무덤자료를 통해 본 4~5세기 한반도 서북부지역의 양태-한 군현 멸망에서 고구려 평양천도 이전시기까지를 중심으로

주홍규 고조선단군학회 2022 고조선단군학 Vol.47 No.-

This paper focuses on tombs found in the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula. In particular, the purpose is to grasp the identity of the group that constructed the tomb in the northwest area the Korean Peninsula and Goguryeo's control method through structural features, excavated relics, and location features. It seems that the aspect of the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula was quite different from jian's area. The pattern was identified by dividing it into three stages as follows. The first half of the 4th century, when tombs were built by Chinese people, was divided into the 1th stage, centering on each Hwanghae-do area around AnakㆍSeunghoㆍSincheonㆍBongsan. The second half of the 4th century, when Chinese or Chinese groups built tombs in PyongyangㆍGangseoㆍSeunghoㆍAnak areas, was divided into the 2th stage. The early 5th century, when tombs were built in GangseoㆍSinchonㆍPyongyang, was divided into the 3th stage. In the 1th stage, it was divided into areas where the tradition of creating existing tombs could be continued in the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula, and areas where such tradition could no longer be continued. Sincheon area is at the center of it. The reason why the tradition of tombs, which had continued from the 3rd century to the 1st half of the 4th century in the Sincheon area, was able to be continued was because Goguryeo allowed them to maintain their traditions to some extent. It is believed that Goguryeo indirectly ruled the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula using existing local groups. In the 2th stage, the Chinese or Chinese group will expand from the southern part of Hwanghae-do, centered on Sincheon, to the Pyongyang area, which was the base of Nakrang. Breaking away from the method of the first stage, which was managed by granting certain authority to existing local groups, groups around the Jaeryeong River and groups from China are newly relocated by Goguryeo. However, this aspect was no longer sustained due to the confrontation between Goguryeo and Baekje over the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula, and it is believed that Goguryeo's control over this region was weakened. In the 3th stage, Goguryeo, which expanded its territory based on its strong military power, actively ruled the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula, which is believed to have laid the groundwork for transition to the Pyongyang area. 본 연구는 한반도 서북부지역 일대에서 발견된 무덤 중에서도 특히, 한 군현 멸망에서 고구려 평양천도 이전시기까지 조영된 것들을 중심으로 구조상의 특징과 출토유물, 입지적 특징 등을 통해 한반도 서북부지역에서 무덤을 조영한 집단의 정체성과 중심지역, 고구려의 지배방식 등을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한 것이다. 한반도 서북부지역의 양상은 집안지역과는 사뭇 달랐던 것 같은데, 그 양상을 다음과 같이 3단계로 나누어 파악했다. 즉 안악ㆍ신천ㆍ봉산 일대의 황해도 각 지역을 중심으로 중국계 사람들에 의해 무덤이 만들어지는 4세기 전반을 제1단계로, 평양ㆍ강서ㆍ승호ㆍ안악지역 일대에서 중국 출자 혹은 중국계 집단들이 무덤을 만들게 되는 4세기 후반을 제2단계로, 강서ㆍ신천ㆍ평양지역에 무덤이 조영되는 5세기 초를 제3단계로 구분했다. 제1단계에서는 한반도의 서북부지역에서 기존의 묘제적 전통을 이어나갈 수 있었던 지역과 더 이상 전통을 이을 수 없는 지역으로 나누고, 그 중심에 신천지역이 있었던 것으로 상정했다. 이러한 신천지역 일대에서 3세기 단계부터 이어지던 묘제의 전통을 4세기 전반까지도 이어서 조영할 수 있었던 것은, 고구려가 일정 부분 그들의 전통을 유지할 수 있도록 용인해 주었기 때문으로 이는 곧 기존의 재지집단을 이용해 고구려가 한반도 서북부지역을 간접 통치했던 것으로 판단된다. 제2단계는 기존의 신천지역을 중심으로 한 황해도 남부지역에서 북상해 낙랑의 거점이었던 평양지역까지 중국 출자 혹은 중국계 집단이 확장된다. 재지집단에게 일정 권한을 부여해 관리하던 제1단계의 방식에서 탈피해, 재령강 일대의 집단들과 중국에서 이주해 온 집단들이 고구려에 의해 새로 재배치된다. 하지만 이러한 양상은 한반도의 서북부지역을 둘러싼 고구려와 백제의 대결양상으로 인해 더 이상 지속되지 못하고, 이 지방에 대한 고구려의 통제력이 약화되었던 것으로 판단된다. 제3단계에는 강력한 군사력을 바탕으로 영역을 확장시킨 고구려가 한반도의 서북부지역을 적극적으로 통치하게 되었고, 이로 인해 평양지역으로 천도할 수 있는 발판을 마련하게 된 것으로 판단된다.

3~5세기 세종 지역 묘제의 특징 검토

김성수 ( Kim Sung-su ) 백제학회 2017 백제학보 Vol.0 No.22

본 논문은 세종지역의 3~5세기 고분 구조를 분석하여 세종지역의 백제 묘제 특징과 전개 양상을 구명하고자 하였다. 세종지역의 중심부를 동에서 서로 흐르는 금강유역을 기준으로, 금강유역으로 유입하는 제천유역을 이북권역, 삼성천유역을 이남권역으로 설정하였다. 각 권역에서 확인된 봉토목관묘·주구토광묘·관곽토광묘·수혈식석곽묘·횡혈식석실묘를 대상으로 구조 분석을 통해 유형을 설정하고, 출토 유물과의 상관관계를 검토하였다. 검토 결과 세종지역은 2세기 중·후반에는 봉토목관묘가 조영되고, 3세기 초에 들어서면 주구토광묘가 이남권역의 봉기리 유적과 석삼리 대박골 유적에서 조영되기 시작하며, 3세기 중반 이후에는 이북권역인 송담리 유적에서도 주구토광묘가 조영되기 시작하면서 점차 주구토광묘를 조영하는 집단들이 증가하였다. 4~5세기에 들어서면 관곽토광묘·석곽묘·석실묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지는데, 주구토광묘에서 관곽토광묘로의 묘제의 변형은 경기·충청 내륙지역의 분묘 문화 변화양상과 동일하다. 다만 이 지역의 특징은 5세기까지도 주구토광묘를 조영하는 지역적 특성이 있다. 4세기에 들어서면 이북권역인 나성리 유적에서는 위세품인 금동식리가 출토되는 등 백제 중앙과의 관계가 형성된다. 4세기 후반~5세기초에 이르면 석곽묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지고, 마구가 부장유물에서 등장한다. 5세기에 들어서면 석실묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지는데 송원리 유적이 중심 묘역권이다. 이를 통해 볼 때 중앙과의 관계를 유지한 송원리 유적 조영집단이 최상층 세력으로 부상하면서 이북권역으로 중심세력이 이동하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 세종지역에서 조사된 3~5세기의 분묘유적들은 백제의 지방세력으로 재편되는 과정 속에서도 3세기에 형성된 재지문화의 특징을 유지하고, 백제 중앙의 문화를 받아들이면서 자신들의 분묘문화로 활용한 특징을 보여주었다. This study on the tombs Structures from Sejong area of 3~5^th century. Through this, a Study on the characteristics and Change pattern from Sejong area of Baekje tomb. In Sejong region, Geumgang River crosses the center from East to West and Sejong region can be divided into South shore area and North shore area. North shore area, Jecheon which is flowing into the Geumgang River. South shore area, in samsungcheon which is flowing into the Geumgang River. Through the structural analysis of the as the burial mound wooden coffin tomb(봉토목관묘) and the pit tombs with areal ditch(주구토광묘) were investigated and verified, and the pit tomb with wooden coffin(관곽토광묘), stone coffin tomb(석곽묘) and stone chamber tomb(석실묘), and the correlation with the excavated relics was reviewed. In the former half of ProtoThree Kingdom period, the tomb construction methods of burial mound wooden coffin tomb, and the pit tombs with areal ditch, started being constructed in Bonggi-ri remains and Seoksam-ri remains in South shore area. After the later half of ProtoThree Kingdom period, the influence of the pit tombs with areal ditch was diffused as it started to be constructed in Songdam-ri remains, the North shore area. Entering into Baekje period, the tomb construction method were changed into it tomb with wooden coffin, stone coffin tomb, and stone chamber tomb, and the change of tomb construction from pit tomb with areal ditch to the pit tom with wooden coffin is as same as the aspect of change in the tomb construction culture of inland area of Gyeonggi and Chungcheong the characteristics of this area only. However, this area has regional characteristic that the pit tomb with areal ditch was constructed even in 5^th century. Entering into 4^th century, in the North shore area, Particularly, since in the Naseong-ri remains, the giltbronze shoes, which is the elite grave goods, were excavated, it reveals that it has deep relation with the center of Baekje. Entering into later half of 4^th century, the tomb construction method was changed to stone coffin tomb and the harness was found in the grave goods. Entering into 5^th century, it is observed that the tomb construction method was changed into stone coffin tomb again. A tomb center area Songwon-ri remains. A Songwon-ri remains reveals that it has deep relation with the center of Baekje. so constructing the stone chamber tombs, it is observed that the central force was moved to the North shore area. The tomb remains during the ProtoThree Kingdom and Baekje period investigated in Sejong region show the characteristics that the originally inhabited groups utilized their own burial culture accepting the culture of Baekje and maintaining the characteristics of the originally inhabited culture since the society of Mahan even in the process of being reorganized as the local power of Baekje.

영남지역 출토 4~5세기대 土師器系土器의 재검토

조성원 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.99 No.-

There is much evidence of interaction between the Japanese Archipelago and the Youngnam region. Among such evidence is the Hajiki type pottery that was influenced by the utilitarian Hajiki pottery of the Japanese Kofun Period. However, while Hajiki type pottery is an important category of evidence that illustrates the wide range of the interactions that took place between the Japanese Archipelago and the Youngnam region, analysis carried out thus far has only focused on the reason for their presence, based on the similarity with the Hajiki pottery of Japan. However, there have been few studies concerning the standards according to which a vessel is judged to be similar to the Japanese Hajiki pottery or how to regard the differences and similarities. Based on a detailed observation of the pottery, this study presents the differences between Japanese Hajiki pottery and the soft earthenware vessels of the Youngnam Region which are contemporaneous. Based on the observations, this study tries to establish whether or not actual examples of Japanese Hajiki pottery were introduced into the Youngnam region, as well as whether or not Japanese Hajiki pottery was imitated. Furthermore, the study attempts to carry out groundwork for assessing the various data involved in the interaction between the two regions, through an analysis on the excavated contexts of the Hajiki vessels dating to the 4th and 5th centuries. As a result, the presence of non-local products or local products that were imitations, which followed the manufacturing techniques of the Hajiki vessels dating from the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 5th century were identified. Some of the vessels had become ‘localized’ by the indigenous population. In addition, Hajiki pottery was found to have been used in the Gimhae-Busan area from the end of the 3rd century to the middle of the 4th century. In the southern coastal region of Korea, the Jeolla provinces, and the Ulsan-Kyoungju regions, Hajiki pottery continued to be used after the end of the 4th century. This study shows that the manufacturing techniques of the Hajiki pottery was continually introduced into the Youngnam region during 4th with the movement of populations. The number of such vessels, however, was limited. And because Hajiki pottery is found in association with the indigenous soft earthenwares or unglazed earthenwares of the Korean Peninsula, and as archaeological contexts in which only Hajiki was excavated have yet to be found, it can be surmised that the pottery was used with a specific purpose by the communities of the Korean Peninsula.

기원전 7~기원전 4세기 유라시아 초원 스키타이 전통의 여성형상물과 그 의미 - 흑해 부근의 고고자료를 중심으로 -

김재윤 중부고고학회 2023 고고학 Vol.22 No.2

In the Black Sea region, female figures appearing in artifacts from the 7th to 4th centuries BC have been compared to anthropomorphized figures in Scythian mythology, as they were excavated from large tombs. In the 7th century BC, female figures decorated on mirrors and each ship have wings and extend their hands to hold the feet of wild animals, and after the 5th century BC, there have been changes in their shape, material, and decorative objects. and decorative objects. Female figures from the 5th century B.C. only come from square ornaments attached to women's clothing or veils. There is a scene in which he is wearing a skitai collar, sitting on a chair, holding a mirror, and facing a skitai man holding each belly. The former was classified as female figure A and the latter as female figure B. Female figure A is transformed into female figure A-1, which appears with beasts after the 5th century BC, and female figure A-2, which holds non-beasts animals and other objects. Female figure A-1 is attached to the Scythian calaf, and there are many examples of it being identified in the temple decoration. The female figure A-2 is seen in various artifacts, including linen decorations and bone combs, wearing a Greek calaf. In the remains of Kul'-oba, where the female figure A-1 is excavated, the remains of Tolstaya Mogila, a Scythian woman was actually buried wearing a Scythian calaf. It was excavated not only from large tombs but also from general tombs. The face ornament, identified as female figure A-2, came from the Bol'shaya Bliznitsa site, where a woman wearing a Greek calaf was actually buried. Female figure B was not used for many purposes, but was only expressed and used on rectangular decorative plates hanging on clothes or veils, and was only excavated from large tombs. In particular, traces of wearing a hat in the form of a cone hat were found in the ruins of Chertomlyk and Mordvinovka. Female figure A was believed to have been expressed in the Scythian myth of the cult of cybeles personifying the great nature of Anatoli. It is believed that the order of the Scythian aristocracy was reflected in the form of a silver mirror and the decorations of the Scythian leopard. After the 5th century BC, female figures A-1, which follow the Scythian tradition, were accompanied by beasts, but female figures wearing non-beasts and Greek hats showed Greek characteristics. Female figures B date from the 5th century B.C., and appear in various ruins without a change in form between relics in a limited number of decorative plates. In particular, new head ornaments and wooden bowls were found in the Mordvinovka ruins, reflecting the tradition of Scythian culture. The woman from the Tolstaya Mogila ruins, where female figure B is excavated, was actually buried wearing a gold-decorated Scythian calaf. Female figures B, which appear in the same shape in several large ruins, may have been objects of worship in that they come from the tombs of high-ranking women. In addition, the woman in the tomb who owned it was likely a priest who enshrined a traditional Scythian god represented by the female figure B.

4∼5世紀 慶南地域 취락 출토 연질토기의 지역성 검토

조성원(Cho, SeongWon) 부산고고학회 2016 고고광장 Vol.- No.19

Pottery culture study of the 4th and 5th centuries, Gyeongnam area has focused on time classification, regionality of hard earthenware which was unearthed from the tomb. However, this is only one side of the pottery culture to see, there are limitations on the restoration of ancient society with the pottery culture. Therefore, a study on the pottery for Used in daily life in the past is needed to really understand the pottery culture. There are some studies those leave much to be desired on a particular topic with steamer or cooking, such as specific models. It’s supplemented the research results and reviewed the regionality for A comprehensive approach to soft earthenware excavated from Gyeongnam area in 4th and 5th centuries. There are distributed two soft earthenware culture region of eastern and western. The eastern region corresponds to three districts of Busan, Gimhae, Chanwon. Pottery excavated at settlement consists mainly of members those are round bottom pottery with a long body, ‘一’- shaped steam vent pottery serial steamer with a long body, small pottery, horn-shaped jar handles etc.. But flat bottom pottery with a long body, boul steamer with circle steam vent, pottery bowl shape, small Pottery, truncated horn-shaped jar handles are the central kind of earthenware in Geoje, Jinju, Hadong, Sancheong, Geochang, western region. There are distinct differences between the two regions in model configuration and specific form. Haman region is presumed to be the boundaries of these two cultures. But the presence of settlement in Haman is unclear yet. There was a variety of human exchanges along the coast, because it’s identified all soft earthenware of the two cultures in Changwon Seongsan midden and Jinhae Yongwon site, etc.. It s sure that these pottery culture of difference for our daily lives directly relevant to differences in lifestyle. There is a challenge to make clear the current step. It’s considered one of important factors those are the acceptance of the hard earthenware culture what it had been the fashion at that time, the production techniques changes in the process, the persistence of traditional pottery culture, the interactions by relations with surrounding areas etc., causing the soft earthenware cultural differences.

고구려의 대외정책과 고분벽화의 내세관과의 상관관계에 관한 고찰

김건희(Kim, Kun-Hee) 고조선단군학회 2013 고조선단군학 Vol.29 No.-

중세 말 프랑스 왕정과 국가 이데올로기 -필립 4세(1285~1314)와 샤를 5세(1364~1380)시기를 중심으로-

홍용진 ( Young Jin Hong ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2006 사총 Vol.62 No.-

구분마연 기술로 본 한국식동검문화의 개시 연대 : 중국 자료의 편년을 통하여

허준양 국립문화재연구원 2017 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.50 No.3

The purpose of this study is to grasp the commencement date of Korean-type Bronze Dagger through the chronology of Chinese data. It focuses on the fact that the same section polishing technique appears both in Korean-style bronze dagger and Dongzhou type bronze dagger. Dongzhou type bronze dagger in Anqiu Shandong, in which A1 type section polishing technique is observed, was said to have been collected remains in 1958, but the clear excavation cannot be identified. Therefore, this study presents No. M1 Zuojiawa Jinan, Dongzhou type bronze dagger, and associated products. As associated products, bronze weapon and bronze ware were excavated, whose periods are estimated to be in the Spring and Autumn period, the transition period of Warring States, and the former part of the China's Warring States. Accordingly, the Korean bronze dagger, excavated in the remains of the Han Peninsula appears to have run parallel with the Dongzhou type bronze dagger of the A1 section polishing technique, excavated in China for a fixed period. In addition, the chronology of No. 61MI grave in Manyeongmyojeon, Shanxi is estimated to range from the former part to the middle part of the China's Warring States, which is identified to be connected to the A1 section polishing technique. Furthermore, the A1 type section polishing technique was distributed in the southwestern area of the Korean peninsula and Shandong, China, while the A2 type section polishing technique was distributed in the southern area of the Korean peninsula, Shanxi-Province in China, and Northern Kyushu region in Japan. Seen from the weapon-shaped Bronze ware of the section polishing technique, Shanxi area(Central Plains area), China. the southwestern area of the Korean peninsula (northwest area), and Northern Kyushu region in Japan are set up as one traffic road(spreading route). This demonstrates that the section polishing technique emerged around the Han Peninsular, spreading the technique regionally. 본 글은 중국 자료의 편년을 통해 한국식동검문화의 개시 연대를 파악하는 데 목적을 두었다. 한반도의 한국식동검과 중국의 동주식동검에 동일한 구분마연 기술이 존재하는 점을 주목하였다. A1식 구분마연 기술이 관찰되는 동주식동검은 ‘1958년 산동성 안구시 수습품’으로 전해져 명확한 출토 양상을 파악할 수 없다. 때문에 비교 자료인 제남 좌가와 1호묘 출토 동주식동검과 공반품을 제시하였다. 공반품은 청동무기, 청동예기 등이 출토되어 유적의 연대는 춘추-전국시대 과도기~전국시대 전기로 편년된다. 따라서 한반도 제유적 출토의 한국식동검은 중국 출토 A1식 구분마연 기술의 동주식동검과 일정기간 병행되어 성립되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 A2식 구분마연 기술이 확인되는 산서성 만영묘전 61M1호묘의 연대는 전국시대 전기~중기로 편년되며 A1식 구분마연 기술과 연동되어 전개되는 것으로 확인된다. 중국 자료의 편년을 통해 볼 때 한국식동검문화의 개시 연대는 춘추-전국시대 과도기~전국시대 전기로 이해되고, 기원전 5-4세기로 편년된다. 이와 같은 연대는 기원전 6~5세기로 편년되는 심양 정가와자 6512호묘에 후행되며 요령식동검문화와 한국식동검문화는 자연스럽게 연동되는 것을 알 수 있다. 나아가 A1식 구분마연 기술은 한반도 서남부지역과 중국 산동반도, A2식 구분마연 기술은 한반도 남부지역과 중국 산서지역 및 일본 북부구주지역에 분포한다. 구분마연 기술의 무기형청동기를 통해 볼 때 중국 산동반도(중원지역) ⇆ 한반도 서남부지역(서북부지역) ⇆ 일본 북부구주지역은 하나의 교통로(전파 경로)로 설정된다. 이는 한반도를 중심으로 구분마연 기술이 출현하고, 지역적 확산이 전개되는 바이다.