Lives of That and That-Clauses: A Lexicalist Approach

채명희 대한언어학회 2006 언어학 Vol.14 No.4

Chai, Myong-Hi. 2006. Lives of That and That-Clauses: A Lexicalist Approach. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 14(4), 151-168. The English word that plays various grammatical roles. Among them, this study examines four kinds of thats and that-clauses, i.e. complement, appositive, relative, and cleft that-clauses. Despite the similarity of their form consisting of that and a finite clause, the four that-clauses show different behaviors with regard to "that-trace" effect, functions of that, recursion and omission of the that-clause, and the preceding element. In this study, we propose that those syntactic differences are attributed to the lexical properties of each that, and attempt to provide a lexicalist analysis for the differences based on the framework of HPSG, pursuing strong lexicalism. By doing so, we contribute to a theoretical support for the lexicalist approach to syntactic phenomena.

사잇소리와 합성명사의 내부구조

하세경(Ha Sekyeong) 한국음운론학회 2006 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.12 No.1

  This paper discusses the morphological condition in the use of Sai-sori in modern Korean. Sai-sori typically appears in genitive sub-compounds and it is possible to classify compounds into two parts as follows : co-compound and non-genitive sub-compound versus genitive subcompound. This paper explores another factor to support such division. That is the meaning structure of compounds. Co-compounds and non-genitive sub-compounds can be decomposed into ‘N₁, syntactical relation, N₂’, but genitive sub-compounds can be decomposed into ‘N₁, syntactical relation, new lexical meaning, N₂’. According to the meaning structure, the former is simpler and more unmarked than the latter. Also the former is simpler and more unmarked in terms of morphological structure. Based on this, I hypothesize that an unmarked morphological structure depends on an unmarked meaning structure in the compounds not containing Sai-sori. Moreover, this paper discusses two exceptional cases. Unexpected use of Sai-sori in appositive subcompounds is explained by the fact that Sai-sori was an appositive case marker as well as a genitive case marker. The purpose-construction is considered as genitive subcompounds on the meaning structure but according to the property of meaning it may be regarded as non-genitive sub-compounds. Due to such twofold nature, exceptions often occur in purpose-constructions.

On the Nature of Wh-word in English Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses

홍성심,이재근 한국영어학회 2016 영어학 Vol.16 No.3

Sungshim Hong and Jaekeun Lee. 2016. On the nature of Wh-word in English Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 16-3, 623-648. This paper raises a question on exactly what the nature of Wh-word in English Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses (NRRCs) is, as opposed to that in Restrictive Relative Clauses (RRCs). Other than being equipped with a Wh-element in common, there exist overwhelming asymmetries between English RRCs and NRRCs. Based on the generalizations and disparities between RRCs and NRRCs brought forward in the literature (Quirk, et. al. 1972, 1985, Borsley 1992, Kayne 1994, Borsley 1997, McCawley, 1998, Lobeck, 2000, De Vries 2002, 2006, Aoun & Li 2003, Authier & Reed 2005, Arnold & Borsley 2008) this paper examines the nature of Wh-word in English NRRCs, which has long been neglected in the generative syntax field. We argue that the Wh-word heading NRRCs is not a Wh-Operator since it shows no signature properties of (linguistic) operators; no WCO effect, no Reconstruction effect, no quantificational properties (Aoun & Li 2003, Authier & Reed 2005), whereas the Wh-word in RRC is. The formal features of the Wh-phrase in NRRC are lacking (Law 2000), so that it is argued here to be a deficient Wh-exp, or Wh-expletive with the minimal features. All in all, we argue that the Wh-word heading NRRC is not Wh-operator and the construction is a relative in disguise.

관형 명사구의 구조와 의미 관계

김인균 국어학회 2003 국어학 Vol.41 No.-

이 논문은 국어의 관형 명사구(관형격 구성과 동격 구성)의 내부 구조를 살펴 그 구성 성분 간에 나타나는 가능한 의미 관계를 설정하고, 그 명사구의 구조와 의미 관계가 관형격 조사 ‘의’의 실현 여부에 따라 결정됨을 주장한다. 먼저 관형격 구성에서 지정어와 보충어가 비대칭성을 보이고 ‘의’의 실현 여부에 있어서 차이를 보이며, ‘의’가 실현된 명사구와 실현되지 않은 명사구가 분명히 다른 통사적 현상을 드러냄을 확인하고 관형격 부여 원리를 제안하였다. 그리고 동격 구성은 그 예들을 볼 때 ‘의’가 실현되지 않은 관형격 구성과 같은 구조를 가진 것으로 볼 수 없어 잠정적으로 구조적으로는 병렬 구성과 같아 ‘NP1+NP2'이지만 의미적으로는 관형격 구성과 같이 NP1이 NP2를 수식하는 구성으로 파악하였다. 관형격 구성에서 그 구성 성분 간에 나타나는 의미 관계와 그 구조적 지위를 살펴본 결과, 선행 성분이 ’의‘가 실현되지 않은 경우는 선·후행 성분이 <대상>, <유형 대상>의 의미 관계를 가져 보충어 자리에 위치하고, ‘의’가 실현된 경우는 <행위자>, <수동자>, <소유>, <처소>, <시간>, <기원>, <도달점>의 의미 관계를 가져 지정어 자리에 위치한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This paper aims to examine the internal structure of [genitive and appositive] noun phrases and to establish the possible semantic relations which is found between their continuents, and to assert that the structure and Semantic relation of noun phrases is determined according to realization of genitive case marker 'uˇy'. In NPs 'uˇy' is realized at the specifier NPs of head noun, but is not realized at the complement NPs. So I suggested Genitive Case Assignment Principle as following i) Genitive Case Assignment principle a. Assign marked-genitive to NP in the environment [_N'] b. Assign unmarked-genitive to NP in the environment [_N] Again, I distinguish specifier and complement by phenomena in Korean NP. As a result of examining the structure and semantic relation of noun phrases(especially, genitive case construction), when genitive case marker 'uˇy' is realized at the specifier NPs of head noun, the semantic relations between their continuents are <theme>, <theme/type>. But when genitive case marker 'uˇy' is not realized at the complement NPs of head noun, the semantic relations between their continuents are <agent>, <patient>, <possession/owning>, <location>, <time>, <source> and <goal>.

한국어 ‘-다는’ 관형절 교육 연구 - 중국인 학습자를 중심으로 -

박진하(Piao, Chen-Xia) 동북아시아문화학회 2020 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.63

The aim of this study is to examine the syntax and semantics of the adnominal clause ‘- 다는’ and to propose effective teaching and learning methods so as to ensure accurate use of the clause by Chinese learners. To this end, the adnominal clause ‘-다는’ was classified into relative clause, appositive clause, and connected clause to examine their respective syntactic and semantic features. It was found that ‘-다는’ in a relative clause can be reverted to ‘-다고 하는’ and that there is no substantial syntactic and semantic difference between ‘-다는’ and ‘-다고 하는’. The ‘-다 는’ in a appositive clause can be subdivided into three constructions: the first case in which the reversion of ‘-다는’ to ‘-다고 하는’ is natural, the second case in which such reversion leads to diminished receptivity, and the third case in which the reversion cannot take place. Differences between long and short adnominal clauses were found in modificand nouns, exchange of tense endings and interposition of the prefinal ending ‘-시-’. On the other hand, it was found that the ‘-다는’ in a connected clause can be sorted into those that can and cannot be replaced with the adnominal clausal ending ‘-는’, and that there is a difference in meaning even if it is replaced with ‘-는’. Based on these findings, Chinese sentences corresponding to each type of Korean adnominal clause ‘-다는’ were compared and analyzed. As a result, it was found that the signs of Chinese modifying clauses corresponding to Korean ‘-다는’ are all ‘的’. Through these analysis results, it was possible to determine the reasons to the problems found in the writing of Chinese learners, such as avoiding the use of ‘-다는’ , using ‘-다는’ mixed with ‘- 는’, suing ‘-다는’ mixed with ‘-(이)라는’, and tense error in ‘-다는’. Accordingly, this study proposed effective teaching and learning plans containing step-by-step educational contents of ‘-다는’ for Chinese intermediate and advanced learners.

한국어 관형절의 구조적 특징과 습득 양상

우형식 동남어문학회 2012 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.33

A Study on Structural Property and Aquisition Aspect of Korean Adnominal Clause. Dongnam Journal of Korean Language & Literature 33. The adnominal clause is one of the grammatical structures that are discovered frequently in spoken and written Korean language. But it is very difficult for Korean learners to acquire the adnominal clause, because Korean adnominal clause has various types and it is related with grammatical expression such as tense and aspect. So Korean adnominal clause can be described in a few ways, according to its form, structure, meaning, and usage. Korean adnominal clause is constituted by endings ‘-는, -(으)ㄴ, -(으)ㄹ, -던’, these forms have their meaning respectively. And the adnominal endings assume various aspects of meaning in context. Also Korean adnominal clause is constituted in a way of complicated syntactic and semantic procedure. So it is divided into relative clause, appositive clause, nominal clause, and numerous chunks. In Korean adnominal clause, the head noun indicates a referent and the clause expresses property of the head noun. And the head noun proceeds the clause. Specially, it is worthy of notice to realize an internally-headed structure in Korean adnominal clause. In order of Korean adnominal clause acquisition, learners can acquire the internally-headed structure earlier than the externally-headed structure. Also, when learners acquire the relative clause, they prefer the subject as a head noun. (Busan University of Foreign Studies) A Study on Structural Property and Aquisition Aspect of Korean Adnominal Clause. Dongnam Journal of Korean Language & Literature 33. The adnominal clause is one of the grammatical structures that are discovered frequently in spoken and written Korean language. But it is very difficult for Korean learners to acquire the adnominal clause, because Korean adnominal clause has various types and it is related with grammatical expression such as tense and aspect. So Korean adnominal clause can be described in a few ways, according to its form, structure, meaning, and usage. Korean adnominal clause is constituted by endings ‘-는, -(으)ㄴ, -(으)ㄹ, -던’, these forms have their meaning respectively. And the adnominal endings assume various aspects of meaning in context. Also Korean adnominal clause is constituted in a way of complicated syntactic and semantic procedure. So it is divided into relative clause, appositive clause, nominal clause, and numerous chunks. In Korean adnominal clause, the head noun indicates a referent and the clause expresses property of the head noun. And the head noun proceeds the clause. Specially, it is worthy of notice to realize an internally-headed structure in Korean adnominal clause. In order of Korean adnominal clause acquisition, learners can acquire the internally-headed structure earlier than the externally-headed structure. Also, when learners acquire the relative clause, they prefer the subject as a head noun. (Busan University of Foreign Studies)

連体修飾節の「制限·非制限」の規定について

南美英 한국일본언어문화학회 2009 일본언어문화 Vol.15 No.-

학부 외국인 유학생의 관형사절 사용 능력 연구

홍윤기,유호 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 人文硏究 Vol.- No.74

This study aims at analyzing the adnominal clauses in essays written by Chinese undergraduate students and presenting the appropriate suggestions for teaching the adnominal clauses in Korean language education. There are several problems in the adnominal clauses produced by Chinese students. First, Chinese undergraduate students tend to use very short and simple adnominal clauses. Second, most adnominal clauses modify a subject of sentence. Third, the appositive adnominal clauses modify a couple of limited nouns. Fourth, composite forms including adnominal endings are frequently used, but their accuracies are in doubt. Fifth, the errors are found in forms and tenses of the adnominal clauses. Chinese undergraduate students have a propensity to use the adnominal clauses incorrectly like this. Therefore, the essential functions of adnominal clauses such as modification and expansion of sentence should be emphasized in education of the adnominal clauses. 외국인 유학생의 관형사절 사용 양상과 사용 능력을 분석하기 위해 글쓰기 강좌에서 제출한 글쓰기 과제를 분석하였다. 모국어화자와의 비교를 위해 한국인 학생의 글도 동등한 분량으로 검토하였다. 유학생은 관계관형사절을 주로 사용하였으며, 동격관형사절의 사용 비율은 전체 사용량을 볼 때, 10% 정도이다. 관형사절 사용을 하고 있으나 비문법적인 문장을 양산하고 있어, 학습자의 부주의 또는 교육 방법의 적절성에 대한 의문을 가지게 된다. 관형사절의 피수식성분은 주어에 집중되어 있으며, 동격관형사절의 피수식명사는 그 수가 제한적인 것으로 나타났다. 관형사형어미가 포함된 복합형식을 빈번하게 사용하기는 하지만 정확성은 상당히 낮은 것으로 보인다. 관형사형어미와 관형사절이 후행 성분을 수식하는 기능이 있다는 점과 문장 확장의 기제로 쓰일 수 있다는 점에 대해서도 유학생의 인식이 상당히 낮은 것으로 보인다.

Complex NP Island Constraints in English: Experimental vs. Deep Learning Approach

이용훈 한국현대언어학회 2022 언어연구 Vol.37 No.4

This paper examined two types of complex NP island constraints (Appositives and Relatives) in English, with an experimental approach and a deep learning approach. In the experimental approach, this paper followed the design in Author (2018). A total of 120 sentences were employed in the experiment: 40 sentences for the target and 80 sentences for the fillers. For the deep learning approach, this paper utilized the BERT-LARGE model. The dataset was composed of 240 sentences: 40 sentences for the target and 200 sentences for the fillers. These 240 sentences were used as an input dataset to the BERT-LARGE model, and the acceptability scores were calculated for each sentence. After the acceptability scores were obtained for all the target sentences in two different types of approaches, they were normalized into the z-scores and statistical analyses were applied to them. Through the analysis, the followings were observed: (i) both the experimental approach and the BERT-LARGE model correctly identified two complex NP island constraints in English, (ii) two factors (Island and Location) and their interaction (Island:Location) affected the acceptability scores of island sentences, and (iii) two approaches made different predictions on the DD scores of the two complex NP island constraints.

Lives of That and That-Clauses : A Lexicalist Approach

Myong Hi Chai 대한언어학회 2006 언어학 Vol.14 No.4