Analysis of Priority Countries and Products for Indonesian Export Diversification in Latin America

Febria Ramana,Lili Retnosari 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.9 No.8

Purpose - Indonesian economy often receives negative impact from external factors, particularly through trade linkage. To mitigate that impact, the export market and product diversification should be established. Latin America is one of the potential regions to augment the Indonesian export market. Research design, data, and methodology - This study attempts to classify the potential market and product for Indonesian export, particularly in Latin America, by using panel regression, trade complementarity, and export similarity index over the period 2000-2015. Regression was also used to examine whether the presence of the Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) can support diversification. Results - Based on regression results, those indexes established Chile, Uruguay, Suriname, and Ecuador as the priority countries with the products: animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes; chemicals and related products; miscellaneous manufactured articles; commodities and transactions. Conclusions - The results of the regression concludes that the trade complementarity index gave a significant positive effect to boost Indonesian export, whereas, the export similarity index gave a significant negative effect. The regression also conclude that ITPC gave a significant positive impact on Indonesian export. For instance, the government should prioritize those countries and products and also develop ITPC there to optimize Indonesian export.

수출구조 변화와 환율전가 연구

차혜경(Hye-Kyung Cha) 한국무역연구원 2020 무역연구 Vol.16 No.2

Purpose– The purpose of this research was to analyzes the structural changes in the export market by identifying the causes of the weakening of the relationship between exchange rates and exports and the causes of the decline in export growth rates since the 2010s. Design/methodology/approach– This research used quarterly data for the period from 2000 to 2018 of KSIC export prices and export volume in Korea with first stage regressions long-run Dynamic OLS and second stage regressions short-run Error Correction Model. Findings–The results are follows. First, it was found that the rate of exchange rate pass-through was lower in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Second, both the export price exchange rate pass-through and the export volume exchange rate pass-through by industry showed the highest rates specifically in the steel industry. Thus, the steel industry seems to have maintained its price competitiveness as the Korea-Japan, Korea-China Export Similarity indices. Lastly, it was confirmed that both export price and export volume became more sensitive to global economic variables, which are non-price competition factors. Research implications or Originality– This research analyzed the causes of the decline in the export growth rate through the changes in export prices and export volumes due to intensified export competition since the 2010s. This research differs from previous researches in that it confirmed the relationship between exchange rates and exports through empirical analysis of external factors of structural change in the export market.

한ㆍ중 교역 추이와 지역무역협정의 효과분석

전윤용(Yoon-Yong Chun),김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim) 한국관세학회 2011 관세학회지 Vol.12 No.2

This paper examines the relationship between trade complementarity index, export similarity index, and export and import price index based on panel data of trade items between Korea and China from 1996 to 2007 affect trade size between Korea and China, and indices of individual industries under RTA. In particular, the study indicated implications of RTA for individual industries in consideration of trade complementarity index, export similarity index and export and import price index indices, a RTA. Recently, the financial crisis of the global economy and the question about the reliability of neo-liberalism has caused a regional economic block to emerge as a new paradigm. As a solution to a series of difficulties today, Korea and China can create a new market via an RTA based on geographical proximity. This can be seen as economically important for Korea in an export-driven economic environment, and of significance to China known as a factory of the world for its efforts to secure and expand a stable market.

한국에서 유럽연합으로의 기계와 수송 장비 수출에 미치는 중국의 영향

우타이 우프라센(Utai Uprasen) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2017 인문사회과학연구 Vol.18 No.2

중국발 수출의 부상은 타국의 수출 감소 가능성에 대한 우려를 불러왔다. 그러나, 현존 문헌들은 중국발 수출의 급증이 전위효과뿐만 아니라 보완효과를 일으킨다고 한다. 이것은 특정 산업군과 국가에 따라 달라진다. 본 연구는 한국에서 유럽연합 시장으로의 기계 와 수송 장비(SITC7) 수출에 끼치는 중국의 영향에 대해 면밀히 조사한다. 중력모형은 1995년부터 2015년까지의 연간 자료를 활용해 28개 수출 산업군의 표준국제무역분류 3단계 재화에 조사하기 위해 적용되었다. 우리의 연구 조사 결과는 대다수의 수출 산업군들이 (한국에서 유럽연합 시장으로의 SITC7 제품들의 64.91%) 중국발 수출의 부상에 영향을 받지 않았음을 보여준다. 영향받은 산업군으로는, SITC7 재화 중 22.33%를 차지하는 3 개의 산업군만이 중국발 수출의 부상에 따른 전위효과의 영향을 받았음을 자료가 시사한다. 더불어, 보완효과는 수출의 7.54%를 차지하는 6개의 산업군에서 발견되었다. The rise of Chinese exports has raised concern about the possibility of reduction on exports of the other countries. However, the existing literature reveals that the surge in Chinese exports creates not only the displacement effect, but also the complementarity effect. It depends on specific industry and specific country. This article scrutinizes the impact of China on exports of machinery and transport equipment (SITC7) from Korea to the EU market. The gravity model is applied to examine 28 exporting industries at 3-digit level of commodity, using annual data during 1995 to 2015. The findings from our study show that the majority of exporting industries (64.91 per cent of exports of SITC7 products from Korea to the EU market) are not affected by the surge in Chinese exports. However, for the affected industries, the evidences indicate that the surge in Chinese exports indeed generates displacement effect on 3 industries which account for 22.33 per cent of exports of SITC7 commodities. The complementarity effect is also found in 6 industries which constitute of 7.54 per cent of SITC7 exports.

베트남 의료기기시장에 대한 한국 수출상품의 국제 경쟁력에 관한 연구

장유식(Yoo-Sik Jang),송진구(Jin-Gu Song) 한국국제상학회 2021 國際商學 Vol.36 No.3

본 연구에서는 베트남 시장에서의 한국을 포함한 주요 4개국인 미국, 독일, 일본, 중국의 의료기기 제품의 수출입 통계량을 UN Comtrade DB에서 추출하여 국제 경쟁력을 분석하였다. 한국을 비롯한 주요국의 의료기기 수출 상품 중 주요 품목을 HS 4단위로 하여 베트남 시장에서 한국, 미국, 독일, 일본, 중국에 대해 현시비교우위 지수(RCA)를 먼저 산출하고 이를 토대로 대칭적 현시비교우위지수(SRCA)와 무역특화지수(TSI)를 산출하여 한국과 주요국의 수출 경합도(ESI)를 분석하였다. 베트남 의료기기 시장에서 한국의 수출상품의 경쟁력을 보면 대 세계 SRCA지수와는 다르게 거의 모든 품목에서 전반적으로 경쟁력이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 TSI값은 한국은 거의 모든 품목에서 경쟁력 매우 강함(절대우위)으로 나타나고 있다. 그리고 수출 경합도를 보면, 한국과 일본이 매우 경합도가 높은 것으로 나타나 일본과의 경쟁력을 확보하는 방안이 필요해 보인다. Purpose : This study seeks to analyze the international competitiveness of Korean, U.S., German, Japanese, and Chinese medical devices in the Vietnamese medical device market. For this purpose, export statistics were extracted from the United Nations Comtrade Database Research design, data, methodology : The export of medical devices was extracted in terms of HS 4 units. In the Vietnamese market, the Symmetrical Comparative Advantage Index (SRCA) and the Trade Specialization Index (TSI) were calculated for Korea, the United States, Germany, Japan, and China. The Export Similarity Index(ESI) between Korea and the major countries was also analyzed. Results : Looking at the competitiveness of Korea s exported products in the Vietnamese medical device market, it was found that the overall competitiveness was very high for almost all items - unlike the global SRCA index. In addition, the TSI value shows that Korea has very strong competitiveness (absolute advantage) in almost all items. Conclusions : Considering the degree of competition for exports, it appears that Korea and Japan have a very high level of competition-thus, it seems necessary to secure competitiveness with Japan.

Trade Structures of and Trade Relations among China, Japan, and Korea

Taek-Dong Yeo,Young Man Yoon 영남대학교 중국연구센터 2007 중국과 중국학 Vol.5 No.-

The paper analyzes the trade relations among the three countries in Northeast Asia, Korea, China, and Japan, and shows that they are very trade dependent on each other, with important inter-industry and intra-industry trade. Some major features of trade among the countries, such as trade balances and trade in agricultural products, are carefully investigated. Nowadays the three countries in Northeast Asia have been very much trade-dependent on each other. Together they form a huge economic unit. In terms of their stages of economic development, Japan has the most advanced economy, and China has the least developed one. Korea, both in terms of geographical location and economic development, is the middle one. It is therefore important to study the features of the trade among them and investigate the prospect and implication of economic integration. We first note that their export structures are getting similar to each other. Second, as the export structures of three countries are getting similar, their competition in the world market is also getting more intense. Looking at the trade specialization indices (TSI), the export similarity indices ( ESI), and changes in the US market share of these countries from 2000 to 2005, competition in particular between Korea and China and between China and Japan are getting more intensified. Our result points out the pressure Korea and Japan may be getting from China as the latter is growing rapidly and fast catching up. However, our results suggest that Korea and Japan got more than rivalry and competition from China. There is much complementarity between the exports of these countries. That is because the three economies are in different stages of development, and many of their industries, especially manufacturing industries, show much vertical differentiation. Thus our results indicate that they have high degrees of intra-industry trade, and that their intra-regional trade shares have been steadily rising in the past several years. They also have high intra-industry trade (IIT) indices. The IIT among three countries showed high degree with each other.

한국과 중국의 서비스무역 국제경쟁력에 관한 연구

안순기(Soon-Ki Ahn),송진구(Jin-Goo Song) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.6

Purpose This study compares and analyzes the trends in service trade between Korea and China by analyzing the RCA index, SRCA index, and TSI index. Design/Methodology/Approach For this analysis using the UN Comtrade DB, the service trade in 11 sectors was analyzed using Extended Balance of Payments Services (EBOPS) 2002 between Korea and China for 8 years (2010 to 2018). The comparative advantage was measured by calculating the present comparative advantage index (RCA), the revealed symmetric comparative advantage (SRCA), and the trade specialization index (TSI). Then, the level of competition was measured by analyzing the export competition (ESI) of the service sectors between Korea and China. Findings In Korea and China, the transportation and construction sectors, which are highly related to manufacturing, have relatively high international competitiveness; however, international competitiveness is weakening in other service trade sectors. Research Implications In the case of royalties and license fees, if international competitiveness is weakened, as product exports increase, the size of the service deficit in that sector will inevitably increase. Accordingly, it should be human investment related to infrastructure construction and human education, such as royalties and license fees.

베트남시장에서 한 · 중 · 일의 HS 87류 (자동차 관련 제품) 경쟁력에 관한 연구

조일림,강세원,라공우 한국관세학회 2023 관세학회지 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구에서는 베트남시장에서 한국, 중국, 일본의 HS 87류(자동차 관련 제품)에 대한 경쟁력 분석을해보고자 하였다. 그 결과, SRCA지수에서 한국은 대다수 품목에서 전반적으로 비교열위로 나타났으며, TSI지수에서는 한국과 중국의 대부분 품목에서 TSI지수가 0보다 커서 경쟁력이 있으며 수출특화로 나타났다. 한국과 중국, 한국과 일본의 수출경합도는 대다수의 품목에서 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 베트남시장에서 HS 87류(자동차 관련 품목)의 경쟁력은 한국, 중국, 일본 중, 중국의 관련제품의 경쟁력이 가장 높다고 볼 수 있으며, 한국, 일본 순으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 한국의 관련 업계는전기차 관련 정책 발표 및 등록세 감면 등의 정책과 자동차 부품 관련 세금 정책 변화 및 제조업 인센티브 등에 관심을 가질 필요가 있다. In this study, we attempted to analyze the competitiveness of HS 87 (automobilerelated products) from Korea, China, and Japan in the Vietnamese market. As a result, Korea was found to have an overall comparative disadvantage in most items in the SRCA index, and in the TSI index, Korea and China have TSI indexes greater than 0 for most items, showing that they are competitive and specialized in exports. The Export Similarity Index between Korea and China and between Korea and Japan was found to be low for most items. Overall, the competitiveness of HS 87 (automotive-related items) in the Vietnamese market can be said to be the highest among Chinese related products among Korea, China, and Japan. Accordingly, Korea’s related industries need to pay attention to policies such as electric vehicle-related policy announcements and registration tax reductions, changes in tax policies related to automobile parts, and manufacturing incentives.

한,일의 대미 수출경쟁력에 관한 연구

심재희 ( Jae Hee Shim ) 한국통상정보학회 2009 통상정보연구 Vol.11 No.1

This study investigates empirically the export competitiveness of Korea and Japan in America by calculating 4 indexes such as market share index(MSI), export similarity index(ESI), market comparative adventage index(MCAI) and market share expansion ratio(MSER)-export similarity deepening ratio(ESDR). The empirical finding of this analysis shows that Korea is competitive in the labor-intensive products and Japan in the technology-intensive products. This result also meets the general understandings that Japan is superior to Korea in the export competitiveness such as value added of goods, etc. Therefore, in order to strengthen the export competitiveness of Korea in the US market, it`s desirable for our firms and government to improve the quality of product ranges by developing technologies focused on the higher value-added products.

한ㆍ중ㆍ일 김 수출경쟁력 분석에 관한 연구

백은영 ( Baek Eun-young ),이은화 ( Li Yin-hua ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.3

우리나라 김 수출은 2010년 1억 달러 달성 이후, 지속적인 성장세를 보여 2017년에는 사상 처음으로 5억 달러를 달성했다. 김은 농수산물 수출 중 3위 성적을 거두었는데, 생산에서 가공까지 모든 공정이 국내에서 이루어진 순수 국산 수산물인 점에서 의미 있는 결과이다. 이에 따라 정부에서도 김 산업에 힘을 보태기 위해 2024년까지 김 수출 10억 달러 달성을 목표로 하는 ‘김 산업발전전략’을 수립했다(한국해양수산개발원, 2017 Ⅰ, Ⅱ). 그러나 우리나라 김 수출은 일본과 중국의 김 생산 여건에 따라 많이 좌우되는 경향이 있어 수출 목표 달성에는 현실적인 제약이 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ‘바다의 반도체’라 불리는 3국 김 산업의 수출경쟁력을 분석하여 향후 국내 김 산업의 발전 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 현재 정부가 목표한 김 수출을 절반가량 달성한 시점에서 김 수출경쟁력 분석은 시의성 있는 시도이자, 김만을 대상으로 분석한 점은 연구적인 측면에서 의의가 있다. 아울러 김 주산국인 일본과 중국과의 김 수출경쟁력 분석을 통해 국내 김 수출 산업의 위치를 진단해 보고자 했다. 김 수출경쟁력을 분석한 결과를 살펴보면 한국은 3국 중 전형적인 김 수출국인 동시에 중국과 수출대상국이 중첩되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수출경합도분석에서는 한국과 중국이 가장 높았으며, 김 수출에서 양국이 서로 경합관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 종류별로 살펴보면 마른김에 비해 조미김 수출은 다양한 수출대상국을 보유하고 있음에도 불구하고 모든 국가에서 수출대상국이 일부 국가에 집중되어 있다. 3국 중 한국은 수출특화수준이 가장 높았고, 수출 경합도에서도 한국과 중국이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 우리나라 김 산업의 경쟁력을 확보하기 위해서는 적정 생산 시스템 구축이 중요하다. 생산단계에서부터 불법시설 근절과 어기 단축, 생김 폐기 등 자율적인 수급조절을 통해 양질의 김 생산이 이루어져야 한다. 두 번째는 고부가 가치 창출과 시장 세분화를 위해 국내 실정에 맞는 마른김 등급제 도입이 필요하다. 셋째는 우리나라 김 생산과 수출이 해외시장 수급상황에 따라 좌우되는 만큼 해외시장에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 마지막으로 시너지 효과를 극대화시키기 위해서는 수출대상국별 수출전략을 수립해 나가야 한다. Korea's exports of Laver have grown steadily since reaching $ 100 million in 2010 and reaching $ 500 million for the first time in 2017. The government has developed a national policy to promote the Laver industry by establishing a 'Laver Industry Development Strategy' aimed at achieving $ 1 billion in exports of Laver until 2024. Therefore, this study analyzes the export competitiveness of Laver Industry, which has become so high status as to be called 'Semiconductors of the Sea' and suggests the direction for developing Laver Industry in the future. In addition, through analyzing the competitiveness of Laver export to Japan and China, it attempts to diagnose the position of Laver exporting industry. According to the analysis results, Korea is a typical exporter of Laver, and the export specialization level among the three countries is the highest. Also, in the analysis of export Similarity, Korea and China are the highest, and in the export of Laver, the two countries are analyzed as having a competitive relationship. Therefore, in order to secure the competitiveness of Laver Industry in Korea, first it is important to build proper production system to produce high quality Laver. The second is the introduction of the grading system of dried Laver that meets domestic conditions to create high added value and satisfy consumer needs. The third, continuous monitoring of overseas markets is necessary because the increase and decrease in production and export depend on the supply and demand situation of overseas markets. Finally, in order to maximize the synergy effect, it is necessary to establish an export strategy for each country.