Early Management of Cervical Spine Trauma: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

Mehmet Zileli,Enrique Osorio-Fonseca,Nikolay Konovalov,Carlos Cardenas-Jalabe,Stanislav Kaprovoy,Sergey Mlyavykh,Artur Pogosyan 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.4

Epidemiology, prevention, early management of cervical spine trauma and it's reduction are the objectives of this review paper. A PubMed and MEDLINE search between 2009 and 2019 were conducted using keywords. Case reports, experimental studies, papers other than English language and and unrelated studies were excluded. Up-to-date information on epidemiology of spine trauma, prevention, early emergency management, transportation, and closed reduction were reviewed and statements were produced to reach a consensus in 2 separate consensus meeting of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a positive or negative consensus using Delphi method. Global incidence of traumatic spinal injury is higher in low- and middle-income countries. The most frequent reasons are road traffic accidents and falls. The incidence from low falls in the elderly are increasing in high-income countries due to ageing populations. Prevention needs legislative, engineering, educational, and social efforts that need common efforts of all society. Emergency care of the trauma patient, transportation, and in-hospital acute management should be planned by implementing detailed protocols to prevent further damage to the spinal cord. This review summarizes the WFNS Spine Committee recommendations on epidemiology, prevention, and early management of cervical spine injuries.

경추 손상 후 뇌척수액 유출에 대한 관리

이수언 ( Soo Eon Lee ),정천기 ( Chun Kee Chung ),장태안 ( Tae Ahn Jahng ),김치헌 ( Chi Heon Kim ) 대한외상학회 2013 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

Purpose: Traumatic cervical SCI is frequently accompanied by dural tear and the resulting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after surgery can be troublesome and delay rehabilitation with increasing morbidity. This study evaluated the incidence of intraoperative CSF leaks in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) who underwent anterior cervical surgery and described the reliable management of CSF leaks during the perioperative period. Methods: A retrospective study of medical records and radiological images was done on patients with CSF leaks after cervical spine trauma. Results: Seven patients(13.2%) were identified with CSF leaks during the intraoperative period. All patients were severely injured and showed structural abnormalities on the initial magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the cervical spine. Intraoperatively, no primary repair of dural tear was attempted because of a wide, rough defect size. Therefore, fibrin glue was applied to the operated site in all cases. Although a wound drainage was inserted, it was stopped within the first 24 hours after the operation. No lumbar drainage was performed. Postoperatively, the patients should kept their heads in an elevated position and early ambulation and rehabilitation were encouraged. None of the patients developed complications related to CSF leaks during admission. Conclusion: The incidence of CSF leaks after surgery for cervical spinal trauma is relatively higher than that of cervical spinal stenosis. Therefore, one should expect the possibility of a dural tear and have a simple and effective management protocol for CSF leaks in trauma cases established.

Upper Cervical Spine Trauma: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

Oscar L. Alves,Leopoldina Pereira,김세훈,Andrey Grin,Nobuyuki Shimokawa,Nikolay Konovalov,Mehmet Zileli 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.4

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) trauma is a challenging clinical condition. Being a highly mobile functional unit at the junction of the skull and the vertebral column, traumatic events in this area may produce devastating neurological complications and death. Additionally, many of the CVJ traumatic injuries can be left undiagnosed or even raise difficult treatment dilemmas. We present a literature review in the format of recommendations on the diagnosis and management of different scenarios for upper cervical trauma and produce recommendations, which can be applicable to various areas of the globe.

Delayed Infarction of Medullar and Cerebellum 3 Months after Vertebral Artery Injury with C1-2 Fracture: Case Report

허윤석,강석형,Ilhom Abdullaev,김노아 대한신경손상학회 2017 Korean Journal of Neurotrauma Vol.13 No.1

The clinical manifestations of vertebral artery (VA) injury (VAI) after cervical trauma range from asymptomatic to fatal cerebral infarction. Thrombotic occlusion and embolization to the distal arteries can cause cerebellar and brain stem infarction within days after trauma. We report a 64-year-old man who underwent arthrodesis surgery for C1 and C2 fractures. He had left VAI at the C2 transverse foramen site but was asymptomatic. The patient experiences brainstem and cerebellar infarction 3 months after injury to the VA, and we are here to discuss the treatment of VAI after cervical trauma

Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries and SCIWORA: WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations

Nikolay Konovalov,Nikolay Peev,Mehmet Zileli,Salman Sharif,Stanislav Kaprovoy,Stanislav Timonin 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.4

Cervical trauma in children have variations from the adults mainly due to anatomic differences. An optimal diagnostic and treatment strategy is critical, particularly when there is a lack of standardized protocols for the management of such cases. This review paper examines the diagnostic and treatment options of pediatric cervical trauma and Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality (SCIWORA). A literature search for the last 10 years were conducted using key words. Case reports, experimental studies, papers other than English language were excluded. Up-to-date information on pediatric cervical trauma and SCIWORA were reviewed and statements were produced to reach a consensus in 2 separate consensus meeting of WFNS Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a consensus using Delphi method. This review reflects different aspects of contemporary pediatric cervical trauma decision-making and treatment, and SCIWORA. The mainstay of SCIWORA treatment is nonsurgical with immobilization, avoidance of risky activities. Prognosis generally depends on the initial neurological status and magnetic resonance imaging. Due to a significant discrepancy in the literature on diagnostic and management, future randomized controlled trials are needed to aid in generating standardized protocols.

경추외상후 수핵탈출편에 의한 척수손상

김근수 대한신경외과학회 1998 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.27 No.7

Accuracy and Safety in Pedicle Screw Placement in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spines : Comparison Study between Conventional C-Arm Fluoroscopy and Navigation Coupled with O-Arm$^{(R)}$ Guided Methods

Shin, Myung-Hoon,Ryu, Kyeong-Sik,Park, Chun-Kun The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2012 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.52 No.3

Objective : The authors performed a retrospective study to assess the accuracy and clinical benefits of a navigation coupled with O-arm$^{(R)}$ system guided method in the thoracic and lumbar spines by comparing with a C-arm fluoroscopy-guided method. Methods : Under the navigation guidance, 106 pedicle screws inserted from T7 to S1 in 24 patients, and using the fluoroscopy guidance, 204 pedicle screws from T5 to S1 in 45 patients. The position of screws within the pedicle was classified into four groups, from grade 0 (no violation cortex) to 3 (more than 4 mm violation). The location of violated pedicle cortex was also assessed. Intra-operative parameters including time required for preparation of screwing procedure, times for screwing and the number of X-ray shot were assessed in each group. Results : Grade 0 was observed in 186 (91.2%) screws of the fluoroscopy-guided group, and 99 (93.4%) of the navigation-guided group. Mean time required for inserting a screw was 3.8 minutes in the fluoroscopy-guided group, and 4.5 minutes in the navigation-guided group. Mean time required for preparation of screw placement was 4 minutes in the fluoroscopy-guided group, and 19 minutes in the navigation-guided group. The fluoroscopy-guided group required mean 8.9 times of X-ray shot for each screw placement. Conclusion : The screw placement under the navigation-guidance coupled with O-arm$^{(R)}$ system appears to be more accurate and safer than that under the fluoroscopy guidance, although the preparation and screwing time for the navigation-guided surgery is longer than that for the fluoroscopy-guided surgery.

Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of Sub-Axial Injury Classification and Severity Scale between Radiologist, Resident and Spine Surgeon

Lee, Woo Jin,Yoon, Seung Hwan,Kim, Yeo Ju,Kim, Ji Yong,Park, Hyung Chun,Park, Chon Oon The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2012 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.52 No.3

Objective : The sub-axial injury classification (SLIC) and severity scale was developed to decide whether to operate the cervical injured patient or not, but the reliability of SLIC and severity scale among the different physicians was not well known. Therefore, we evaluated the reliability of SLIC among a spine surgeon, a resident of neurosurgery and a neuro-radiologist. Methods : In retrograde review in single hospital from 2002 to 2009 years, 75 cases of sub-axial spine injured patients underwent operation. Each case was blindly reviewed for the SLIC and severity scale by 3 different observers by two times with 4 weeks interval with randomly allocated. The compared axis was the injury morphology score, the disco-ligamentous complex score, the neurological status score and total SLIC score; the neurological status score was derived from the review of medical record. The kappa value was used for the statistical analysis. Results : Interobserver agreement of SLIC and severity scale was substantial agreement in the score of injury morphology [intraclass correlation (ICC)=0.603] and total SLIC and severity sacle (ICC value=0.775), but was fair agreement in the disco-ligamentous complex score (ICC value= 0.304). Intraobserver agreements were almost perfect agreement in whole scales with ICC of 0.974 in a spine surgeon, 0.948 in a resident of neurosurgery, and 0.963 in a neuro-radiologist. Conclusion : The SLIC and severity scale is comprehensive and easily applicable tool in spine injured patient. Moreover, it is very useful tool to communicate among spine surgeons, residents of neurosurgery and neuro-radiologists with sufficient reproducibility.

부식성 손상, 경부척추 손상 후 발생하는 연하장애

이윤세 대한연하장애학회 2018 대한연하장애학회지 Vol.8 No.1

Caustic injury and spinal cord injury may induce pharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction, which frequently elicit dysphagia. Among the causes of dysphagia, these types of injury are related to anatomical and functional deterioration of the peripheral muscles and nerves. Various types of chemical materials cause upper aerodigestive tract burns, which induces stricture and dysphagia by scar formation. Endoscopic evaluation within 48 hours helps to predict the occurrence of stricture and dysphagia. The extent of injury or other additional complications should be assessed by plain X-ray and comupterized tomography (CT). The prevention of stricture, perforation, and dysphagia is a mainstay of treatment to reduce morbidity, and serial dilation with esophagogram and flap reconstruction should be considered in failure cases. Cervical spine injury itself causes mucosal tears or neuromuscular dysfunction, which can occur even during corrective surgery. Perforation should be evaluated by laryngoscopy, swallowing studies, plain X-ray, and CT. Both mechanical and functional obstruction that occur during the healing process can be managed by rehabilitative or surgical approaches. Dysphagia caused by chemical burns or cervical spine injury can provoke secondary complications such as aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Thus, adequate evaluation and management of anatomical and functional changes are required to prevent dysphagia and further complications, as well as to increase the quality of life of patients.

급성 외상 환자의 상부경추 검사에서 변형된 open mouth view의 유용성

한성식(Seong-Sik Han),장성원(Seong-Won Jang),이양섭(Yang-Sub Lee),우봉철(Bong-Cheol Woo),정순필(Soon-Phil Jung),이관섭(Kwan-Sup Lee) 대한영상의학기술학회 2014 대한영상의학기술학회 논문지 Vol.2014 No.1

목 적 : 급성 외상 환자의 상부경추 검사 시 환자의 움직임이나 자세 잡이의 어려움으로 재검사가 많은데, 이러한 재검율을 최소화 하기 위하여 변형된 open mouth view를 적용한 검사의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다.  대상 및 방법 : 성인 팬텀을 대상으로 안와외이공선을 검출기면에 수직이 되도록 하고, 초점과 피사체 간 거리를 100cm으로 고정한 후, X선관의 각도를 머리쪽으로 각각 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° 를 설정하고 제 1경추와 제 2경추의 높이인 상치열(teeth incisor)을 중심 X-선으로 촬영하였다. 영상평가는 5년차 이상 방사선사 10명이 PACS의 모니터 영상을 통하여  ‘Excellent’ 5점, ‘Good’ 4점, ‘Fair’ 3점, ‘Poor’ 2점, ‘Very poor’ 1점으로 부여하여 육안적 평가를 하였으며,  Kruskal wallis test와 Mann-Whitney로 통계적 분석을 하였다. 결 과 : 응답 점수의 평균은 15°에서 5.0점으로 가장 높게 평가 되었다. Kruskal wallis test 검정 결과에서는, 15°에서 55.5점으로 가장 높게 나타났고 20°에서 40.6점으로 나타났다. Mann-Whitney 사후 검정 결과 0°와 5°, 10°와 20°를 제외한 방법들은 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 결 론 : 급성 외상 환자의 상부경추 검사 시 환자의 움직임 없이 중심 X-선의 각도만을 변화시킨 변형된 open mouth view는 진단적 가치가 우수한 유용한 검사법이라고 사료된다.   Purpose : This study is to evaluate the modified open mouth radiography which is valuable and minimizes the reexamination rate in case of acute trauma patient. Materials and Methods : The modified open mouth view was taken changing x- ray angles of 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° toward to the head with orbitmeatal line of the phantom perpendicular to the detector, and the focus-object distance was 100cm. The center of x-ray was teeth incisor that is the same anatomical level as the atlas(C1) and axis(C2). All the images were evaluated by ten radiological technologists who have over five-year work experiences and 5-point Lickertis scale throughout visual evaluation in PACS system was used. Statistical significance was analyzed by Kruskal wallis test and Mann-whitney test Result :  In response to mean score of Likertis scale, the image of 15° was highly evaluated as 5.0 points among the group. The result of the Kruskal wallis test, the image of 15° was ranked first as 55.50 points and the image of 20° was scored 40.60 points secondly. All the results of the Mann-whitney post-hoc test, except between 0° and 5°, 10° and 20°, indicated statistical significant differences(p<0.05). Conclusion : In case of patient with acute upper cervical spine trauma, the modified open mouth radiography can minimize patient s movement and can make them more comfortable and bringing satisfaction. In addition, it can get a high quality image without specific positioning. As a result, the modified open mouth radiography would be useful and applicable to the clinical practice especially for acute trauma patients.