Is the mobile touch device a good tool to learn Chinese?

Zhe Chen,Yatzu Tsao,Bumsuk Kim,Philipp Osterwald,Da Sun,Xuhui Liu,Yalong Chen,Constantin Siemons,Jean Elie Guillaume,Shuiping Chen,Liangliang Zhang,Karl Jesper Ornerud 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

Learning Chinese language becomes increasingly important and popular worldwide. It is a challenge for native alphabetic language speaker to learn Chinese as Chinese is a symbolic language. Various learning methods are used to help foreign students to improve their learning performance. Interactive applications in the mobile touch devices make it possible to learn Chinese anytime anywhere. It is interesting to discover the role of mobile touch devices in Chinese learning. Thus, this study investigated the usability of mobile touch devices, including mobile phones and tablet personal computer, in Chinese learning for foreign students. This study included two phases. In the first phase, an online survey and an after-interview were used to investigate the users’ attitude to using mobile touch devices in Chinese learning. Thirty international students were invited to the survey (19 males and 11 females) with 10 Germany, 4 French, 3 Italians, 2 Iranian, 2 Russians, 2 English, 2 American, 1 Indonesian, 1 Pakistani, 1 Thai, 1 Swedish and 1 Kazakhstan. In the second phase, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of mobile touch devices in Chinese learning. Fourteen participants were invited to experiment with 8 international students and 6 Chinese students. International students were considered as beginner learner students compared to Chinese students who were considered as advanced learner. Both Android and iOS developing systems for smart devices are considered in the experiment. The results of the survey showed users have a positive attitude towards using mobile touch devices in Chinese learning. The interview results indicated that most participants were willing to pay for it if the usability of learning tool in mobile devices improves. The experiment results indicated the advantage and disadvantage of using mobile phones and tablets in Chinese learning. It was suggested that beginning leaner regarded motivation and organization of Chinese learning tool in the mobile devices. Advanced learner focused on visual design, touch performance, cognitive process. As an exploration of usability of mobile touch device in Chinese learning, this study found that user held a positive attitude to learning Chinese in mobile touch devices. Mobile touch device is a good tool to learn Chinese as it provides interactive learning tools. However, it needs much effort for the mobile application designer to improve the usability. This study had suggestions on how to develop a user-friendly Chinese learning tool in touch mobile devices.

길림성 조선족 바둑의 역사 - 1949년 중화인민공화국 건국 후 -

이성우,김진환 국제바둑학회(구 한국바둑학회) 2023 바둑학연구 Vol.17 No.1

This study explored the development process of Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk by collecting data on Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk scattered sporadically around publications such as Jilin Newspaper and Yanbian TV Radio Broadcasting Station to systematically establish the history of Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk. Through this, the history of Chinese-Korean Baduk in Jilin Province was divided into four stages, and the characteristics and significance of each stage are summarized as follows. First, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a clear definition and district division of the Chinese-Korean people was created, and the Chinese-Korean people of this period learned from the sight of the Japanese playing Baduk before liberation. From this time on, it showed the beginning of Jilin Province Chinese-Korean Baduk. Second, in 1978 Chinese-Korean Baduk started and the peak was the 1984 China-Japan Super Competition. Due to the influence of China-Japan Super Competition, there was also a Baduk class in Jilin Province that taught Baduk to Chinese-Korean for the first time. Baduk competition was also held for Chinese-Korean. Third, the leap period began after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China in 1992. Many Koreans came to china and among them, there was a Baduk director who taught Baduk, and the language of the Chinese-Korean was similar to that of Korea, so they naturally trained a lot of Chinese-Korean Baduk players. In addition, several Baduk exchanges were conducted by connecting the Korean Baduk community and the Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk Association. In addition, the Korean director, who teaches Baduk, has a history of sending international students to Korea's Yoo Chang-hyuk and Yang Jae-ho's Baduk Dojo. During this period, the Yanbian Chinese-Korean Autonomous Baduk Association were founded and the Chinese-Korean School in Jilin Province officially promoted Chinese-Korean Baduk. The first official Chinese-Korean Baduk competition hosted by the Yanbian Korean Baduk Autonomous named ‘Yanbian Chinese-Korean Baduk championship’was held from 1988 to 1995, and the school selected Baduk as a regular subject for first and second graders after school. Fourth, the decline lasted from 2010 to the present. From 2010 to 2020, about 10% of Chinese-Korean living in Jilin Province are living in other cities or foreign countries in China, especially Korea, and the trend is gradually expanding. The decline in the Chinese-Korean population is the biggest reason for the development of Chinese-Korean Baduk. In addition, the Communist Party's “minority national united front” policy also weakens the characteristics of Chinese-Korean.

조선화교 중화요리점의 실태: 1927-1945년의 시기를 중심으로

이정희 경제사학회 2017 經濟史學 Vol.41 No.3

This paper analysed the history and present situation of Chinese restaurant business based on the viewpoint of Overseas Chinese in Modern Korea from 1927 to 1940s. Anti-Chinese riot of 1927 occurred not in nationwide, but in Jeolla-do Province, Chungcheng-do Province and Incheon area. Many Chinese restaurants in these provinces were attacked by Korean mobs to be suffered damage. Some restaurants were forced to suspend short-term business. Anti-Chinese riot of 1931 was quite different from the former riot in all matters. Anti-Chinese riot of 1931 was quite different from the former riot in all matters. The occurrence area of the riot was nationwide, The riot caused a great deal of damage to the overseas Chinese. Especially, The damage of Chinese restaurants were suffered great losses. In Seoul, nearly 40 percent of Chinese restaurants was damaged in Seoul. Most of the damage were glass breakage and damage to property by the stone-throwing of mobs. According to the increase of overseas Chinese returning to Korea from hometown of China and opening Chinese restaurants, the number of Chinese restaurants recovered up to 93% of 1930. The second Sino-Chinese war made overseas Chinese close their restaurants and return from Korea. The Japanese Government-General of Korea prohibited overseas Chinese from reopening and opening their restaurants. Wartime controlled economy and ‘flour-rationing system’ deteriorated their business. The number of their restaurants decreased more than former of the second Sino-Chinese war. 본고는 1927년부터 1940년대까지의 시기 화교 경영 중화요리점의 실태에 대해 검토한 것이다. 1927년 화교배척사건 때 중화요리점은 전국적 규모가 아니라 전라북도, 충청남도, 인천부 일원을 중심으로 군중의 습격을 받아 유리와 기물이 파손되거나 일시적으로 영업을 하지 못하는 피해를 입었다. 이 사건으로 인해 일시적으로 중화요리음식점이 감소하기는 했지만 곧바로 회복했다. 그러나 1931년 화교배척사건은 전국적인 규모로 발생했으며 피해의 정도가 보다 심각했다. 중화요리음식점의 경우 전국적으로 약 600개소가 감소했다. 경성의 경우, 중화요리점 점포 가운데 전체의 약 4할이 피해를 입었으며 투석 및 유리창과 문 등의 기물파손이 전체의 5할 이상을 차지했다. 그러나 귀국한 화교가 조선으로 점차 돌아왔으며 새롭게 중화요리점을 시작하는 화교도 증가, 1936년 말에는 1930년 수준까지 거의 회복했지만, 호떡집은 그렇지 못했다. 중일전쟁은 1931년 화교배척사건 때보다 더 높은 중화요리점 감소율을 초래했다. 전쟁 발발 이후 점차 중화요리점의 개수가 증가하지만 1931년 화교배척사건 때보다는 완만했으며, 1943년에는 다시 감소세로 돌아섰다. 이것은 조선총독부의 전시통제경제의 강화 및 밀가루 배급제 실시에 의한 것이었다. 이러한 감소 추세는 조선인과 일본인 경영 요리점 및 음식점에서도 발견할 수 있는 것으로 화교 중화요리점 만에 국한된 것은 아니었다.

중국식 현대화: 중국 특색의 사회주의 건설 방안

이민자 현대중국학회 2023 현대중국연구 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to understand the contents and implications of Chinese-style modernization raised at the 20th Party Congress, and to explain the characteristics of socialism with Chinese characteristics pursued by Chinese-style modernization. Socialism with Chinese characteristics to be created through Chinese-style modernization were analyzed, focusing on common prosperity, excellence in Chinese systems and values, and taming of private big-tech companies. The main research contents are summarized as follows. First, Chinese-style modernization is a plan to achieve both the revival of the Chinese nation and the development of Chinese individuals. Common Wealth means the Chinese Dream of living well together. Second, the excellence of Chinese institutions and values provides the ideology that China can realize the Chinese Dream by promoting Chinese-style modernization. Chinese-style modernization contains the legitimacy of the rule that President Xi Jinping needs to stay in power for a long time in order to achieve the China’s Dream. Third, China promotes economic development in order to maintain the one-party system of the Communist Party and the Xi Jinping system, while simultaneously controlling the private economy. These characteristics were examined through regulations on data monopoly of private big tech companies. By explaining the relationship between Chinese-style modernization and socialism with Chinese characteristics, this study help to understand China's present and possible future direction.

“解聲”系字 漢-韓 비교로 본 한국어 祖語 漢字창제론

오세준 한국국어교육학회 2009 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.83

Chinese and Korean languages have shared a historical relationship for thousands of years. Korean language has around 70% Chinese loanwords. However, besides these Chinese loanwords, Korean language and Chinese language also have some special relative words that correspond‐to the phenomenon between Archaic Chinese and Korean, such as the relation between Archaic Chinese [*plum](風)(Zheng zhang, Sang-fang 2003) and [param](wind), and also the relation between Archaic Chinese [*khrɯds](器), and Korean [kïrït](vessel). This phenomenon of “relative words” has been regarded as either accidental coincidence or resulting from ancient loanwords. According to my previous research (Oh,Se-jun 2004,2007,2008),these relative words correspond in the Phonetic Radical System(諧聲) collectively and systematically. Therefore, I postulate a non-coincidental relation between these relative words, and one that has not resulted from subjective guesswork, i.e., they are not loanwords. They even can associate large‐scale “Semi-Cognate Words of Archaic Chinese and Altai” This paper discusses the following three issues: Firstly, the corresponding close relationship between archaic Chinese and Korean is determined by comparing Phonetic Radicals’ Archaic Chinese and Korean (including Altai Language). The following six characters of “解” Phonetic Radicals, “解、懈、檞、澥、□、蟹”, which are pronounced as [*Kreeʔ](Zheng zhang, Sang-fang 2003) correspond to the category of [kïɾï-](MK-解) [KVR-] related inherent words in Korean (including Altai language). This indicates the corresponding systemic relation and reliability of Chinese-Korean language. Secondly, several so-called “Semi-Cognate Words of Archaic Chinese and Altai” are reconstructed based on their correspondence in Chinese and Korean material, such as “[kVR-]/{解} Semi-Cognate Words of Archaic Chinese and Altai”. Specific examples for “[kVR-]/{解} Semi-Cognate Words of Archaic Chinese and Altai” are as follows: “解(佳買切/{解}/[*kreeʔ]-AC):[*görö-](PK-解),[görä-](PT-解),[kïɾï-][kïl-o-](MK-解),[ʔkïrï-](K-解)、[keïrï-](K-懈)”. Thirdly, based on these arguments presented above, this paper discusses the creation theory of Altai Proto-language’s “解” Phonetic Radicals Chinese characters. 漢語와 한국어의 몇 천년 간의 언어접촉으로, 현대 한국어에는 총 어휘의 70 % 에 육박하는 借用 漢字語가 존재한다. 그러나 이러한 뚜렷한 차용어 외에도 그들 간에는 일반 차용관계를 뛰어 넘는특수한 “關係語” 들이 존재한다. 이는 바로 上古 漢語와 한국 고유어간의 대응현상이 그것이다. 예컨대, 上古 汉语의 [*plum](风)(郑张尚芳 2003)과 현대 한국어의 “바람(风)”과의 관계, 上古 汉语 [*khrɯds](器)와 현대 한국어 “그릇(器)”의 관계가 그렇다. 이러한 “관계어”에 관해 어떤 이들은 “우연의 일치”로, 어떤 이들은 “上古시기의 차용어”로 본다. 본인의 연구(2004, 2007, 2008)에 의하면 이러한 어휘들은 谐声체계내에 집단적으로 체계적으로 대응하고 있는데, 우리는 이들을 모두 우연의 일치나 주관적 억측으로 간주할 수는 없다. 그들은 借用이 아닐 뿐 아니라 심지어 이른바 “汉-韩(알타이)準同源語群”의 양상을 띠고 있다고 본다. 본 논문의 주요 토론 내용은 아래와 같다. 첫째, 우선 “解聲”系字의 上古 漢語와 한국 고유어(알타이제어 포함)의 비교를 통해 양자간 대응의 엄밀성을 살펴보았다. 즉, 上古에 [*Kreeʔ](郑张尚芳2003) 등으로 읽혔던 “解声”系字 “解、懈、檞、澥、□、蟹” 여섯 글자들이 각자 모두 [kïɾï-](MK-解)등 [KVR-]형 相關 한국 고유어(알타이제어 포함)와 밀접히 대응되고 있다. 이는 漢-韓 대응의 체계성과 신뢰도를 말해주는 것이라 하겠다. 둘째, 이들 汉-韩 对应의 자료에 근거해 몇몇 “汉-韩準同源語群”을 재구했다. 예컨대, “[kVR-]/{解}汉-알타이준同源어군”等。그 중 “[kVR-]/{解}汉-알타이 준동원어군”의 구체적 내용을 보면: “解(佳買切/{解}/[*kreeʔ]-AC):[*görö-](PK-解),[görä-](PT-解), [kïɾï-][kïl-o-](MK-解), [ʔkïrï-](K-解)、[keïrï-](K-懈)” 셋째, 마지막으로 이러한 자료와 토론을 바탕으로 한국어 祖語(알타이조어)의 “解声”系字 창제론을 논하고자 했다.

한국인 학습자의 중중사전 이용에 관한 문제 소고

金鉉哲(Kim, Hyun-cheol),李俊燮(Lim, Soo-kyung),林秀京(Lee, Jun-seop),張進凱(Zhang Jinkai) 중국어문학연구회 2016 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.96

The objective of this study is to examine the advantages and disadvantages in the usage of Chinese language dictionaries published in China (Chinese-Chinese dictionary or Hanyu dictionary) in the perspective of foreign learners, especially Korean learners. The present study will primarily discuss the academic bilingual dictionaries. The contents of this study are presented as follows: Chapter 2 examines the publication purpose of the commonly known representative Chinese-Chinese dictionaries: 『Modern Chinese Dictionary, The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary(現代漢語詞典)』, 『Standard Dictionary of Modern Chinese(現代漢語規範詞典)』, 『A Learner’s Dictionary of Modern Chinese(現代漢語學習詞典)』. Chapter 3 compares the three aforementioned dictionaries and analyzes parts that are of positive and negative influence on the course of language acquisition of Korean learners. Chapter 4 examines the specific contents of the three dictionaries and discusses areas that might not be appropriate to Korean learners. Through this process, the study aims to amplify the strengths of existing Chinese-Chinese dictionaries and supplement the weaknesses to ultimately devise methods to enhance the quality of Chinese dictionaries for academic purposes. The present study is divided into two parts due to page limitations. The first part examines the existing Chinese-Chinse language dictionaries with focus on headwords, letter and word forms of headwords and phonetic description methods. The second part studies issues related to definitions, examples and reference items.

『老乞大』異本에 따른 表記와 內容의 變化 比較

이윤자(Lee, Yun-ja) 중앙어문학회 2012 語文論集 Vol.52 No.-

Chinese research and educational method in our conutry have history of exceeding 1,000 years. A research and education on Chinese cannot only have been long historically, but also are very high even in its level. Especially, the accumulation in marking and its data on the sound of Chinese, which was begun from being originated Hunminjeongeum(訓民正音), cannot help being called the great achievement that had been unable to be done even by Chinese people who use Chinese as native language. In particular, a recent interest in the true nature of modern Chinese and in education of Chinese is being highlighted. A record on Chinese, which was left by our ancestors, is certainly precious data more than anything. In such sense, the academic·documentary meaning and value in Nogeoldae(老乞大) are needless to say further. This study formed aspects of a different version(異本) between Haneo version(漢語本) and Translation(飜譯)·Eonhae version(諺解本) in Nogeoldae(老乞大) as follows. First, it tried to compare the aspect of the translated Haneo(漢語 : Chinese word) with Choe Sejin(崔世珍)"s 『Translated Nogeoldae(飜譯老乞大)』, thereby having examined how the uses of vocabulary or sentence structure in Chinese words were changed by being modified and applied to Eonhae version(諺解本). Second, it examined that the changes in Eonhae version(諺解本) show a few aspects in translation up to 『Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae(重刊老乞大諺解)』. Third, it examined the changing aspect in Hanjaeum(漢字音: Chinese character sound) through comparing 『Nogeoldae Shinseok Eonhae(老乞大新釋諺解)』, which relatively reflected the realistic sound with 『Old version(Gubon) Nogeoldae(舊本老乞大)』through the corresponding relationship with initial consonant(聲母) in contemporary Chinese.

한국인 고급 학습자의 중국어 연구개 마찰음 발음에 대한 사례연구

한서영 한국중국언어학회 2017 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.71

The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in the pronunciation of the Chinese velar fricative /h/[x] between a native speaker of Chinese and a Korean advanced learner of Chinese. It is believed that Korean learners of Chinese assimilate the Chinese velar fricative [x] as the Korean glottal fricative [h], whose acoustic characteristics are influenced by the subsequent vowels. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the pronunciation of the Chinese [x] by Koreans learners is not always different from that by a native speaker. To assess this allophonic difference, an experiment was conducted involving the production of the Chinese [x] with several different subsequent vowels. The sound data recorded from the experiment was analyzed according to four acoustic phonetical cues based on the “source-filter theory” of Fant(1960) and Flanagan(2013), that is, the frication duration, the center of gravity in the spectrum, the skewness of the spectrum and formant values. First, it was found that the average frication duration of the Chinese [x] by Chinese native speakers is significantly longer than that by Korean learners of Chinese in general (p<.05). However, when it is followed by the low vowels [a, A, α], no significant difference was found owing to pharyngealization in Chinese. Second, the F1 and F2 values of the Chinese /h/[x] by Korean learners were generally lower than those by Chinese native speakers, indicating that the place of articulation of the Chinese [x] by Korean learners is at a lower point of the tube compared to that of a Chinese native speaker. Third, there were no significant differences in the values of the center of gravity or skewness in the spectrum only when [x] is followed by a back vowel, such as [u, υ, γ]. This was found to occur due to the phonological transfer from Korean, which changes the place of the articulation of /h/ from the glottis to the velar in front of back vowels. To conclude, the production of the Chinese velar fricative by Korean learners shows partial differences depending on the succeeding vowels. This finding can shed new light on Chinese pronunciation education in Korea.

한자문화권에 대한 재검토 : 동아시아 3개 국어에 있어서의 한자의 표음성과 관련하여

성명진 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 2015 한국문화연구 Vol.28 No.-

It is a common misconception that it is easy for South Korea, China and Japan to understand each other due to the linguistic, social and cultural similarities that they share through Chinese characters. This way of thinking has led some to believe that these three countries should grouped together as one community (a ‘Chinese character cultural sphere’) and to the proposal that Chinese characters should be standardized in these countries. As a result, various international conferences have been held with the purpose of determining the form, kind, and number of Chinese characters that can be jointly used in these three countries. However, these meetings have proceeded without in-depth discussion about the linguistic significance of such a movement and about whether it is effective and meaningful to unify the forms of characters. They have also not considered the changes in meanings and usages of Chinese characters which have occurred in each country over time. This article discusses the use of Chinese characters as phonetic equivalents in modern China, the simplification of Chinese characters in China and Japan, changes in the usage of certain characters in Japanese due to the potentially negative impression they might give, and various kinds of attempts in Korea to improve understanding of Chinese/Japanese loanwords which are no longer written in Chinese characters due to the exclusive use of Hangul. Understanding similarities in the usage of Chinese characters in South Korea, China, and Japan is both important and beneficial for promoting deeper mutual exchanges among these countries. However, to truly understand and make use of these similarities, it is also necessary to comprehend the differences in how Chinese characters have been used in each respective country. 동아시아 3개국을 하나의 공동체로 생각하고 국가 간의 문화적경제적학술적 교류를 증진하려고 하는 움직임은 오래 전부터 있어 왔다. 그리고 그 배경 뒤에는 ‘한자’라는 문자를 매개로 한중일 세 나라가 공유해 온 언어와 사상, 문화적 유사성을 통하여 다른 나라들보다 신속하고 원활하게 상호 교류를 증진할 수 있을 것이라는 기대감이 존재한다. 이들 세 나라를 통틀어 ‘한자문화권’이라고 일컫는 것은 바로 그 유사성 형성의 매개체인 한자의 역할과 영향력에 무게를 두고 하는 말이다. 이러한 추세에 힘입어 ‘한자문화권’의 상호 교류를 증진시키는 방안으로 한중일 3개국에서 공통적으로 사용할 수 있는 한자의 종류와 형태를 선정하고 그 숫자를 점차 확대해 나가자는 것을 취지로 하는 각종 국제회의가 개최되어 왔다. 그러나 중국과 일본의 한자 간략화의 과정에서 독자적으로 추진되어 온 소리가 같은 한자를 이용한 바꾸어 쓰기나 각국에서 고유한 의미를 가지는 한자와 그 용법이 만들어낸 새로운 한자어, 동음이의어 문제를 해결하기 위해 각국에서 행해지고 있는 한자 한자어의 변경 혹은 대체로 인한 변화를 간과한 채 한자의 형태만을 통일하려고 하는 시도가, 실제적으로 국가 간의 상호 교류 증진의 효과를 이끌어낼 수 있을 지에 대해서는 언어학적인 관점에서의 심도 깊은 논의가 필요하다. 이 글에서는 한자의 표음성과 관련한 한중일 각국의 독자적인 한자 사용 실태를 구체적인 예시를 통하여 검토하고, 지속 가능한 동아시아 공동체의 설립과 발전을 위하여 실질적으로 요구되는 것이 무엇인지에 대하여 생각해보고자 한다.

중국식 인터넷 문화: 민족주의 담론 분석

이민자 ( Minja Lee ) 현대중국학회 2018 현대중국연구 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to explain the “Chinese-Style Internet Culture” by showing how the Chinese government and netizens interact in online space through a case study of nationalism. The subjects of this study are Chinese nationalism and minority nationalism in China. The issue of nationalism in China is an interesting issue with both sides of “permission and control.” Chinese nationalism, that emphasizes the great revival of the Chinese people, is an issue allowed by the Chinese government, but minority nationalism that threatens the one China principle is a strictly forbidden issue. This research focuses on two issues. First, it examines how the Chinese government controls minority nationalism in order to block unwanted online information circulation when minorities in China try to organize group resistance by using online space. Second, it examines how the Chinese government participates in online activities when there is an issue of external ethnic conflicts, creating and using Chinese nationalism. This study attempts to explain how the Chinese government combines online control and activities to manage online public opinion and translates online space into government space.