사회적 변인에 따른 한국어 변이 연구 - 국립국어원 <국어 사용 실태 조사>를 중심으로 -

조태린 국어학회 2025 국어학 Vol.- No.113

본고는 지난 3년간 진행된 국립국어원의 <국어 사용 실태 조사> 결과를 중심으로 사회적 변인에 따른 한국어 변이 양상을 살펴보고, 한국어의 사회적 변이 조사및 연구의 성과와 과제를 논의하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 언어 변이에 대한 기존의 관점을 비판적으로 검토하고 사회언어학적 접근의 목적과 내용을소개한다. 다음으로 한국어의 사회적 변이 양상을 연령/세대, 성별, 학력, 계층 등의 변인으로 나누어 살펴보고, 그 종합적 양상에서 나타나는 사회언어학적, 언어정책론적 시사점을 도출한다. 마지막으로 그간의 조사에서 나타난 사회적 변인설정, 조사 항목 선정, 조사 질문의 구체화 및 명료화 등의 문제와 개선 방향을 논의한다 Research on Korean Language Variations According to Social Variables - Focusing on Survey on the Actual Usage of Korean Language by the National Institute of Korean Language -This paper aims to examine the aspects of Korean language variation based on social variables, focusing on the results of “Survey on the Actual Usage of Korean Language” by the National Institute of the Korean Language that is conducted over the past three years, and to discuss the achievements and tasks of research on social variation in the Korean language. To this end, we first critically review existing perspectives on language variation and introduce the objectives and content of sociolinguistic approaches. Next, we explore the social variations of the Korean language by dividing them into variables such as age/generation, gender, education level, and class, and then deriving sociolinguistic and language policy implications from the overall patterns. Finally, we discuss issues such as setting of social variables, selection of survey items, and specification and clarification of survey questions that have emerged from previous surveys, along with suggestions for improvement.

驻华韩国人的韩语使用情况考察

韩,希昌(Han Hee Chang) 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2009 수행인문학 Vol.39 No.2

Speech communities are the basic units in examining social phenomena caused by language contact. People speaking Korean form a rather large speech community in China, and various other minor groups exist within the Korean speech community. Ethnic Koreans and Korean residents are the two major constituents of Korean speech communities in China. These groups use Korean as their native language while integrating Chinese at work and in their daily lives. However, various differences exist between the two groups. First of all, their nationality differs. Another difference is that Ethnic Korean speech communities have been formed over a long period of time, while Korean residents’ speech communities have a short history. Also, in the case of language variation, the former contains a variety of variations in terms of voice, vocabulary, and grammar. On the other hand, the latter shows variations mostly in vocabulary. By examining language variations of Korean residents’ speech communities in China, the kinds of variations and its origins shall be examined in-depth. Koreans living in China normally use Korean to communicate with one another but their usage is quite different from the Korean used by Koreans living in Korea. A major difference is shown in vocabulary. A variation in vocabulary could roughly be analyzed in two forms; coating Korean-like pronunciation to Chinese vocabulary is one and mixing Korean and Chinese by directly embedding Chinese vocabulary in the Korean language structure is the other. In this case however, Chinese vocabulary adapts the Korean phonetic system and its original tone features become barely noticeable. In such situations, the Chinese vocabulary behaves similarly to loanwords embedded in the Korean language. Again, this mixture of language is divided into habitual and conscious mixture. The conscious mixture is described as a phenomenon easily seen among Chinese language learners (Korean speakers learning Chinese) who use Chinese vocabulary consciously in the Korean language structure to enhancearniir learning and memorization of Chinese. In this case, the learners put great effort to maintain the Chinese phonetic system. Therefore, this study excludes the conscious mixture phenomenon. By analyzing the usage of Korean among Koreans residing in China, the language features shown in their speech and its causes would be discussed more fully.

언어태도에 대한 사회언어학적 연구의 성과와 과제

양명희(Yang Myung-hee) 한국사회언어학회 2020 사회언어학 Vol.28 No.4

This paper analyzes the research progress of language attitudes in the field of sociolinguistics and proposes future research projects. First, the research progress of language attitudes can be categorized into four groups; attitudes to the language itself, attitudes to language variation, attitudes to language use, and attitudes to language identity. Research about attitudes to the language itself is peculiar in that big scale surveys were conducted by the government for linguistic policies. Quantitative survey method is preferable when providing the results in figures. However, it is unsuitable when analyzing the results in depth. Therefore, qualitative research entailed with various research methods is necessary. Research on attitudes toward language variation should be promoted considering the fast speed of linguistic change of the Korean language. So far most studies were about umlaut, euphony, grammatical change in stem and ending. Nevertheless, further studies should expand the research horizon to different linguistic units such as intonation, discourse markers, etc. Research on attitudes toward language use shows the possibility of extending the scope of the field of sociolinguistics. Especially study on anthroponym, commercials, brand names, copies, political slogans should not only be done on language attitudes but also on sociolinguistic respects. Lastly, research on language attitudes of minority groups focused on Korean migrants to Japan(Korean residents in Japan), former Soviet Union(Russian Koreans), and China(Korean-Chinese). However, at present Korea is a multicultural society which implicates that future studies should pay more attention on minority groups of different mother tongues for example immigrant workers, international students, temporary visitors, overseas Chinese, and foreigners who acquired Korean nationality, as well as North Korean defectors and migrant wives.

아바이 말 그리고 나의 말: 월남인 정착촌 내 세대 별 언어이데올로기와 정체성 연구

김성인 ( Seonginn Kim ) 한국문화인류학회 2016 한국문화인류학 Vol.49 No.1

This study examines language use and its cultural value across two generations in an evacuee village in Ch``ongho-dong, Sokchosi, especially among the first generation born in North Korea and the second generation who are their descendants born in South Korea. Based on the ethnographic research, I investigate the language ideologies in the linguistic and identity practices of two generations in the village, to explore how changes in language ideologies are explained by each generation and affect the way the members of each generation relate themselves to language. The first generation emphasizes how their language is connected to the evacuee families. For them, Ch``onghodongmal indexes their hometown in North Korea and people who migrated from there. The second generation says Ch``onghodong-mal is a native language shared by the villagers who grew up in the village, which includes both North Korean and South Korean descendants. They also acknowledge that chances of speaking Ch``onghodong-mal are shrinking, and they think that speaking Ch``onghodong-mal is accepted in specific situational settings with intimate speech participants. In essence, the second generation considers Ch``onghodong-mal to be a limited register. The language uses in the situational settings lead the second generation to find their identity in the interaction. Speech participants often seek old vocabularies from Ch``ongho-dong in the past and stress that their linguistic features match Ch``onghodong-mal. The speech participants’ collective cooperation helps them to find and explore a speaker’s membership via language use. The intertwined relations of social change, language found in language ideologies, and the speakers’ adaptations represent the villagers’ strategic justification and imagination of their linguistic and identity practices in a changing social world.

사회언어학의 기원과 성립

황적륜(Hwang Juck-Ryoon) 한국사회언어학회 2010 사회언어학 Vol.18 No.2

This paper is a modest attempt to present a rather simplistic pedigree of sociolinguistics. It first describes the rise of sociolinguistics in the mid-1960s as an established academic discipline. The subsequent sections briefly survey the historial background of sociolinguistics in general, and the historical antecedents of the three main strands/orientations of modern sociolingujistics: the variation study, the ethnography of communication, and the sociology of language. The variation study, being primarily concerned with language variation and language change, finds its ancestry in the early studies in dialectology and historical linguistics. The ethnography of communication derives from anthropological linguistics and the language philosophy of 18th- and 19th-century German thinkers. The history of the sociology of language, which is rather short, stretches back to the earlier studies of language contact, bilingualism, and language policy.

언어 정책 및 교육 관점에서 본 한국어의 변이와 변화

이정복(Lee Jeongbok) 한국사회언어학회 2019 사회언어학 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study is to point out the problems of Korean language policy and education through some phenomena of variation and change in Korean language, and to show how they should go in the future. Since language policy and education are directly related to the status of language, in Chapter 2 we outline the current status and situation of Korean. In Chapter 3, we examine some of the variations and changes in Korean language, which are highly interesting from a social perspective. Based on these results, in Chapter 4, we present the direction of Korean policy and education as ‘rich and just Korean’. So far, the key direction of policy and education for the Korean language has been ‘window-dressing language policy’ and ‘window-dressing language education’. They have attempted to refine Korean by simplifying and abstracting the various language facts and disregarding of the elements that seemed not to be beautiful. The language policy and education caught up in the ‘beautiful Korean’ obsession have lasted for decades in Korean. Now Korean speakers should be liberated from ‘beautiful and pure Korean’ ideology. We should pay more attention to local dialects, North Korean words, slang and buzzwords, and net languages. We need to accept new concepts through contact with other languages. With its diversity, richness, and political correctness, Korean will be able to keep its place firmly in the strong waves of English and grow into an important language of the world.

장아이링(張愛玲)소설의 수사(修辭) 특징에 대한 고찰―중편・단편 소설을 중심으로―

맹유 동아인문학회 2024 동아인문학 Vol.68 No.-

본 논문에서는 장아이링의 수사 특징을 가장 잘 반영한 중 ・ 단편 소설을 연구 대상으로 하여 음악적 수사, 변이 수사 및 비유 수사, 색채 대조 수사 등 네 가지 측면에서 장아이링 소설의 수사 특징을 살펴보았다. 장아이링은 그의 작품에서 첩음 어휘, 반복 등과 같은 음악적 성격을 띤 언어를 이례적으로 많이 사용하여 그의 독특한 음악적 수사 특징을 드러냈다. AA식, AABB식, ABB식과 같은 대량의 첩음 어휘의 연이은 사용은 그의 작품으로 하여금 시가의 정취를 갖게 하였고, 같은 어휘, 구, 문장의 ‘반복’이라는 수사 기법의 빈번한 사용은 강조된 감정과 언어의 음악적 리듬감을 적절하게 드러내었다. 변이 수사 부분에서는 어휘의 변이 수사, 어법의 변이 수사, 화용의 변이 수사 등 세 가지 측면에서 장아이링 소설의 변이 수사를 탐구하였다. 어휘 변이 수사는 주로 ‘어의 벗어나기’와 ‘어휘 바꾸기’에 반영된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 장아이링은 언어의 틀에 국한되지 않고 어휘의 구성 요소를 독창적으로 대체 및 수정함으로써 새로운 의미를 부여하여서 특별한 의미를 전달하려 하였다. 장아이링 소설의 어법적 변이는 주로 파격 조합과 모순 조합에서 나타나는데 이는 언어 형식에서 논리적 법칙을 깨뜨려 모순된 것처럼 보이지만 실제로는 심오한 언어 특성을 조성한다. 화용에서 장아이링의 변이 수사는 주로 특정 언어 환경에서 문장의 색다른 사용에 있으며 더 두드러진 것은 역설인데 이는 겉으로는 칭찬하는 것처럼 보이지만 실제로는 비난하고 있다는 것이다. 변이 수사의 적절한 적용은 장아이링 소설 언어에 무한한 함의를 포함하게 하고 속되지 않은 심미적 가치와 예술적 매력을 보여주었다. 장아이링 소설에 쓰인 비유가 독특하다는 것은 관례를 깨뜨려 사람들의 고유한 심미적 사고방식을 바꾸며, 치밀한 관찰과 돌발적인 비유로 인물을 물체화하여 인간의 생존 상태와 비극적 운명 그리고 인간의 본질을 풀어내는 데에 있다. 장아이링의 비유 수사의 특징은 색다른 비유 대상과 더불어 색채 수사와 공감각 수사를 결합한 비유에 있다. 알록달록한 색채의 대조는 장아이링식 문체의 매우 중요한 특징 중 하나로 다른 작가의 스타일과 현저한 차이를 보인다. 그녀는 작품에서 색채 선염에 최선을 다하여 과감하고 독특한 색채 대조를 통해 인물 표현의 시각적 기능을 발휘하였으며, 언어의 감수성을 강화함으로써 시적이면서 미적인 표현을 달성하고자 노력하였다. 장아이링 소설 언어의 수사적 특징에 대한 분석은 장아이링 소설 언어의 예술적 매력을 심층적으로 분석하고 이해함으로써 문예 창작에 대한 사고와 영감의 제공에 일조하기를 기대한다. This article takes the short and medium-length novels that best reflect Eileen Chang's rhetorical characteristics as the research objects. It examines the rhetorical features of Eileen Chang's novels from four aspects: musical rhetoric, variation rhetoric, metaphorical rhetoric, and color contrast rhetoric. Eileen Chang exceptionally uses musical elements in her language, such as reduplicative words and repetition, showcasing her unique musical rhetorical characteristics. The continuous use of a large number of reduplicative words in AA, AABB, and ABB patterns gives her works a poetic rhythm. The frequent use of the rhetorical technique of "repetition" in identical words, phrases, and sentences appropriately emphasizes emotions and imparts a musical rhythm to the language. In the section on variation rhetoric, this study explores the lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic variation rhetoric in Eileen Chang's novels. It is found that the rhetoric of lexical variation is mainly reflected in “semantic deviation” and “transformation.” Eileen Chang is not confined to the framework of language but instead creatively replaces and modifies the components of vocabulary, giving them new meanings to convey specific significances. The grammatical variation in her novels is mainly manifested in unconventional and contradictory combinations, breaking the logical rules of language forms. What seems contradictory actually creates profound language characteristics. Pragmatically, Eileen Chang's variation rhetoric is mainly reflected in the unconventional use of language in certain contexts. What appears to be praise on the surface is actually a form of criticism. The appropriate application of variation rhetoric endows the language of Eileen Chang's novels with infinite connotations, showcasing remarkable aesthetic value and artistic charm. The uniqueness of metaphors in Eileen Chang's novels lies in breaking conventions, changing people's inherent aesthetic thinking. Through meticulous observation and ingenious metaphors, she objectifies characters and unveils the state of human existence, tragic fate, and the essence of humanity. The characteristics of Eileen Chang's metaphorical rhetoric involve combining unique metaphorical objects with color rhetoric and synesthesia. Colorful contrast is one of the very important features of Eileen Chang's literary style, significantly different from other writers. She goes all out to depict colors in her works. Through bold and unique color contrasts, she enhances the visual function of character representation and strives to achieve the expression of poetic imagery by intensifying the sensuality of language. By analyzing the rhetorical features of the language in Eileen Chang's novels, this study aims to delve deeper into the artistic charm of her literary language, providing some reflections and inspiration for literary creation.

日韓の打ちことばにおける経済性について -音韻変動を中心に-

최현필 한국일본언어문화학회 2022 일본언어문화 Vol.59 No.-

This paper focuses on ‘Principle of Economy’ and phonological variation in Japanese and Korean Internet-based language. And the purpose of this paper is to clarify the occurrence rate of ‘Principle of Economy’, types and user’s intention of phonological variation. Thus we aggregated data to target Twitter realtime trend in Korean and Japan and big Internet bulletin boards is called Casphy and DC-inside gallery in Korean and Japan. As a result, we clarified the occurrence rate of Principle of Economy is 6.4% in Japanese Internet-based language, 39.4% in Korean Internet-based language. And the types of phonological variation are ‘contraction(77.4%)’, ‘elision(16.9%)’, ‘mixed type(3.8%)’, ‘deletion of character(1.9%)’in Japanese Internet-based language, and ‘mixed type(39.2%)’, ‘alternation(23.5%)’, ‘elision(14.8%)’, ‘liaison(9.8%)’, ‘aggregation of characters(3.9%)’ in Korean Internet-based language. And we clarified the user’s intention of phonological changes is mostly ‘convenience(JP: 98.1%, Kor: 84.3%)’. In conclusion, ‘Principle of Economy’ hardly can function in Japanese Internet- based language, comparatively functions in Korean Internet-based language. And Korean Internet-based language has more various types of phonological variation than Japanese Internet-based language.

구어 어휘의 의미 연구 방법론-말뭉치 기반 사용역 변이 연구를 중심으로-

안의정 한국어의미학회 2014 한국어 의미학 Vol.43 No.-

This study aims at finding the methodology for the meaning of colloquial vocabulary by arranging the history of research of corpus-based register variation. Many studies using corpora have focused on variation by comparing two or more dialects, channels, genres, sublanguages or varieties of language in order to uncover the main differences and similarities between them. In one language, there are many types of sublanguage existed and this sublanguage can be divided and understood in the aspects of genre, language register, and style. In this study, I’d like to determine how to suggest the methodology for the study of meaning by studying the variation of corpus linguistics. To understand the language register is to understand various usages of language forms in the discourse level out of sentence level. Therefore, we can understand the meaning of spoken language vocabulary in the discourse level by focusing on the study of language register variation including spoken language. In Chapter 2, I organized the relationship between corpus linguistics and semantic study as a basic theoretical discussion. In Chapter 3, thereafter, I organized what type of variation study was processed following the corpus annotation. I organized the study of various registers by dividing into raw corpus, POS tagged corpus, and speech corpora. Finally, in the Chapter 4, I introduced a methodology for the study of meaning targeting sense tagged corpus.

생태언어학 관점의 국어사 교육 방향 모색

김효연(Kim, Hyo-yeon),김규훈(Kim, Kyoo-hoon) 우리말글학회 2016 우리말 글 Vol.68 No.-

이 연구는 현행 국어사 교육에 대한 비판적 인식을 바탕으로 하여 생태언어학 관점의 국어사 교육의 방향을 모색하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 먼저 국어사 교육의 주요 논의를 정리하여 국어사 교육이 국어에 대한 구조적 지식뿐만 아니라 생활문화의 측면을 포괄하여 나가고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 국어사 교육 담론과 동궤를 형성하면서 보다 실질적인 교육 내용의 전환을 가능하게 하기 위하여 생태언어학의 관점을 도입하였다. 생태언어학은 인간과 환경의 관계 속에서 언어의 통시적이고 공시적인 작용 양상을 균형성의 관점에서 탐구하는 학문이다. 생태언어학의 세부 연구 영역 가운데 ‘언어의 생태학’은 언어생성, 언어소멸, 언어접촉 등과 같은 언어 변이의 생태를 연구한다. ‘언어 변이의 생태’는 언어를 살아 숨 쉬는 유기체와 같이 인식하며, 언어의 모습이 ‘언어’를 둘러싼 ‘사용자’와 ‘환경’의 맥락적 관여와 긴밀한 관계에 놓여 있음에 주목하는 것이다. 이를 바탕으로 기존 국어사 교육의 내용 범주, ‘한글의 창제원리와 가치, 국어의 변천, 국어 수난과 발전’을 생태언어학적으로 전환할 수 있다. 그 결과, ‘한글의 창제 원리와 가치’에서는 ‘한글 창제를 둘러싼 시대적 환경’과 ‘한글이라는 문자’의 상관관계를, ‘국어의 변천’에서는 ‘당대 언중의 특성’과 ‘집단의 국어 사용’의 관련성을, ‘국어 수난과 발전’에서는 ‘피지배의 역사적 환경’과 ‘지배 언어의 압력’, 그리고 ‘당대 민중의 삶’에 대한 관계성을 중심으로 기존의 내용 요소를 생태적으로 구성해 볼 수 있다. 이는 국어사 교육의 본연적 성격을 되살려 국어와 삶의 생태를 총체적으로 교수-학습하는 국어사 교육의 내용을 고민해 본다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study aims at finding a way of Korean language history education on ecolinguistics perspective. It has a basis of critical awareness of the current Korean language history education. First of all, this study looks at major discussions about Korean language history education, and finds out that Korean language history education includes not only structural knowledges of Korean language but also features of Korean living-culture. This study adopts ecolinguistics to recover essence of Korean language history education. Ecolinguistics is a study to inquiry diachronic and synchronic using aspects of language in a relationship with humans and environments. “The ecology of language”, which is a detailed domain of ecolinguistics, discusses an ecology of language variations like language creation, language extinction, and language contact. “An ecology of language variations” realizes a language as an organism, and it emphasizes that language is related closely on participants and environments. Based on these, the current contents categories of Korean language history education, which are “Hangeul’s creating principles and values, Transition of Korean language, Suffering and developing of Korean language”, could be converted into getting the nature of ecolinguistics. As a result, this study suggests a way to construct contents of Korean language history education ecologically. It suggests an interrelationship with “Hangeul’s creating principles and values” and “timely environments surrounding Hangeul’s creation”, an understanding “Korean language change” through “language use groups of Korean language”, and a relationship in “historical environments of subordinates”, “a dominant language pressure” and “the public’s contemporary life”. This study has a meaning to agonize educational contents of Korean language history, which are connecting the ecology of Korean language and Korean living-culture.