중국의 청정생산촉진법제도에 관한 연구

로청석 ( Qing Xi Lu ) 연세법학회(구 연세법학연구회) 2015 연세법학 Vol.26 No.-

청정생산에 대한 정의는 나라별로 다르다. 예하면 “폐기물감량화”, “무폐기물공법”, “오염예방” 등이다. 청정생산은 종합적인 환경보호정책이 생산과정과 제품에 응용됨으로 인간과 환경에 대한 피해를 감소하는 것을 의미한다. 본질적으로 청정생산을 통해 환경에 대한 침해를 감소하고 동시에 인간의 수요를 만족하면서 사회경제이익의 최대화를 기대하는 것이다. 1994년 중국정부는 < 중국21세기의제 >에 청정생산을 중점 항목으로 지정한 바 있다. 그 후 2002년에 < 청정생산촉진법 >을 제정하고 2012년에 위 법에 대한 수정작업을 진행하여 실행하고 있다. 각 지방에서는 청정생산촉진법에 근거하여 지방의 청정생산조례를 제정하였고 국가의 청정생산기준 등과 함께 중국의 청정생산법체계를 형성하였다. 아직도 일부 영역의 청정생산에 대한 규정이 완비하지 않아 보완할 필요가 있다. Cleaner production have different names in different stages of development or in different countries, such as "waste minimization", "non-waste technology", "pollution prevention" and so on. Cleaner production refers to that the comprehensive prevention strategies for environmental protection are continuously applied to the production process and products in order to reduce the risk to human and the environment. Cleaner production in essence is a mode of production, which takes the overall preventive environmental strategy to processes and products and reduce or eliminate the harm they may bring to human and environment, while fully satisfy human needs to maximize socioeconomic benefits. In 1994, the Chinese government list "cleaner production" as one of the key projects in the "Chinese 21st Century Agenda". In 2002 formulated the "Cleaner Production Promotion Law", and revised the law in February 29, 2012. In addition, local governments also formulate local cleaner production promotion ordinance in turn according to the provisions of Cleaner Production Promotion Law. So far, China has formed a relatively complete cleaner production -related legal system, but cleaner production in some areas still need to be further improved and standardized.

일부 생활화학용품에 함유된 성분 및 유해물질 조사 - 세정제와 소독제를 중심으로 -

허다안,허은혜,박지영,문경환,이기영,Heo, Da-An,Huh, Eun-Hae,Park, Ji Young,Moon, Kyong Whan,Lee, Kiyoung 한국환경보건학회 2015 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.41 No.5

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the ingredients used in ten consumer product categories and determine hazardous substances among these ingredients. Methods: A total of 542 commercial products in ten consumer product categories were selected. The consumer products were sticker removers, washing machine cleaners, multi-purpose cleaners, mold removers, glass cleaners, chlorinated sanitizers, air conditioner cleaners, disposal cleaners, drain cleaners and disinfectant sprays. The company list was complied from governmental records and a market survey. The respective companies were contacted for a list of ingredients found in the 542 products. Results: The corresponding companies listed 163 ingredients. According to European Union (EU) Directive 67/548/EEC, 38 of the 163 ingredients were classified as dangerous substances. Among these substances, 28 ingredients were hazardous to the skin, 15 were hazardous to the eye, and nine were hazardous if inhaled. Three ingredients were classified as CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction) substances: liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) with carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, and VM&P naphtha and ligroine with carcinogenicity. Conclusion: Various chemicals, including hazardous substances, were used in consumer products. Risk assessment of consumer products is required in order to protect the population from health risks.

공기청정기 개발에 있어서 지속가능 디자인 가이드라인에 관한 연구

홍성수(Hong Seongsoo),김지연(Kim Jiyeon) 한국디지털디자인학회 2009 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.9 No.4

오늘날 EuP 유해물질사용금지 생산자 회수 재활용 의무 등 제품에 대한 국내외 환경규제가 점차 강화되고 있다. 이제 기업들은 제품의 경제성 환경성에 대한 고려뿐 아니라 사회성까지 고려한 지속가능제품 개발에 많은 관심을 가지고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 공기청정기 현황분석 FGI 디자인 선호도 분석을 진행하였다. 또한 대상제품의 디자인 요소를 추출하고 공기청정기 적용 평가요소와 디자인 정의를 종합하였다. 그리고 경제성 환경성 사회성에 대한 지속가능 개념을 적용한 공기청정기 평가요소를 개발하고 이를 종합하여 공기청정기에 대한 지속가능 디자인 가이드라인을 정립하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 실제 제품에서의 지속가능 디자인 요소를 적용한 가이드라인을 개발함으로써 지속가능개념이 적용된 제품 디자인을 하는데 하나의 가이드 역할을 할 것이다. Today domestic and international environment regulations regarding products are increasingly reinforced including EuP prohibition of using hazardous materials producer retrieval recycling obligation etc. Now corporations are paying much attention to developing sustainable products in consideration of not only economic feasibility and environment friendliness but also societal influence. Hereby this study analyzed the current market situation of air cleaners FGI and design preference. Also this study extracted design elements of the target products and comprehensively discussed design definition and evaluation elements applicable to air cleaners. Then it developed evaluation elements for air cleaners where concepts of sustainability in economic feasibility environment friendliness and societal influence were applied. With the comprehensive view of these this study established a design guideline on sustainable design for air cleaners. In conclusion as this study developed a guideline incorporating elements of sustainable design applicable to actual products it is expected to make a contribution as a guide to designing products adopting the concept of sustainablility.

실물실험을 통한 국내 공기청정기의 미세먼지(PM2.5) 제거 효율 평가

김기철,이윤규,어수미,권승미,김광래,이채린,박필주 한국냄새환경학회 2019 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study was performed to assess particulate matter removal efficiency of domestic air cleaner products in afield condition. The assessment also included air cleaners with different air removal mechanisms. The particulatematter (PM2.5) removal test with a different air removal mechanism using air cleaners showed that the electrostaticprecipitation technique showed better performance compared with HEPA filters and other types of systems. Itsremoval efficiency was almost 95% in one of our operation times in the given test condition. It was assumed thatnot only the type of removal system but also the individual design, supply and exhaust system, and theautomatically controlled air volume are involved in the removal efficiency. With respect to the area of application,tests with air cleaners for 40 m2, 60 m2, and 80 m2 areas revealed that particulate matter removal efficiencyincreased with the air cleaner that had a broad area of application. However, particulate matter removal efficiencyby air cleaners did not correspondingly increase with the increase of the area of application. Moreover, theinstallation location did not influence particulate matter removal efficiency. Our results are expected to be usedas the basic information for indoor air quality improvement and prediction using air cleaners.

전과정평가를 통한 핸디형 청소기의 친환경적 디자인 개발

유택호 ( Taek Ho You ),이지형 ( Ji Hyung Lee ),유희천 ( Hee Cheon You ) 한국전과정평가학회 2014 한국전과정평가학회지 Vol.15 No.1

국가별 환경 규제 강화에 따라 환경친화적 제품설계에 대한 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구는 상용화된 핸디형 청소기 두 종의의 성능, 사용성, 전과정평가를 통해 비교하여 친환경적 제품 개선 전략을 수립하였다. 성능 평가는 흡입 범위, 흡입력, 소음 발생량, 전력량의 4가지 측면에서 평가하였다. 사용성 평가는 파지 적절 성, 청소 편의성, 충전 편의성 등 10가지 항목을 5점 척도(1점: 매우 불만족; 5점: 매우 만족)로 평가하였다. 마지막으로 에코디자인 프로세스를 활용한 전과정평가 수행 결과, 핸디형 청소기는 사용 단계에서 환경 영향이 가장 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 본 연구는 성능, 사용성, 전과정평가 결과를 활용하여 에너지 효율과 사용성 측면에서 핸디형 청소기의 친환경적 개선 방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 개선 방안을 적용할 경우 핸디형 청소기의 탄소배출량을 약 8 kg·CO2-eq./EA 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. Needs for eco-friendly product design have increased as environmental regulations and public awareness have raised. The present study was performed to develop eco-friendly product design concepts by comparing performance, usability, and environmental impact assessments of two handy vacuum cleaners. Performance measurements of the vacuum cleaners such as suction area, suction power, noise, and electric power were collected. Usability assessments of the vacuum cleaners such as feeling of grip, easiness of cleaning, easiness of recharging were surveyed using a 5-point scale(1: very dissatisfied and 5: very satisfied). Finally, an LCA on the vacuum cleaners was performed, showing the use phase of vacuum cleaner had the highest environmental impact among the product life cycle stages. Eco-friendly product design concepts were proposed based on the assessment results of performance, usability, and LCA. The proposed eco-friendly product design concepts can reduce about 8 kg·CO2-eq./EA for handy vacuum cleaner.

환경친화적 기술, 청정생산과 역제조 기술

서광규 상명대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구 Vol.2003 No.2

This paper is a survey of the presently available literature on environmently conscious technology, cleaner production and demanufacturing technology-especially design and production engineering approach-including the research fields that are closely related to these topics. These technologies are decision-making methodology that consider performance, environmental, soial and cost requirements for the duration of a product. These technologies are becoming a norm for global companies that want to remain competitive. To facilitate and enhance the application of these technologies to industrial products, a number of methods, tools and utilities should be developed. The recent trend in consideration and application of various issues and methodology for environmently conscious technology, cleaner production and demanufacturing technology was investigated while emphasizing on idesign and production engineering approach. This presentation of the state of the art is intended as a stimulus for further research in these interesting fields.

혁신적인 청소 제품, 한경희 스팀청소기 사례 연구

조은미(Cho, Eun-mee),김지영(Jiyoung Kim) 성신여자대학교 경영연구소 2014 경영관리연구 Vol.7 No.2

본문에서는 성공적인 청소기의 혁신제품인 스팀청소기를 개발, 판매하여 해외시장에까지 경쟁력을 갖게된 한경희생활과학 스팀청소기의 사례연구를 통하여 혁신제품 개발 및 마케팅 전략에 대한 기초자료를 제공하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구의 내용은 스팀청소기의 시장환경, 개발과정, 마케팅전략, 경영성과 및 성공요인을 파악하고자 한다. 첫째, 한경희 스팀청소기는 1999년 ‘한영전기’라는 이름으로 설립되어 2001년 국내 최초 한국형 스팀청소기인 ‘스티미’ 출시를 시작으로 2003년 ‘싹스팀’을 출시하면서 크게 성장했다. 2003년 초 세련된 디자인과 실용성을 개선한 ‘한경희 스팀청소기’ 신모델을 출시하였고, 2004년에 단일제품으로 150억원을 돌파하는 기록을 세웠으며, 매출의 급신장을 가져왔다. 또한 독자 브랜드 ‘HAHN’으로 해외시장 공략에도 본격 나서 한국 중소기업의 앞선 기술력을 과시하는 등 글로벌 브랜드의 기반을 쌓아가고 있다. 둘째, STP 전략으로 시장 세분화는 20대 이상의 주부를 대상으로 하였고, 표적시장은 맞벌이 부부, 바닥에 낙서를 많이 하는 어린이나 기어다니는 아기가 있는 가정, 애완동물을 키우는 가정, 관절염이나 허리 통증이 있는 주부, 임산부가 있는 가정을 대상으로 제품을 개발했다. 포지셔닝은 뛰어난 살균 소독력 및 저렴한 가격이다. 셋째, 4P 전략으로 제품 전략은 제품의 차별적 기능과 브랜드 전략, 글로벌 제품전략이 있으며, 가격전략으로는 합리적인 가격을 추구하고 있고, 유통전략은 1:1 판매, 인적판매로부터 시작하여 홈쇼핑에 이르기까지 유통을 확대하였으며, 촉진전략은 광고, PPL, 구전 등을 통한 마케팅 커뮤니케이션을 하여 대한민국 판매실적 1위의 스팀청소기가 되었다. 넷째, 성공요인으로는 시장지향성, 기술력, 시장수요 파악, 끊임없는 개발과 혁신을 하고 있다는 점이다. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for innovative product development and marketing strategies through the case study on the HAAN steam cleaner which has been developed and sold successfully and become competitive even in the overseas market. For this purpose, an attempt is made to investigate the steam cleaners’ market environment, development process, management performance, and success factors. First, HAAN was established in the name of ‘Hanyeong Electricity’ in 1999, launched the first localized steam cleaner ‘Steamy’ in 2001, and began to make rapid growth by launching ‘Ssaksteam’ in 2003. A new model of the HAAN Steam Cleaner with refined design and improved practicality was launched early in 2003 and the company set a record by passing the 15 billion won line with a single product in 2004 and saw a drastic increase in sales. It is also forming a base for the global brand through a full-fledged attempt to find a market abroad with its original brand ‘HAAN’ and show off the advanced technology of a South Korean small company. Second, as an STP strategy, market segmentation has targeted housewives in their twenties or older and the market targets in developing a product have included dual-income couples, households that have a child enjoying scribbling on the floor or a crawling baby, households keeping a pet, housewives suffering from arthritis or low backache, and households having a pregnant woman. Positioning involves excellent sterilization and infection and reasonable price. Third, as a 4P strategy, the product strategies include differentiated functions of the product, the brand strategy, and the global product strategy; the price strategy is to pursue reasonable price; the distribution strategy is to increase its distribution from one-to-one sales through personal sales to home shopping; and the promotion strategy is to make marketing communication based on advertising, PPL, word-of-mouth, and so on. In this way, it has ranked first in sales achievements in South Korea. Fourth, its success factors include market orientation, technology, the understanding of market demand, and constant development and innovation.

지속가능 개념을 적용한 실체적 공기청정기 디자인 개발에 관한 연구

김지연(Kim Jiyeon),홍성수(Hong Seongsoo) 한국디지털디자인학회 2010 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.10 No.3

최근 몇 년간 환경에 대한 문제가 큰 관심을 받고 있으며 기업들 또한 지속가능제품 개발에 많은 관심을 가지고 있다. 그러나 출시된 에코제품을 살펴보면 경제성 환경성에 대해 한 두가지 요소만이 적용되었거나 전과정(LCA)을 포함한 사회적 요소에 대해 적용된 제품이 전무한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 공기청정기 개발에 있어서 지속가능 디자인 가이드라인에 관한 연구에서 분석된 결과를 토대로 실체적인 디자인 방향을 설정하고 디자인 안에 대하여 분석하고 평가 후 수정·보완하며 1차 2차 3차 지속가능 디자인을 제안하였다. 대상제품으로 선정되었던 웅진코웨이 AP-1005AH모델을 제안된 3차 지속가능 디자인 안과 구체적인 지속가능성 평가항목을 기준으로 비교 분석하고 FGI를 진행하여 도출된 아이디어나 의견을 반영하여 최종 디자인 안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 지속가능 개념을 접목한 제품디자인의 기초 자료로 활용가능하며 지속가능 디자인에 촉매제로의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The environment issue is receiving major attention in recent years and businesses are significantly interested in developing sustainable products. However in reviewing released eco-products the products considered only one or two aspects such as economic feasibility and environment friendliness while the products that considered the social aspect including the LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) do not exist. Hereby this study on the basis of the study analysis on the sustainable design guideline for developing the air cleaner set the practical design direction; analyzed and assessed the design proposal; modified and complemented the design; and then proposed the first the second and the third sustainable designs. Woongjin Coway AP-1005AH Model the selected target product was comparatively analyzed with the proposed third sustainability design proposal in terms of concrete sustainability assessment items as criteria and FGI was conducted. Then after the ideas and opinions derived from this process were applied the final design was proposed. This study can be used as basic data for product designs adopting the concept of sustainability and is expected to contribute to promoting the sustainable design.

Comprehensive evaluation of cleaner production in thermal power plants based on an improved least squares support vector machine model

Minquan Ye,Jingyi Sun,Shenhai Huang 대한환경공학회 2019 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.24 No.4

In order to alleviate the environmental pressure caused by production process of thermal power plants, the application of cleaner production is imperative. To estimate the implementation effects of cleaner production in thermal plants and optimize the strategy duly, it is of great significance to take a comprehensive evaluation for sustainable development. In this paper, a hybrid model that integrated the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) algorithm optimized by grid search (GS) algorithm is proposed. Based on the establishment of the evaluation index system, AHP is employed to pre-process the data and GS is introduced to optimize the parameters in LSSVM, which can avoid the randomness and inaccuracy of parameters’ setting. The results demonstrate that the combined model is able to be employed in the comprehensive evaluation of the cleaner production in the thermal power plants.

An energy-related products compliant eco-design method with durability-embedded economic and environmental assessments

Farrell Samuel Kiling,신승준,Min-Kyu Lee,Prita Meilanitasari 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.8 No.2

Assessing the environmental impacts of product systems has become critical, with emphasis on reducing carbon dioxide emissions in line with the new climate change regime. Accordingly, environmental regulations have been newly issued or have stronger requirements for inducing more energy-efficient and environmentally-conscious product development. Therefore, product developers in new product development are being forced to consider various and heterogeneous design performance and are encountering more difficulty and chaos when selecting the best product design among design candidates. The relevant studies have contributed to providing tools and techniques for increasing the environmental soundness of the product; however, they do not holistically accommodate the quantification of functional and economic metrics, nor do they incorporate the compliance with recent environmental legislations. The present work proposes an environmentally-conscious design method that integrates functional, economic, and environmental assessments with the compliance of the energy-related products (ErP) legislation. This method provides analytical capabilities including: (1) a functional assessment to derive the durability of the product to be embedded for practical measurement in the following assessments, (2) a compliance check to ensure that energy-related products fulfill the ErP directive enacted by the European Union, (3) an economic assessment to calculate the total cost during the product lifecycle by using the life cycle cost concept, and (4) an environmental assessment to quantify the environmental loads of the product by using a simplified life cycle assessment. The present work also includes a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method; to this end, two different electronic vacuum cleaners are compared. The results of the present work help product developers use life cycle design thinking for determining their design parameters by checking their compliance with the ErP legislation and assessing economic and environmental metrics with a mechanical analysis of the durability of product systems