기업조직에서 자기기만과 리더십효과성

구자숙(Koo, Ja Sook),서상태(Seo, Sang Tae),최해연(Choi, Hae Youn) 한국인사관리학회 2010 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.34 No.2

비효과적인 리더십 현상들을 체계적으로 설명하기 위한 기저 요인으로서 리더의 자기기만행동과 사고가 조직 내에서 어떤 형태로 나타나며 리더십 효과성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위한 탐색적인 연구를 실시하였다. 연구1에서는 심층집단면접을 실시하여 한국의 조직현장에서 나타나는 자기기만 행동과 사고의 구체적인 사례를 수집하였다. 수집된 사례들에 대한 질적 분석을 통해 ‘육성 및 위임에서의 자기기만’ ‘직무 및 배려에서의 자기기만’ ‘의사소통에서의 자기기만’의 세 범주를 도출하고, 이 3 요인 구조를 기반으로 ‘자기기만 행동 및 사고척도’를 개발하였다. 이어 연구 2에서는 국내 3개 기업, 68명 리더를 대상으로 척도의 타당화연구를 실시하였다. 연구 3에서는 국내 3개 대기업 근무하는 리더 75명과 그들의 직속부하174명을 대상으로 리더의 자기기만 행동 및 사고가 리더십 효과성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 검증하였다. 그 결과 육성 및 위임과 관련된 리더의 자기기만 사고가 프로듀서, 지시자, 조정자역할에서의 리더십 효과성을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 리더의 직무 및 배려 관련 자기기만 행동은 부하직원들이 평정한 상사의 윤리적 리더십을 낮추는 효과를 나타냈다. 마지막으로리더가 자기기만적 행동과 사고를 자각하여 자기의식을 확장하고 리더십 비효과성을 개선하도록 돕는 방안을 논의하였다. Three studies were administered to investigate the role of self deception in leadership ineffectiveness. In study 1, real life cases of self deceptive behaviors and thoughts manifested in organizations were collected through a focus group interview. The cases collected were qualitatively analyzed, which led to three categories of self deception: 'self deception in human resource development and empowerment,' 'self deception in job performance and consideration,' and 'self deception in communication.' Based on these three factor structure of self deception, a scale measuring self deceptive leadership behaviors and thoughts was developed. In study 2, the self deception leadership scale was validated using the data from 68 leaders in three business organizations. In study 3, a questionnaire designed to explore the relationship between self deception and leadership ineffectiveness was administered to 75 leaders and their 174 subordinates in three business organizations. The results showed that leaders' self deceptive thoughts in human resource development and empowerment significantly reduced leadership effectiveness in producer, director, and coordinator roles. Meanwhile, leaders' self deceptive behaviors in job performance and consideration significantly reduced the ethical leadership evaluation of the subordinates. Lastly, the ways to enhance the leaders' awareness of their self deception tendency and to improve leadership effectiveness was discussed.

Duality in the Ehud Story: Human Initiative or Divine Providence?

김성광 한국복음주의구약신학회 2020 구약논집 Vol.16 No.-

This paper deals with how one sees Ehud’s murder through deception and violence. Can his deception and violence be justified? After presenting the two contrastive views on Ehud's murder, this study discusses about how one should see his actions. The comic character of the story makes moral judgments irrelevant. The story should be understood as a humorous satire mocking the Israelites’ enemy, the Moabites. An advocate of the negative view against Ehud might argue that God providentially granted Ehud’s success in spite of his deceptive methods. But Ehud’s deception is at the core of what he does. One cannot separate his success from his deception. The narrator elaborates Ehud’s tactics at each scene and highlights his extraordinary shrewdness, decisiveness, and courage out of faith. Nevertheless, human scheme and execution is not enough; Ehud’s perfect success was possible with the help of the timing opportunities provided by God. Duality frame works in the story: (1) Ehud’s physical abnormality fits his dual roles (conveyor of tribute / assassin); (2) double meaning of dabar; (3) Eglon’s fatness represents both his greed and his vulnerability; (4) Elohim could mean Israel’s YHWH or general other gods; (5) Ehud’s dagger had “two mouths” (Judg. 3:16), which means the double-edged blade or may symbolize Ehud’s double meaning words; (6) dual hero (visible hero - Ehud / invisible hero - YHWH). In conclusion, Ehud’s deception is providentially directed by God. This paper deals with how one sees Ehud’s murder through deception and violence. Can his deception and violence be justified? After presenting the two contrastive views on Ehud's murder, this study discusses about how one should see his actions. The comic character of the story makes moral judgments irrelevant. The story should be understood as a humorous satire mocking the Israelites’ enemy, the Moabites. An advocate of the negative view against Ehud might argue that God providentially granted Ehud’s success in spite of his deceptive methods. But Ehud’s deception is at the core of what he does. One cannot separate his success from his deception. The narrator elaborates Ehud’s tactics at each scene and highlights his extraordinary shrewdness, decisiveness, and courage out of faith. Nevertheless, human scheme and execution is not enough; Ehud’s perfect success was possible with the help of the timing opportunities provided by God. Duality frame works in the story: (1) Ehud’s physical abnormality fits his dual roles (conveyor of tribute / assassin); (2) double meaning of dabar; (3) Eglon’s fatness represents both his greed and his vulnerability; (4) Elohim could mean Israel’s YHWH or general other gods; (5) Ehud’s dagger had “two mouths” (Judg. 3:16), which means the double-edged blade or may symbolize Ehud’s double meaning words; (6) dual hero (visible hero - Ehud / invisible hero - YHWH). In conclusion, Ehud’s deception is providentially directed by God.

자백을 유도한 기망의 위법성 판단 - 미국의 판결들에 대한 분석을 중심으로 -

강우예 한국형사법학회 2019 刑事法硏究 Vol.31 No.4

If a deception of a law enforcement is too evil, it should be considered wrong. The notion of full wrongfulness that a deception per se denies admissibility of confession is too mechanical and simple. Regardless, the notion of partial wrongfulness which decides voluntariness of a confession based on the conceptual distinction of act and omission also can be hardly acceptable. Most of all, it is desirable to totally prohibit an affirmative and designed deception to induce confession. To understand what is an affirmative and designed deception, it is necessary to critically consult various American courts’cases that show larger varieties than those of us. For example, a deception involving a defendant’s constitutional or statutory rights, a deception that uses a defendant’s under-age, diminished capacity or under-custody, a deception of legal standards and a deception of evidential facts can be seriously taken into consideration to deny voluntariness. In contrast, the full prohibitions of a false notice of a victim’s state, a slight exaggeration of probative value of evidence, formation of a false intimate relationship with a defendant and overstatement that a confession will be the best interest of a defendant look to be excessive. To determine admissibility of a confession, it should be clarify that first voluntariness should be decided and then truthworthiness should be considered. The concept of volunatriness asks to determine wrongfulness a law enforcement’s act with the facts of a victim’s factor and other circumstances, but the concept of truthworthiness is considered mainly based on a hypothetical reasoning of likelihood of false confession. To deter vagueness and infinity inherent in the concept of truthworthiness from permeating into consideration of voluntariness, the two concepts should be taken separately. Therefore, the notion of exclusion of falsehood does not seem to provide an appropriate substance to determine volunatriness. The notion of compromising or the notion of comprehension are also proper based on the viewpoint of not mixing up the two concepts. Rather, the notion of protection of human rights or the notion of exclusion of wrongfulness look more desirable to support and protect a fundamental fairness of liberty that can be invaded by deception. 수사기관의 신문기법으로서의 기망은 악성이 높은 경우 위법하다고 보아야 한다. 기망이 있는 경우 자동적으로 관련 자백의 증거능력을 부인하는 전면적 위법설의 접근법은 지나치게 기계적이고 단순하다. 그렇다고, 자백의 임의성을 부인할 수 있는기망을 판단하기 위하여 부작위와 작위의 개념적 구분을 차용하는 우리의 일부 위법설 또한 받아들이기 힘들다. 무엇이 허용되지 않는 적극적․계획적 기망인지에 대해서는 우리보다 다양하게형성되어 있는 미국의 판례에 나타난 여러 기망의 유형들을 비판적으로 검토해 참조할 필요가 있다. 예를 들어, 수사관의 기망이 피의자의 헌법상․법률상 권리 침해와결부된 경우, 미성년, 심신장애 및 구금 같은 취약한 피의자의 상태를 이용하여 기망한 경우, 정당하지 못한 유인책을 사용하여 기망한 경우, 법리를 기망한 경우, 증거로 활용될 수 있는 사실을 허위로 제시한 경우 등은 임의성을 부인할 수 있는 중요한 요인으로 고려할 수 있다. 반면에, 피해자의 상태에 대한 허위고지, 실재하는 증거의 증명력 다소간의 과장, 허위의 친밀감의 형성, 자백이 피의자의 최선의 이익이라는 과장된 설득, 등의 상당성을 잃지 않은 기망에 대해서 전면 금지하는 것은 지나쳐 보인다. 자백의 증거능력을 판단할 시에는 임의성을 우선적으로 판단한 뒤 신빙성을 고려해야 한다는 점을 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 본질적으로, 임의성은 수사기관의 행위, 피의자의 상태와 기타 정황 등의 행위 당시의 사실관계를 대상으로 위법성을 판단하는 것이지만, 신빙성은 기망이 불러올 수 있는 허위자백의 가능성이라는 가설적판단이 중심에 있다. 신빙성과 관련된 가설적 판단의 가변성과 모호함이 임의성 판단을 혼란에 빠뜨리지 않고 오히려 임의성 판단을 보완할 수 있도록 두 개념을 단계적으로 활용해야 한다. 우리의 허위배제설은 기망에 의한 자백의 임의성 판단과 관련하여 적절한 내용을 제공한다고 보기 힘들다. 절충설이나 종합설은 신빙성과 임의성 개념을 섞는 것이 바람직하지 못하다는 관점에서 보면 역시 지양해야할 접근법이다. 오히려, 인권옹호설이나 위법배제설이 자백의 임의성, 즉 기망에 의하여 침해될수 있는 자유권의 근본적 공정성 확보를 판단하기에 더 적절해 보인다.

Markov Chain을 이용한 기만환경 칩입 공격자의기만 여부 예측 모델에 대한 연구

유선모,위성모,한종화,김용현,조정식 한국융합보안학회 2023 융합보안 논문지 Vol.23 No.2

Cyber deception technology plays a crucial role in monitoring attacker activities and detecting new types of attacks. However, along with the advancements in deception technology, the development of Anti-honeypot technology has allowed attackers who recognize the deceptive environment to either cease their activities or exploit the environment in reverse. Currently, deception technology is unable to identify or respond to such situations. In this study, we propose a predictive model using Markov chain analysis to determine the identification of attackers who infiltrate deceptive environments. The proposed model for deception status determination is the first attempt of its kind and is expected to overcome the limitations of existing deception-based attacker analysis, which does not consider attackers who identify the deceptive environment. The classification model proposed in this study demonstrated a high accuracy rate of 97.5% in identifying and categorizing attackers operating in deceptive environments. By predicting the identification of an attacker's deceptive environment, it is anticipated that this model can provide refined data for numerous studies analyzing deceptive environment intrusions. 사이버 기만 기술은 공격자의 활동을 모니터링하고 새로운 유형의 공격을 탐지하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 기만 기술의 발전과 더불어 Anti-honeypot 기술 또한 발전하여 기만환경임을 알아챈 공격자가 기만환경에서의 활동을 중단하거나 역으로 기만환경을 이용하는 사례들도 존재하지만 현재 기만 기술은 이러한 상황을 식별하거나 대응하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 마코프 체인 분석 기법을 이용하여 기만환경에 침입한 공격자의 기만환경 식별 여부 예측 모델을 제안한다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 기만 여부 판단 모델은 확인한 바로는 공격자의 기만환경 식별 여부를 판단하기 위한 최초의 시도이며 기만환경을 식별한 공격자를 고려하지 않는 기존의 기만 기술 기반 공격자 분석에 대한 연구의 제한사항을 극복할 수 있을 것으로 예상한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 분류 모델은 기만환경임을 식별하고 활동하는 공격자 분류에 97.5%의 높은 정확도를 보였으며 공격자의 기만환경 식별 여부 예측을 통해 수많은 기만환경 침입 데이터 분석 연구에 정제된 데이터를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Examining Individual D Difffferences in Deception: Reported Lie Prevalence, Truth-bias, Deception De-tection Accuracy, Believability, and Transparency

( Timothy R. Levine ) 고려대학교 정보문화연구소 2023 커뮤니케이션 科學 Vol.35 No.1

Distinct programs of research have investigated deception detection accuracy and the prevalence of lying. Further, prior deception detection experiments typically confound sender and receiver effects. The current experiment (N = 100) sought both to disentangle sender and receiver effects examining anticipated associations between reported lie prevalence and sender and receiver effects: sender transparency, sender demeanor, receiver ability, and receiver truth-bias. Three hypotheses were tested. It was expected that poor liars would report lying less frequently. The second hypothesis predicted that senders with honest demeanors would report lying with greater frequency. Third, it was anticipated that participants who reported lying more frequently would be less truth-biased. All participants self-reported how often they lied and how often they believed they were lied to. Participants then took part in a round robin deception detection task where each participant was both a sender and a received. Scores were created for how often each participant was believed (honest demeanor), correctly detected (transparency), believed others (truth-bias), and correctly detected others (receiver ability / accuracy). The data were not consistent with the associations predicted by three hypotheses, but the deception false consensus effect was replicated. Participants who reported lying more frequently reported being lied to more often. The results are compared with prior findings. Future research should investigate why the deception false consensus effect does not lead to greater truth-bias. Additional research is needed to explain across-study differences in variability in sender transparency, sender demeanor, receiver ability, and receiver truth-bias.

B2C 전자상거래에서 소비자의 지각된 기만에 영향을 미치는 요인

전종근(Jun, Jongkun),이태민(Lee, Taemin),박철(Park, Cheol) 한국소비문화학회 2014 소비문화연구 Vol.17 No.3

전자상거래가 꾸준히 활성화되고 있지만, 온라인상에서 판매자들의 비윤리적인 기만행위로 말미암아 소비자 피해도 많아지고 있다. 본 연구는 전자상거래 불만상황 시 소비자가 지각하는 기만에 영향을 미치는 요인을 판매자의 정보투명성, 사전신뢰, 사후노력을 독립변수로 두어 인과관계를 검증하였다. 531명을 대상으로 조사한 데이터를 분석해 본 결과, 정보투명성이 높을수록 지각된 기만은 낮았고, 사전신뢰가 높을수록 지각된 기만은 높았다. 그러나 판매자의 사후노력은 지각된 기만에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고 지각된 기만이 높을수록 재구매의도는 낮았으나, 사후노력이 긍정적일수록 재구매의도는 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 전자상거래에서 지각기만과 관련된 시사점을 제시하였다. E-commerce has a transaction structure that sellers can cheat buyers. In fact, there have increased continually customer's dissatisfaction toward e-commerce, the ways of deception of seller have been various. This is the reason why e-commerce is adopted as a safe transaction, and result in decreasing business ethics and sound consumption culture. This study examined the perceived deception in online resulting from the information gap between buyers and sellers. This is an exploratory research to find influencing factors of perceived deception toward sellers in online purchasing dissatisfied. The factors of perceived deception included product information transparency, prior trust to seller, recovery effort of seller, and repurchase intention was as a dependent variable of perceived deception. The causal model was verified using 531 sample data of Korea by structural equation model. As the result, product information transparency decreased perceived deception, perceived deception decreased repurchase intention, and recovery effort increased repurchase intention. Based on the results, implication were discussed and further researches were suggested.

거짓말 탐지에 대한 인지 단서의 패턴 연구

Sinuk Kang,Chung Joo Chung 한국주관성연구학회 2012 Journal of Human Subjectivity Vol.10 No.2

This study identifies specific combinations of verbal and nonverbal cues in the perception of deception judgments. Using the Q-methodology, this study describes, classifies, and assesses individuals`` subjective perceptions of deception cues. For the P-sample, 32 graduate students majoring communication, psychology, politics, and sociology were recruited. In addition, 36 Q-statements were constructed based on a review of previous research on detecting deception and interviews with deception professionals. The participants were classified into four groups according to their perceptions of deception judgments based on their emphasis on verbal or nonverbal cues and focus on macro or micro cues: face-focused observers, verbal-oriented detectives, micro-cue amplifiers, and nonverbal-sensitive lie catchers. Despite the discrepancies between these four groups, they all considered facial expressions and eye directions to be important in detecting deception. Noteworthy is that they perceived no close relationship between sentimental traces such as pleasantness and disgust and the detection of deception. The results suggest that diverse criteria for deception cues reflect the complexity of perceiving detection judgments and that deception judgments tend to be difficult. 본 논문은 거짓말을 판단하는 언어, 비언어 단서들(cues)의 구체적인 연결을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 Q 방법론을 이용하여 사람들이 거짓말을 판단하는 데 준거틀이 되는 주관적인 단서들을 분석하였다. P-샘플로 커뮤니케이션학, 심리학, 정치학, 사회학을 전공하는 32명의 대학원생을 선정하였다. 거짓말 탐지에 대한 기존문헌을 검토하고 관련 연구분야의 전문가를 인터뷰하여 최종 36개의 Q-진술문을 완성하였다. 참여자들은 언어-비언어, 마이크로-매크로한 부분을 강조하는 정도에 따라 얼굴집중 관찰형, 언어지향 탐정형, 마이크로단서 강조형, 비언어 포착형으로 구분되었다. 네 그룹은 각기 다른 특성을 대변하고 있지만 공통적으로 얼굴 표현과 초점의 방향이 거짓말 탐지에 중요한 준거틀이 된다고 판단하였다. 반면에 즐거움, 혐오감과 같은 단서들은 거짓말을 잡아내는데 큰 영향이 없다고 동의하였다. 연구결과는 다양한 거짓말 단서들이 거짓말 탐지에 대한 우리 인지의 복잡성을 반영하고, 거짓말 판단이 어렵다는 점을 보여준다.

공정거래법상 위계에 의한 고객유인행위 판단의 법리 -SK텔레콤 사건에 대한 서울고등법원 판결에 대한 검토-

홍대식 한국경쟁법학회 2017 競爭法硏究 Vol.36 No.-

Among the specific types of unfair trade practices under the Fair Trade Act, acts of inducement are dual acts of competition law and consumer law along with acts of coercion. Duality of Inducement of customers by deception is strongly attributed to the additional requirements expressed as deceptive methods. However, in order for this provision to have more clear character of competition law, interpretation theory should be established so that the following two questions can be solved. First, it is doubtful whether the additional requirements expressed as deceptive methods are to specify the requirements of the act or to specify the requirements of the illegality. Second, when the deceptive method is an act requirement, what is the relationship between this requirement and the illegal requirement? The requirement of deception and the requirement of customer inducement are to be distinguished from the requirement of conduct of customer inducement by deception. The Supreme Court precedents list whether the rational choice of consumers through the comparison of the prices between the operator and its competitors is hindered and whether the fair competition order among the operators of the industry is impeded. In addition, it is not possible to omit a separate evaluation process for the adverse effect on competitive order, even considering the consideration factors for characterizing acts peculiar to customer inducement by deception. Against this background, this article applies the interpretation theory suggested here to the SK Telecom case relating to handset subsidies by mobile telecommunications operators in determining whether such acts fall within the provision of customer inducement by deception and offers several implications.

東谿 趙龜命 산문에 나타난 속임수와 정치적 함의

최두헌 동방한문학회 2022 東方漢文學 Vol.- No.91

The purpose of this paper is to examine the perception of deception and the political implications in prose of Cho Gwi-myeong(趙龜命), and to this end, three works containing the perception of deception were examined. 「侯公說項王辭」 contained the story of Hu Gong(侯公) cheating Hangwoo(項羽), who was dispatched to save Yu Bang(劉邦)'s father, and Yu Bang deceiving the world by pretending to be “in the name.” In order to infer the evaluation of Cho Gwi-myeong on these two tricks, 「楚論」 and 「倭驢說」 were analyzed. Through the analysis of 「楚論」, it was confirmed that Cho Gwi-myeong positively recognized the deception in a specific situation dealing with a ‘strong person’, and the logic of justification and the scope of permission at the base of this perception were inferred in two ways. Through the analysis of 「倭驢說」, Cho Gwi-myeong had a view that allowed him to adjust the name to the truth and even pretend to be the name, beyond the general principle of matching the truth to the given name, and this view established the scope of the deception. In terms of its scope, Cho Gwi-myeong's perception of deception has a point that is distinguished from those of the people at the time, which makes it possible to infer that there will also be differences in perception of the main political topic of the time. In this paper, we looked at the political implications of Cho Gui-myeong's perception of deception at two points: responding to the threat of the Qing Dynasty and ways to resolve party disputes. 본 논문은 東谿 趙龜命 散文에 나타난 속임수와 그에 대한 인식, 그리고 이러한 인식의 정치적 함의를 검토하는 것을 목적으로 하며, 이를 위해 속임수가 나타난 3편의 작품을 살펴보았다. 「侯公說項王辭」에는 유방의 아버지를 구하기 위해 파견된 후공이 항우를 속이는 이야기와 유방이 ‘명의를 가장’하여 천하를 속이는 이야기가 삽입되어 있었으며 이 두 가지 속임수에 대한 조귀명의 평가를 추론하기 위해 「楚論」과 「倭驢說」을 분석하였다. 「楚論」의 분석을 통해 조귀명이 ‘강포한 사람’을 상대하는 특정한 상황에서의 속임수에 대해서는 긍정적으로 인식하였음을 확인하였으며, 이러한 인식의 저변에 있는 정당화의 논리이자 허용의 범위를 두 가지로 추론하였다. 「倭驢說」의 분석을 통해서는 조귀명이 선험적이고 당위적으로 주어진 名에 實을 일치시키는 일반적인 명실상부의 원칙을 넘어, 실에 맞추어 명을 조정하고 심지어 명을 가장하는 것도 허용하는 관점을 가지고 있었으며, 이러한 관점에 따라 속임수가 허용되는 범위 설정이 이루어지고 있음을 살펴보았다. 조귀명의 속임수 인식은 그 범위의 측면에서 당시 사람들의 인식과 분별되는 지점이 있으며, 이는 당대의 주요한 정치적 화두에 대한 인식에 있어서도 차이를 보일 것이라는 추론을 가능하게 한다. 본 논문에서는 청나라의 위협에 대한 대응과 당쟁의 해소 방안이라는 두 가지 지점에서 조귀명의 속임수 인식이 갖는 정치적 함의를 살펴보았다.

EDGE: An Enticing Deceptive-content GEnerator as Defensive Deception

( Huanruo Li ),( Yunfei Guo ),( Shumin Huo ),( Yuehang Ding ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2021 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.15 No.5

Cyber deception defense mitigates Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) with deploying deceptive entities, such as the Honeyfile. The Honeyfile distracts attackers from valuable digital documents and attracts unauthorized access by deliberately exposing fake content. The effectiveness of distraction and trap lies in the enticement of fake content. However, existing studies on the Honeyfile focus less on this perspective. In this work, we seek to improve the enticement of fake text content through enhancing its readability, indistinguishability, and believability. Hence, an enticing deceptive-content generator, EDGE, is presented. The EDGE is constructed with three steps: extracting key concepts with a semantics-aware K-means clustering algorithm, searching for candidate deceptive concepts within the Word2Vec model, and generating deceptive text content under the Integrated Readability Index (IR). Furthermore, the readability and believability performance analyses are undertaken. The experimental results show that EDGE generates indistinguishable deceptive text content without decreasing readability. In all, EDGE proves effective to generate enticing deceptive text content as deception defense against APTs.