驻华韩国人的韩语使用情况考察

韩,希昌(Han Hee Chang) 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2009 수행인문학 Vol.39 No.2

Speech communities are the basic units in examining social phenomena caused by language contact. People speaking Korean form a rather large speech community in China, and various other minor groups exist within the Korean speech community. Ethnic Koreans and Korean residents are the two major constituents of Korean speech communities in China. These groups use Korean as their native language while integrating Chinese at work and in their daily lives. However, various differences exist between the two groups. First of all, their nationality differs. Another difference is that Ethnic Korean speech communities have been formed over a long period of time, while Korean residents’ speech communities have a short history. Also, in the case of language variation, the former contains a variety of variations in terms of voice, vocabulary, and grammar. On the other hand, the latter shows variations mostly in vocabulary. By examining language variations of Korean residents’ speech communities in China, the kinds of variations and its origins shall be examined in-depth. Koreans living in China normally use Korean to communicate with one another but their usage is quite different from the Korean used by Koreans living in Korea. A major difference is shown in vocabulary. A variation in vocabulary could roughly be analyzed in two forms; coating Korean-like pronunciation to Chinese vocabulary is one and mixing Korean and Chinese by directly embedding Chinese vocabulary in the Korean language structure is the other. In this case however, Chinese vocabulary adapts the Korean phonetic system and its original tone features become barely noticeable. In such situations, the Chinese vocabulary behaves similarly to loanwords embedded in the Korean language. Again, this mixture of language is divided into habitual and conscious mixture. The conscious mixture is described as a phenomenon easily seen among Chinese language learners (Korean speakers learning Chinese) who use Chinese vocabulary consciously in the Korean language structure to enhancearniir learning and memorization of Chinese. In this case, the learners put great effort to maintain the Chinese phonetic system. Therefore, this study excludes the conscious mixture phenomenon. By analyzing the usage of Korean among Koreans residing in China, the language features shown in their speech and its causes would be discussed more fully.

언어태도에 대한 사회언어학적 연구의 성과와 과제

양명희(Yang, Myung-hee) 한국사회언어학회 2020 사회언어학 Vol.28 No.4

This paper analyzes the research progress of language attitudes in the field of sociolinguistics and proposes future research projects. First, the research progress of language attitudes can be categorized into four groups; attitudes to the language itself, attitudes to language variation, attitudes to language use, and attitudes to language identity. Research about attitudes to the language itself is peculiar in that big scale surveys were conducted by the government for linguistic policies. Quantitative survey method is preferable when providing the results in figures. However, it is unsuitable when analyzing the results in depth. Therefore, qualitative research entailed with various research methods is necessary. Research on attitudes toward language variation should be promoted considering the fast speed of linguistic change of the Korean language. So far most studies were about umlaut, euphony, grammatical change in stem and ending. Nevertheless, further studies should expand the research horizon to different linguistic units such as intonation, discourse markers, etc. Research on attitudes toward language use shows the possibility of extending the scope of the field of sociolinguistics. Especially study on anthroponym, commercials, brand names, copies, political slogans should not only be done on language attitudes but also on sociolinguistic respects. Lastly, research on language attitudes of minority groups focused on Korean migrants to Japan(Korean residents in Japan), former Soviet Union(Russian Koreans), and China(Korean-Chinese). However, at present Korea is a multicultural society which implicates that future studies should pay more attention on minority groups of different mother tongues for example immigrant workers, international students, temporary visitors, overseas Chinese, and foreigners who acquired Korean nationality, as well as North Korean defectors and migrant wives.

아바이 말 그리고 나의 말: 월남인 정착촌 내 세대 별 언어이데올로기와 정체성 연구

김성인 ( Seonginn Kim ) 한국문화인류학회 2016 韓國文化人類學 Vol.49 No.1

본 연구는 속초시 청호동에 위치한 월남인 정착촌 내 세대 별 언어 사용의 변화와 언어이데올로기를 살핀다. 특히, 이북에서 태어나 한국 전쟁 중 남한에 정착한 청호동 1세대 그리고 그들의 자녀들인 청호동 2세대가 독특한 언어적 특징을 지니고 있는 청호동 말을 어떻게 받아들이고, 어떠한 언어이데올로기를 통해 청호동 말을 설명하며, 청호동 말과 정체성을 어떻게 연관 짓는지 중점적으로 분석한다. 오늘날 청호동은 청호동 말, 속초 말, 서울 말 등이 사용되는 다중방언사회의 특징을 지니는데, 말 사용을 둘러싼 환경적 변화에 따라 각 세대의 언어이데올로기 역시 달라진다. 청호동 1세대들은 청호동 말에 대하여 바꿀 수 없는 ‘핏줄’로 비유하며, 청호동 말이 이북 출신의 사람들 그리고 그들의 고향인 이북을 지표한다고 받아들인다. 청호동 2세대들은 가족의 출신과 관계없이 청호동 출신이라면 청호동 말을 구사할 수 있다고 여긴다. 청호동 2세들에게 오늘날의 청호동 말은 특수한 상황 내 친밀한 사람들 간에 사용할 수 있는 상황변이어로 여겨지기에 적절한 상황적 요인에 맞지 않는 청호동 말 사용은 부정적인 사회적 평가 및 대화참여자와의 갈등을 야기할 가능성을 지닌다. 청호동 2세대들에게 상황변이어로서의 청호동 말의 제한적 사용은 상황의존적인 정체성의 탐색과 재확인으로 연결되어 청호동 출신으로서의 집단정체성을 공고히 하는 바탕이 되기도 한다. 본 연구는 방언 체계의 변화만을 추적하는 구조적 시각을 벗어나, 사회적 세계·사회문화적 가치·말 사용의 연속적 교차 내에서 발생하는 언어이데올로기를 통해 청호동 말을 둘러싼 세대 변이를 탐구하고 미시적 차원에서 발생되는 말 사용과 그것의 문화적 의미에 주목한다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. This study examines language use and its cultural value across two generations in an evacuee village in Ch``ongho-dong, Sokchosi, especially among the first generation born in North Korea and the second generation who are their descendants born in South Korea. Based on the ethnographic research, I investigate the language ideologies in the linguistic and identity practices of two generations in the village, to explore how changes in language ideologies are explained by each generation and affect the way the members of each generation relate themselves to language. The first generation emphasizes how their language is connected to the evacuee families. For them, Ch``onghodongmal indexes their hometown in North Korea and people who migrated from there. The second generation says Ch``onghodong-mal is a native language shared by the villagers who grew up in the village, which includes both North Korean and South Korean descendants. They also acknowledge that chances of speaking Ch``onghodong-mal are shrinking, and they think that speaking Ch``onghodong-mal is accepted in specific situational settings with intimate speech participants. In essence, the second generation considers Ch``onghodong-mal to be a limited register. The language uses in the situational settings lead the second generation to find their identity in the interaction. Speech participants often seek old vocabularies from Ch``ongho-dong in the past and stress that their linguistic features match Ch``onghodong-mal. The speech participants’ collective cooperation helps them to find and explore a speaker’s membership via language use. The intertwined relations of social change, language found in language ideologies, and the speakers’ adaptations represent the villagers’ strategic justification and imagination of their linguistic and identity practices in a changing social world.

언어 정책 및 교육 관점에서 본 한국어의 변이와 변화

이정복(Lee, Jeongbok) 한국사회언어학회 2019 사회언어학 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to point out the problems of Korean language policy and education through some phenomena of variation and change in Korean language, and to show how they should go in the future. Since language policy and education are directly related to the status of language, in Chapter 2 we outline the current status and situation of Korean. In Chapter 3, we examine some of the variations and changes in Korean language, which are highly interesting from a social perspective. Based on these results, in Chapter 4, we present the direction of Korean policy and education as ‘rich and just Korean’. So far, the key direction of policy and education for the Korean language has been ‘window-dressing language policy’ and ‘window-dressing language education’. They have attempted to refine Korean by simplifying and abstracting the various language facts and disregarding of the elements that seemed not to be beautiful. The language policy and education caught up in the ‘beautiful Korean’ obsession have lasted for decades in Korean. Now Korean speakers should be liberated from ‘beautiful and pure Korean’ ideology. We should pay more attention to local dialects, North Korean words, slang and buzzwords, and net languages. We need to accept new concepts through contact with other languages. With its diversity, richness, and political correctness, Korean will be able to keep its place firmly in the strong waves of English and grow into an important language of the world.

사회언어학의 기원과 성립

황적륜(Hwang, Juck-Ryoon) 한국사회언어학회 2010 사회언어학 Vol.18 No.2

This paper is a modest attempt to present a rather simplistic pedigree of sociolinguistics. It first describes the rise of sociolinguistics in the mid-1960s as an established academic discipline. The subsequent sections briefly survey the historial background of sociolinguistics in general, and the historical antecedents of the three main strands/orientations of modern sociolingujistics: the variation study, the ethnography of communication, and the sociology of language. The variation study, being primarily concerned with language variation and language change, finds its ancestry in the early studies in dialectology and historical linguistics. The ethnography of communication derives from anthropological linguistics and the language philosophy of 18th- and 19th-century German thinkers. The history of the sociology of language, which is rather short, stretches back to the earlier studies of language contact, bilingualism, and language policy.

日韓の打ちことばにおける経済性について -音韻変動を中心に-

최현필 한국일본언어문화학회 2022 일본언어문화 Vol.59 No.-

This paper focuses on ‘Principle of Economy’ and phonological variation in Japanese and Korean Internet-based language. And the purpose of this paper is to clarify the occurrence rate of ‘Principle of Economy’, types and user’s intention of phonological variation. Thus we aggregated data to target Twitter realtime trend in Korean and Japan and big Internet bulletin boards is called Casphy and DC-inside gallery in Korean and Japan. As a result, we clarified the occurrence rate of Principle of Economy is 6.4% in Japanese Internet-based language, 39.4% in Korean Internet-based language. And the types of phonological variation are ‘contraction(77.4%)’, ‘elision(16.9%)’, ‘mixed type(3.8%)’, ‘deletion of character(1.9%)’in Japanese Internet-based language, and ‘mixed type(39.2%)’, ‘alternation(23.5%)’, ‘elision(14.8%)’, ‘liaison(9.8%)’, ‘aggregation of characters(3.9%)’ in Korean Internet-based language. And we clarified the user’s intention of phonological changes is mostly ‘convenience(JP: 98.1%, Kor: 84.3%)’. In conclusion, ‘Principle of Economy’ hardly can function in Japanese Internet- based language, comparatively functions in Korean Internet-based language. And Korean Internet-based language has more various types of phonological variation than Japanese Internet-based language.

구어 어휘의 의미 연구 방법론-말뭉치 기반 사용역 변이 연구를 중심으로-

안의정 한국어의미학회 2014 한국어 의미학 Vol.43 No.-

This study aims at finding the methodology for the meaning of colloquial vocabulary by arranging the history of research of corpus-based register variation. Many studies using corpora have focused on variation by comparing two or more dialects, channels, genres, sublanguages or varieties of language in order to uncover the main differences and similarities between them. In one language, there are many types of sublanguage existed and this sublanguage can be divided and understood in the aspects of genre, language register, and style. In this study, I’d like to determine how to suggest the methodology for the study of meaning by studying the variation of corpus linguistics. To understand the language register is to understand various usages of language forms in the discourse level out of sentence level. Therefore, we can understand the meaning of spoken language vocabulary in the discourse level by focusing on the study of language register variation including spoken language. In Chapter 2, I organized the relationship between corpus linguistics and semantic study as a basic theoretical discussion. In Chapter 3, thereafter, I organized what type of variation study was processed following the corpus annotation. I organized the study of various registers by dividing into raw corpus, POS tagged corpus, and speech corpora. Finally, in the Chapter 4, I introduced a methodology for the study of meaning targeting sense tagged corpus.

생태언어학 관점의 국어사 교육 방향 모색

김효연(Kim, Hyo-yeon),김규훈(Kim, Kyoo-hoon) 우리말글학회 2016 우리말 글 Vol.68 No.-

이 연구는 현행 국어사 교육에 대한 비판적 인식을 바탕으로 하여 생태언어학 관점의 국어사 교육의 방향을 모색하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 먼저 국어사 교육의 주요 논의를 정리하여 국어사 교육이 국어에 대한 구조적 지식뿐만 아니라 생활문화의 측면을 포괄하여 나가고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 국어사 교육 담론과 동궤를 형성하면서 보다 실질적인 교육 내용의 전환을 가능하게 하기 위하여 생태언어학의 관점을 도입하였다. 생태언어학은 인간과 환경의 관계 속에서 언어의 통시적이고 공시적인 작용 양상을 균형성의 관점에서 탐구하는 학문이다. 생태언어학의 세부 연구 영역 가운데 ‘언어의 생태학’은 언어생성, 언어소멸, 언어접촉 등과 같은 언어 변이의 생태를 연구한다. ‘언어 변이의 생태’는 언어를 살아 숨 쉬는 유기체와 같이 인식하며, 언어의 모습이 ‘언어’를 둘러싼 ‘사용자’와 ‘환경’의 맥락적 관여와 긴밀한 관계에 놓여 있음에 주목하는 것이다. 이를 바탕으로 기존 국어사 교육의 내용 범주, ‘한글의 창제원리와 가치, 국어의 변천, 국어 수난과 발전’을 생태언어학적으로 전환할 수 있다. 그 결과, ‘한글의 창제 원리와 가치’에서는 ‘한글 창제를 둘러싼 시대적 환경’과 ‘한글이라는 문자’의 상관관계를, ‘국어의 변천’에서는 ‘당대 언중의 특성’과 ‘집단의 국어 사용’의 관련성을, ‘국어 수난과 발전’에서는 ‘피지배의 역사적 환경’과 ‘지배 언어의 압력’, 그리고 ‘당대 민중의 삶’에 대한 관계성을 중심으로 기존의 내용 요소를 생태적으로 구성해 볼 수 있다. 이는 국어사 교육의 본연적 성격을 되살려 국어와 삶의 생태를 총체적으로 교수-학습하는 국어사 교육의 내용을 고민해 본다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study aims at finding a way of Korean language history education on ecolinguistics perspective. It has a basis of critical awareness of the current Korean language history education. First of all, this study looks at major discussions about Korean language history education, and finds out that Korean language history education includes not only structural knowledges of Korean language but also features of Korean living-culture. This study adopts ecolinguistics to recover essence of Korean language history education. Ecolinguistics is a study to inquiry diachronic and synchronic using aspects of language in a relationship with humans and environments. “The ecology of language”, which is a detailed domain of ecolinguistics, discusses an ecology of language variations like language creation, language extinction, and language contact. “An ecology of language variations” realizes a language as an organism, and it emphasizes that language is related closely on participants and environments. Based on these, the current contents categories of Korean language history education, which are “Hangeul’s creating principles and values, Transition of Korean language, Suffering and developing of Korean language”, could be converted into getting the nature of ecolinguistics. As a result, this study suggests a way to construct contents of Korean language history education ecologically. It suggests an interrelationship with “Hangeul’s creating principles and values” and “timely environments surrounding Hangeul’s creation”, an understanding “Korean language change” through “language use groups of Korean language”, and a relationship in “historical environments of subordinates”, “a dominant language pressure” and “the public’s contemporary life”. This study has a meaning to agonize educational contents of Korean language history, which are connecting the ecology of Korean language and Korean living-culture.

소셜 미디어에서 사용되는 언어에 관한 대학생들의 인식과 활용에 관한 연구

곽면선 ( Kwak Myunsun ) 한국현대언어학회 2021 언어연구 Vol.37 No.3

This paper investigates the perception and the usage of college students on the language used in social media. For this study, surveys were conducted on 110 English-speaking students and 159 Korean students. As a result of the analysis, both English and Korean students consider conversations on social media are significant. However, they also think that it is not important but indispensable. Regarding when the language used in social media is uncomfortable, both groups responded that they did not understand the meaning of the language. As for the most problematic form of language on social media, both groups responded ‘space error’ was the most problematic. Views on the language used on social media were divided for and against. However, many English respondents stated that language variations in social media texts are not severe if they do not interfere with communication. Although college students are heavy users of social media, the study found significant negative views about language variants. This can be understood that a large number of college students have a normative view used in the traditional method of language use. (Daejeon University)

국내 언어와 성 연구의 주요 성과와 향후 전망

백경숙(Paik Kyungsook),박은하(Park Eunha) 한국사회언어학회 2020 사회언어학 Vol.28 No.4

This study outlines the language and gender studies in Korea over the past 30 years and derives some prospect of the future research. Following the epitome of the beginning and development of the studies in the framework of modern sociolinguistics, this article reviews the relevant studies on both Korean and foreign languages. The review shows that the works on this topic can be broadly classified into three main research areas; language variation, utterable genderlect and objective genderlect. Though having entered upon this research area two decades later than those in Amercian and European countries, Korean sociolinguists have produced significant results, especially in the gender-specific utterances in Korean. Works on other languages have been also carried out, often with applied linguistic purposes of cross-linguistic/cultural analysis, foreign language education, translation as well as consciousness raising of gender issues. Emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches both in perspectives and research methods of the future studies, this article expects continuation of variation studies for completing the description of ‘language variation and change’, sociolinguistic efforts and movement against the gender bias and discrimination, and analysis of various types of communication in cyber space. It is also pointed out that language use of sexual minorities is one of the most untapped and subtle sociolinguistic topics in Korea.