester, the median TSH levels showed a significantly increasing trend (P<0.0001). The FT4 reference intervals were 0.83-1.65, 0.71-1.22, and 0.65-1.13 ng/dL for the first, second, and third trimester, respectively, showing a significantly decreasing trend (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Establishing trimester-specific reference intervals in pregnant women is essential for accurate assessment of thyroid function. Our population-specific and method-specific reference intervals will be useful for screening Korean pregnant women for thyroid disease.

Pycnometric and Spectroscopic Studies of Red Phosphors Ca(1– 1.5x)2+ WO4:Eux3+ and Ca(1– 2x)2+ WO4:Eux3+,Nax+

조선욱 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.9

Red phosphors Ca(1−1.5x)EuxWO4 and Ca(1−2x)EuxNaxWO4 were synthesized with various concentrations x of Eu3+ ions by using a solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure of the red phosphors were found to be a tetragonal scheelite structure with space group I41/a. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the (112) main diffraction peak centered at 2θ = 28.71o, and indicate that there is no basic structural deformation caused by the vacancies VCa'' or the Eu3+ (and Na+) ions in the host crystals. Densities of Ca(1−1.5x)EuxWO4 were measured on a (helium) gas pycnometer. Comparative results between the experimental and theoretical densities reveal that Eu3+ (and Na+) ions replace the Ca2+ ions in the host CaWO4. Also, the photoluminescence (PL) emission and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show the optical properties of trivalent Eu3+ ions, not of divalent Eu2+. Raman spectra exhibit that, without showing any difference before and after the doping of activators to the host material CaWO4, all the gerade normal modes occur at the identical frequencies with the same shapes and weaker intensities after the substitution. However, the FT-IR spectra show that some of the ungerade normal modes have shifted positions and different shapes, caused by different masses of Eu3+ ions (or Na+ ions, or VCa'' vacancies) from Ca2+.