한국기업의 중국내수시장 진출 확대를 위한 차별화 및 현지화 전략

권영철 ( Yung Chul Kwon ),김기현 ( Ki Hyun Kim ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2012 유라시아연구 Vol.9 No.1

중국이 세계공장에서 세계시장으로 바뀌고 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 후발주자로서 한국기업이 중국 내수시장 확대를 꾀할 수 있는 전략 대안 제시에 있다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 시장지향성 개념에 입각한 차별화 및 현지화전략을 그 대안으로 제시하였다. 중국시장 진입장벽으로 경쟁장벽 과문화적 장벽을 들 수 있는데, 차별화전략은 경쟁장벽 극복 대안으로, 그리고 현지화 전략은 문화적 장벽 극복 대안이 될 수 있다. 이를 검증하기 위해 우선 중국 시장에서 성공을 거두고 있는 이마트, 한국타이어, 오리온 초코파이 등 세 개 기업의 차별화 및 현지화 전략의 사례를 분석하였다. 분석결과 이들 기업들은 중국시장에서 제품, 마케팅, 경영관리 등 모든 가치사슬 기능에 걸쳐 적극적으로 차별화 및 현지화 전략을 실행하고 있음이 규명되었다. 나아가서 사례분석을 뒷받침하기 위해 중국 시장에 진출하고 있는 152개 국내기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 과연 차별화/현지화 수준에 따라 상이한 경영성과를 보이는지 실증적 검증을 시도하였다. 군집분석결과 (1)고(高) 차별화/현지화 그룹군> (2)중(中) 차별화/현지화 그룹군 > (3)저(低) 차별화/현지화 그룹군으로 군집이 형성되고, 이들 간에 경영성과가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 고(高) 차별화/현지화 그룹군이 저(低) 차별화/현지화 그룹군보다 경영성과가 유의하게 더 높았다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 중국 내수시장 확대를 위해서는 차별화 및 현지화 전략의 중요성을 입증하는 것이다. 본 연구결과가 현재 중국시장에 진출하고 있거나 앞으로 진출하고자 하는 한국기업들에게 중국 내수시장 공략을 위한 일련의 시사점을 제시해 줄 것으로 기대된다. 그러면 문제는 어떻게 중국 시장에서 국내기업들이 차별화/현지화 전략을 성공적으로 실현시켜 나갈 수 있느냐이다. 이를 위해 첫째로 차별화 전략의 실현을 위해 경쟁자지향성(competitor orientation)이 되어야 한다. 즉 정기적으로 현지 경쟁사의 강점과 약점을 평가하고, 주요 경쟁자의 행동에 즉각 대응 조치해야 하고, 경쟁우위를 확보할 수 있는 시장기회를 잘 포착할 수 있어야 한다. 이를 바탕으로 차별화에 대한 아이디어 개발이 중요한데, 제품, 서비스, 스태프, 이미지 등의 차별화에 특히 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다. 둘째로 현지화 전략의 실현을 위해서는 소비자지향성(consumer orientation)이 되어야 한다. 소비자지향성이란 현지 소비자의 욕구와 취향을 잘 이해하고, 현지 소비자에 대한 가치 창출에 최대 관심을 두어야 하고, 현지소비자 만족도에 대하여 지속적인 검토를 수행하는 것이다. 셋째, 이런 차별화/현지화 전략 실현은 기업 본사, 현지자회사, 그리고 각 부서 독자적으로 이룰 수 없는 것이다. 상호 유기적인 협조 체제가 구축되어야 한다. 즉 본사와 현지자회사, 그리고 각 부서는 고객가치 창출을 위해 서로 협력하고 경쟁자와 소비자에 대한 모든 정보를 공유해야 한다. 특히 중국처럼 전략적으로 중요한 시장에 대해서는 차별화/현지화 전략의 실현이 더욱 중요시 되는데, 이를 위해서는 본사는 중국 자회사에게 현지 시장에서 발 빠르게 대응할 수 있도록 모든 중요한 의사결정에 대해 자율권을 부여하는 것이 바람직하다. 그래야만 중국 시장에서 자회사들이 이니셔티브를 가지고 현지화와 차별화에 전력을 기울일 수 있을 것이다. 마지막으로 중국 외에 인도, 브라질 러시아 등 신흥국 시장으로의 진출이 전략적으로 중요시되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 연구모델로 제시된 경쟁장벽 극복을 위한 차별화 전략과 문화적 장벽 극복을 위한 현지화 전략은 이와 같은 전략적으로 중요한 국가에서도 중요시 고려되어져야 할 것이다. China is on the progress of changing from world factory to world market. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to assess the strategies that make the increases of Korean firms` market share in China possible. Specifically, both differentiation and localization strategies are suggested based on the concept of market orientation. Competitive and cultural barriers would be key entry barriers in the China market. Differentiation strategy can be a alternative to overcome the competitive barriers whereas localization strategy be a alternative to overcome the cultural barriers. To prove this logic, we analyzed the case of three companies, such as E-mart, Korean Tier Inc., and Orion, operating in China. The results indicate that these three companies have implemented both differentiation and localization strategies across the value chain functions such as product, marketing, and management in the China market. We also tested the relationship between the level of differentiation/localization and performance based on the sample of one hundred fifty two companies. The result showed that there is a significant difference in performance among three groups - (1) high level of differentiation and localization, (2) middle level of differentiation and localization, and (3) low level of differentiation and localization. This result implies that both differentiation and localization strategies play important roles in expanding Korean firms` market shares in China. Therefore, the results of this study will provide meaningful guidelines for penetrating into the China market to Korean firms. The problem is how we implement the differentiation and localization strategies in the China market. First of all, we should pay attention to the concept of competitor orientation to realize the differentiation strategy. In this respect, we have to evaluate the strength and weakness of our main local competitors regularly, response to their strategic changes, and explore market opportunities in a timely manner. Based on these analyses, we can become to get the idea of differentiation strategy. Secondly, we should also pay attention the concept of consumer orientation to realize the localization strategy effectively. In other words, we have to understand the local consumers` wants and needs, have interests in providing the most values to the local consumers, monitor their satisfaction to our products or services regularly. Based on this process, we can come up with the idea of realizing the localization strategies in the China market. Finally, it is impossible to realize the differentiation and localization strategies in the China market without the keen cooperation between parent company and local subsidiaries. They should share information about local competitors and consumers and cooperate to develop products and services in the China market. Parent company should also grant full autonomy to local subsidiaries for their operation in the China market which is strategically very important market. Thus, local subsidiaries can realize the differentiation and localization strategies in order to develope market opportunities in a timely manner in the China market. Finally, in these days emerging markets such as India, Brazil, Russia become to strategically important to our Korean firms. Therefore, we can apply both the differentiation strategy to copy with the barriers to competition and the localization strategy to copy with the barriers to culture in these strategically important countries.

Neuronal differentiation into specific cell types by neurogenic and epigenetic factors

Yunhee Kim 한국발생생물학회 2012 한국발생생물학회 학술발표대회 Vol.31 No.-

Neural precursor cells (NPCs) with abilities to self-renew and differentiate into neurons are born in the subventricular zone of the hippocampus and the subgranular zone in the adult mammalian brain. NPCs maintain their population by symmetric cell division and neuronal cell differentiation started by asymmetric cell division. Asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. It has been shown that multiple transcription factors, like homeodomain transcription factors and basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors, play cruel role in cell fate determination (Bertrand et al., 2002). Multipotent cortical progenitors are maintained in a proliferative state by bHLH factors including Id and Hes families. The transition from proliferation to neurogenesis involves a coordinate increase in the activity of proneural bHLH factors (Mash1, Neurogenin1, and Neurogenin2). As development proceeds, inhibition of proneural bHLH factors in cortical progenitors promotes the formation of astrocytes. Finally, the formation of oligodendrocytes is triggered by an increase in the activity of bHLH factors Olig1 and Olig2 that may be coupled with a decrease in Id activity. Thus, bHLH factors have key roles in corticogenesis, affecting the timing of differentiation and the specification of cell fate. Hes1 is a vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila bHLH protein Hairy, originally known as a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. Hes1 expression in neuronal precursors precedes and represses the expression of the neuronal commitment gene Mash1, a bHLH activator homologus to the proneuronal Achaete-Scute genes in Drosophila (Campuzano and Modolell, 1992). Down regulation of Hes1 expression in developing neuroblasts may be necessary for the induction of a regulatory cascade of bHLH activator proteins that controls the commitment and progression of neural differentiation. Expression of Hes1 inhibited neurite outgrowth, whereas Mash1 expression increased neurite outgrowth. Mash1 can induce bipolar neuron differentiation (Tomita et al., 1996) and NSCs culture obtained from Mash1-/- mice cannot differentiate into GBAergic neurons (Oishi et al., 2009) Hes1 is an essential effector for Notch signaling, which regulates the maintenance of undifferentiated cells (Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 1999). In contrast, it is previously reported that platelet-derived growth factor induces the expression of Mash1 mRNA by regulating the phosphorylation of Hes1 and TLE1 (Ju et al., 2004). Hes1 is required for neuronal differentiation in PDGF treated NSC cultures. The major cell types in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are the glutamatergic neurons and the GABAergic neurons. Cholinergic neurons are important in spatial learning and memory formation and depleted in patient’s brain of early Alzheimer’s disease. It has not been clear, however, whether new born adult NPCs could generate different cell types of neurons with distinct cellular and physiological properties. During the development, glutamatergic neurons consisting of radially migrating neurons are originated from the ventricular zone of the dorsal telenchephalon (pallium) and give rise to pyramidal neurons. Glutamate and glutamate receptors are involved in cognitive functions by forming major excitatory network. GABAergic neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus are in part migrated from the ventral telenchephalon or from the dorsal NPCs and function as local interneurons by forming inhibitory networks which regulate large populations of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. During the development, spatiotemporal gene expression regulated by extracellular signaling factors is believed to determine the formation of neuronal phenotypes. Platelet derived growth factor B is known to induce the differentiation into neurons rather than glial cells in the rat NPCs. We found that platelet derived growth factor B is expressed in dorsal cortex and hippocampus more than in ventral cortex in the period of pyramidal cell differentiation of the embryonic rat brain. It indeed induces cell type specific differentiation into glutamatergic cells that produce the glutamate transpoter, vGluT1 and glutamate at the late stage of differentiation although it promotes neuronal differentiation at the early stage in NPCs primarily cultured from the rat embryonic hippocampus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, however, facilitated GABAergic differentiation in the hippocampal NPCs that generate glutamatergic pyramidal cells in a similar manner. We also found many transcriptional factors such as homeobox genes (Dlx1, Nkx2.1, Pax6) and bHLH genes (NeuroD, Ngn1, Hes1) are involved in cell type specific differentiation into glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic cells. We observed the expression of Pax6, homeodomain transcription factor, and Hes1, bHLH transcription factor, increased during PDGF-induced early differentiation in neural stem cells. These transcription factors, however, are also expressed in differentiated neurons with specific phenotype at late differentiation stage. We found pax6 is expressed in cholinergic neurons in the adult brains and in cultures. Phosphorylation of neurogenic transcription factors by protein kinases has been reported as predominant strategy in gene regulation during neuronal development and these regulated activities of different transcription factors are known to be involved in cell fate determination. Homeodomaininteracting protein kinases2 (HIPK2) which belongs to HIPK family has been identified as a nuclear serine-threonine kinase and is known to interact with several transcription factors to regulate gene transcriptions. Among several transcription factors, HIPK2 is mainly reported to target the homeodomain transcription factors such as Nkx and Pax6. Considering the importance of homeodomain transcription factors in neurogenesis and differentiation, HIPK2 also seem to play critical roles in those transcriptional regulations during embryogenesis. To define the roles of HIPK2 in neuronal differentiation during embryonic development, we investigated the expression patterns of neurogenic transcription factors such as Pax6, Hes1 and Mash1 in HIPK2 overexpressing NSCs. Hes1 showed different expression patterns between the wild type and mutant HIPK2 overexpressed cells and Mash1, which is reported to be repressed by Hes1, also showed altered expression patterns. We detected the mRNA expression of Hes1 is upregulated by HIPK2 during neuronal differentiation. The overexpressed Pax6 induced differentiation of neural stem cells into cholinergic neurons and suppressed differentiation into GABAnergic neuron both in vitro and in vivo transplantation study. To evaluate the effect of Pax6 on the transcriptional activation of Hes1 promoter, we performed luciferase reporter assay in NIH3T3 cells. Reporter expression of Hes1 promoter was enhanced upon stimulation with wild type Pax6 and wild type HIPK2. Furthermore, the HDAC inhibition mediated by TSA(Trichostatin A) has been shown to repress the reporter expression. The treatment of TSA increased neurofilaments and GAD expression in E14.5 cortical neuronal cell. These findings suggest that Pax6 promotes neuronal subtype differentiation via regulation of Hes1 bHLH transcription factor, which is mediated by HDAC. To examine the effect of Pax6 and HIPK2 on the transcriptional activation of Hes1, efficiency of hes1 promoter was measured by a luciferase reporter assay. When DNA constructs encoding Pax6 and HIPK2 were transfected along with Hes1 promoter, the expression of the reporter was highly increased. Furthermore, the HDAC inhibition mediated by TSA(Trichostatin A) repressed the reporter expression. Interaction of Pax6 and HIPK2 was shown by co-immunoprecipitation and binding of Pax6 to hes1 promoter was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation. I also found overexpression of HIPK2 and Pax6 facilitated neural stem cells to differentiate into cholinergic cell fate in NSCs primarily cultured from the rat hippocampus. This is also supported by analysis of the brains of sey/neu Pax6 mutant mice and HIPK2 knock out mice. These findings suggest that Pax6 activation by HIPK2 promotes neuronal subtype differentiation via up regulation of Hes1 and down regulation of Mash1 and it is mediated by HDAC.

Reversine에 의한 3T3-L1 지방세포의 분화조절

김요한,최병석,문양수 공주대학교 자원과학연구소 2023 자원과학연구 Vol.5 No.2

Reversine, a synthetic purine analog, is used for cell de-differentiation, and previous research has explored its effects on fat cell de-differentiation and trans-differentiation. However, limited studies have investigated the systematic control of fat cell differentiation during adipogenesis. In this study, we examined the impact of different concentrations and timings of reversine treatments on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation across various stages, including clonal expansion (day 0 - day 2), post-mitotic growth arrest (day 2 - day 4), and terminal differentiation phases (day 4 - day 6). We found that the differentiation of adipocytes depended on the concentration of reversine, with prolonged treatment leading to inhibited adipocyte differentiation. When treating specific stages with reversine, we observed the most significant decrease in intracellular lipid accumulation (p<0.05) and the expression of adipogenic marker genes (PPARγ, FASN, adiponectin) during the post-mitotic growth arrest phase (p<0.05). The impact of reversine treatment during the late differentiation phase was diminished compared to the two earlier stages of differentiation. However, high concentrations still exhibited inhibitory effects on intracellular lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression. Consistent reversine treatment from the early to late stages of differentiation effectively reduced the formation of adipocyte lipid droplets and associated gene expressions (p<0.05), depending on treatment duration and concentration. Our study suggests that reversine generally inhibits adipocyte differentiation, with maximal efficacy during the post-mitotic growth arrest phase.

기능적 분화와 사회 연대

고봉진 한국법철학회 2022 법철학연구 Vol.25 No.1

Capitalism today has superseded caste system of the past, and capital has risen to a position comparable to that of status. The division of labor according to function seemed to replace status, but as capital soon rose to the position occupied by status, division of labor became the dependent variable. In the change from a social class society to a capitalist society, I find the reasons why Adam Smith’s theory of division of labor succeeded and Durkheim’s theory of division of labor failed. In modern society, ‘function’ becomes more important. In the transition from the social class society to the capitalist society, the function seemed to be fully functioning. It even appears as if identity has been replaced by a function. Capitalism deviated from the framework of class society, and functions were liberated from being subordinated to class. The power of capital triumphed over the power of status. But capital itself is becoming an identity. Capital becomes a new identity and subordinates functions. An economy liberated from status was expected to usher in an era of genuine individuals, but individuals soon became subordinate to capital. In modern society, ‘function’ is more important, but the logic of capital is embedded within it. It’s hard to see it as a true functional superiority. It is difficult to see it as true functional differentiation. I demand that social theory be standardized in a way that limits the influence of capital on the economic system and reduces the influence of capital on other functional systems. Taking ‘functional differentiation’ as a normative concept means that functional differentiation is not realized properly in reality due to ‘the totality of capitalism’. While insisting on ‘functional differentiation as a normative task’, the author also insists on the differentiation of systems oriented toward social solidarity. Two points should be mentioned here. First, even if ‘functional differentiation as a normative task’ is elicited, the social solidarity effect is not fully achieved through this alone. In fact, it must be a very difficult task to derive ‘functional differentiation as a normative task’. This is because ‘functional differentiation as a normative task’ aims to dismantle ‘the totality of capitalism’ Second, for this reason, in addition to setting ‘functional differentiation as a normative task’, it is thought that various devices oriented toward social solidarity are needed. The normative language of human dignity and human rights is still valid, and the voice of human beings for social solidarity must be raised. Where human dignity and human rights are violated and social solidarity cannot be expected within the system, the struggle for recognition of the socially weak is important. Although I argue for ‘functional differentiation as a normative concept/ normative task’, I do not think this is the only solution. In resolving social problems, I emphasize that no solution can ignore ‘functional differentiation’ in modern society, and that ‘functional differentiation’ should be set as a normative concept rather than a factual concept to present a solution. Nevertheless, there are clearly areas that cannot be covered by ‘functional differentiation’, which means that concepts such as human dignity, human rights, and struggle for recognition have a strong effect on our normative pathos. 오늘날 자본주의는 이전의 신분주의를 대체했으며, 자본은 신분에 버금가는 위치에 올라섰다. 기능에 따른 분업이 신분을 대체하는 것처럼 보였지만, 자본이 이내 신분이 차지했던 위치에 올라섬으로써 기능에 따른 분업은 그 종속변수가 되었다. 신분사회에서 자본주의 사회로의 변화에서 필자는 애덤 스미스의 분업론이 성공하고 뒤르켐의 분업론이 실패한 이유를 찾는다. 현대사회로 갈수록 ‘기능’은 더 중요한 요소가 된다. 신분사회에서 자본주의 사회로의 변화 속에서 기능은 그야말로 제 기능을 발휘하는 것처럼 보였다. 신분이 기능으로 대체된 것처럼 보이기까지 한다. 자본주의는 신분사회의 틀을 벗어났고, 기능은 신분에 종속되는 것에서 해방되었다. 자본의 힘은 신분의 힘을 이겼다. 하지만 자본 스스로 신분이 되고 있다. 자본은 새로운 신분이 되어 기능을 종속시킨다. 신분에서 해방된 경제는 진정한 개인의 시대를 열 것으로 기대했지만, 개인은 이내 자본에 종속되었다. 현대사회로 갈수록 ‘기능’이 중요시되나, 그 내면에는 자본의 논리가 내재해 있다. 진정한 기능 우위라고 보기 어렵다. 진정한 기능적 분화라고 보기 어렵다. 필자는 자본의 영향력을 경제체계에 제한하고, 정치, 학문, 예술 등 다른 기능체계에 미치는 자본의 영향력을 축소하는 방향으로 사회이론을 규범화할 것을 주문한다. ‘기능적 분화’를 규범적 개념으로 삼았다는 것은 기능적 분화가 ‘자본주의의 총체성’에 의해 현실에서는 제대로 실현되지 못한다는 것을 의미한다. 필자는 ‘규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’를 주장하면서, 사회 연대를 지향하는 체계의 분화도 주장한다. 여기서 두 가지 점을 언급해야 하는데, 첫째는 ‘규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’를 이끌어낸다고 해도, 이것만으로 사회 연대 효과가 온전히 이루어지지 않는다는 점이다. 사실 ‘규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’를 이끌어내는 것은 매우 어려운 과제임에 틀림없다. ‘규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’는 ‘자본주의의 총체성’의 해체를 목표하기 때문이다. 둘째, 그렇기에 ‘규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’를 설정하는 것 외에도, 사회 연대를 지향하는 여러 장치들이 필요하다고 생각된다. 인간존엄, 인권의 규범적 언어가 여전히 유효하며, 사회 연대를 주장하는 인간의 목소리가 높아져야 한다. 인간존엄과 인권이 침해되고, 사회 연대를 체계 내에서 기대하기 어려운 곳에는 사회적 약자의 인정투쟁이 중요하다. 필자는 ‘규범적 개념/규범적 과제로서 기능적 분화’를 주장하지만, 이것만이 유일한 해결책이라고 생각하지 않는다. 필자는 사회 문제를 해결함에 있어 현대사회에서는 어떤 해결책도 ‘기능적 분화’를 도외시할 수 없으며, ‘기능적 분화’를 사실적 개념을 넘어 규범적 개념으로 설정해 해결책을 제시해야 한다는 점을 강조한다. 그럼에도 ‘기능적 분화’로 포섭할 수 없는 영역이 분명 존재하며, 이는 인간존엄, 인권, 인정투쟁과 같은 개념들이 우리의 규범적 파토스에 강력한 효력을 발휘함을 의미한다.

계층화와 기능적 분화

고봉진 한국법철학회 2017 법철학연구 Vol.20 No.2

The question I would like to look at in this paper begins with a question about Luhmann's theory of social differentiation (which Luhmann dealt with in Chapter 4 ‘Differentiation’ of Society in Society). Luhmann deals with the functional differentiation of systems from the viewpoint of system theory by recognizing the priority of functional differentiation in the form of modern society, but not in terms of system theory functional differentiation. From the viewpoint of system theory, there is a possibility that if we deal with the functional differentiation of the system, we may miss the meaning of the functional differentiation of the other domain and overlook the variation of hierarchical differentiation. It is true that the main form of the differentiation has changed from the hierarchical differentiation to the functional differentiation, but is not the hierarchical differentiation still a form of differentiation in the modern society? In fact, it seems to be functional differentiation in the outer form, is not the hierarchical differentiation in the inside? If hierarchical differentiation still takes effect in the form of differentiation, is not there a problem with the viewpoint of the system theory of society? In conceiving a normative social theory model, I think the following should be considered essential. First, the new social theory must consider both stratification and functional differentiation. Second, normative social theory is needed to solve social problems on the premise of functional differentiation. Third, the concept of functional differentiation should be considered as a normative task and a plan to prevent the overall system of economic system should be sought. Fourth, it is necessary to operate a functional system that deals with the problem of stratification professionally. 필자가 본 논문에서 살피고자 하는 문제는 루만이 ‘사회의 사회’ 제4장 ‘분화’에서 다룬 ‘사회분화 이론’에 대한 의문에서 시작되었다. 루만은 기능적 분화의 우선성을 현대 사회의 형식으로 파악하여 체계이론의 관점에서 체계의 기능적 분화를 다루었지만, 기능적 분화를 체계이론의 관점에서만 볼 것은 아니다. 체계이론의 관점에서 체계의 기능적 분화를 다루다 보면 의도하지 않게 다른 영역의 기능적 분화가 가지는 의미를 놓쳐 버릴 염려가 있고, 계층적 분화의 변이를 간과하게 될 여지가 있다. 필자는 다음의 의문을 제기하였다. 계층적 분화에서 기능적 분화로 분화의 주요 형식이 바뀐 것은 사실이지만, 현대 사회에서도 계층적 분화는 여전히 힘을 발휘하는 분화 형식이지 않을까? 외형상으로 기능적 분화로 보이는 것도 사실은 그 내면에는 계층적 분화가 작용하는 것이 아닌가? 분화의 형식으로 계층적 분화가 여전히 효력을 띠고 있다면, 사회를 바라보는 체계이론의 관점에 문제가 있는 것은 아닐까? 규범적 사회이론 모델을 구상함에 있어 다음 사항은 필수적으로 고려되어야 한다고 필자는 생각한다. 첫째는 새로운 사회이론은 계층화와 기능적 분화를 동시에 고려해야 한다는 점이다. 둘째는 기능적 분화를 전제로 사회문제를 해결하는 규범적 사회이론이 요구된다는 점이다. 셋째는 기능적 분화 개념 자체를 하나의 규범적 과제로 제시하면서 경제체계의 총체성을 막는 방안이 모색되어야 한다. 넷째는 계층화의 문제를 전문적으로 다루는 기능체계의 작동이 필요하다는 점이다.

부부의 자기분화가 가족분화와 결혼만족도 및 결혼안정성에 미치는 영향

김병화,송정아 한국기독교상담심리학회 2014 한국기독교상담학회지 Vol.25 No.3

This research has been conducted through path analysis about what effect self–differentiation of married couples has on family differentiation, marriage satisfaction, and marriage stability. Subjects of this research were married men and women who are living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Daegu, Busan and Gwangju, with the period of research being from January 7th to April 5th, 2012, and total of 525 surveys were used for the final analysis. The research model was verified via SPSS 16.0 and Amos 16.9. Results included the following; first, self–differentiation affects family differentiation and marriage satisfaction for wife group, while it affects family differentiation for husband group; second, family differentiation affects marriage satisfaction for wife group, while it equally affects marriage satisfaction and marriage stability; third, marriage satisfaction affects marriage stability both the wife and husband groups; and fourth, within wife group, self–differentiation does affect marriage satisfaction through family differentiation, but it does not affect marriage stability. On the other hand, self–differentiation of husband group affects marriage satisfaction and marriage stability through family differentiation. This shows that family differentiation experiences of husbands are affecting marriage satisfaction and marriage stability in positive ways, while for wives, this role is played by marriage satisfaction. 본 연구는 기혼 부부들의 자기분화가 가족분화와 결혼만족도 및 결혼안정성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 경로분석을 통하여 연구하였다. 본 연구의 연구대상자는 서울, 경기, 대전, 대구, 부산, 광주에 사는 현재 결혼생활을 지속하고 있는 성인 남녀이고, 조사기간은 2012년 1월 7월부터 4월 5일까지이며, 설문지는 525부가 최종 분석에 사용되었다. 연구모형 검증을 위해 SPSS 16.0과 Amos 16.0으로 분석하였다. 연구결과는, 첫째, 자기분화는 아내집단에서 가족분화와 결혼만족도에 영향을 주며, 남편집단에서는 가족분화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 가족분화는 아내집단에서 결혼만족도에 영향을 주며, 남편집단에서는 결혼만족도와 결혼안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 결혼만족도는 아내집단과 남편집단 모두 결혼안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 아내집단에서 자기분화는 가족분화를 매개로 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치나 결혼안정성에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 남편집단에서 자기분화는 가족분화를 매개로 결혼만족도와 결혼안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 남편들의 가족분화 경험이 현재 부부의 결혼만족도와 안정된 결혼생활을 유지하는 데 영향을 주고 있다는 것을 의미하며, 아내들은 현재 결혼생활에서 느껴지는 만족감이 안정된 결혼생활을 유지하는 데 영향을 주고 있음을 의미한다.

MicroRNA analysis reveals the role of miR-214 in duck adipocyte differentiation

Wang Laidi,Hu Xiaodan,Wang Shasha,Yuan Chunyou,Wang Zhixiu,Chang Guobin,Chen Guohong 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.9

Objective: Fat deposition in poultry is an important factor in production performance and meat quality research. miRNAs also play important roles in regulating adipocyte differentiation process. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of miRNAs in duck adipocytes after differentiation and explore the role of miR-214 in regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferases 2 (CPT2) gene expression during duck adipocyte differentiation. Methods: Successful systems for the isolation, culture, and induction of duck primary fat cells was developed in the experiment. Using Illumina next-generation sequencing, the miRNAs libraries of duck adipocytes were established. miRanda was used to predict differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and their target genes. The expression patterns of miR-214 and CPT2 during the differentiation were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the specific regions of CPT2 targeted by miR-214. We used a miR-214 over-expression strategy in vitro to further investigate its effect on differentiation process and CPT2 gene transcription. Results: There were 481 miRNAs identified in duck adipocytes, included 57 DE miRNA candidates. And the 1,046 targets genes of DE miRNAs were mainly involved in p53 signaling, FoxO signaling, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. miR-214 and CPT2 showed contrasting expression patterns before and after differentiation, and they were selected for further research. The expression of miR-214 was decreased during the first 3 days of duck adipocytes differentiation, and then increased, while the expression of CPT2 increased both in the transcriptional and protein level. The luciferase assay suggested that miR-214 targets the 3’untranslated region of CPT2. Overexpression of miR-214 not only promoted the formation of lipid droplets but also decreased the protein abundance of CPT2. Conclusion: Current study reports the expression profile of miRNAs in duck adipocytes differentiated for 4 days. And miR-214 has been proved to have the regulator potential for fat deposition in duck. Objective: Fat deposition in poultry is an important factor in production performance and meat quality research. miRNAs also play important roles in regulating adipocyte differentiation process. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of miRNAs in duck adipocytes after differentiation and explore the role of miR-214 in regulating carnitine palmitoyltransferases 2 (CPT2) gene expression during duck adipocyte differentiation.Methods: Successful systems for the isolation, culture, and induction of duck primary fat cells was developed in the experiment. Using Illumina next-generation sequencing, the miRNAs libraries of duck adipocytes were established. miRanda was used to predict differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and their target genes. The expression patterns of miR-214 and CPT2 during the differentiation were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the specific regions of CPT2 targeted by miR-214. We used a miR-214 over-expression strategy in vitro to further investigate its effect on differentiation process and CPT2 gene transcription.Results: There were 481 miRNAs identified in duck adipocytes, included 57 DE miRNA candidates. And the 1,046 targets genes of DE miRNAs were mainly involved in p53 signaling, FoxO signaling, and fatty acid metabolism pathways. miR-214 and CPT2 showed contrasting expression patterns before and after differentiation, and they were selected for further research. The expression of miR-214 was decreased during the first 3 days of duck adipocytes differentiation, and then increased, while the expression of CPT2 increased both in the transcriptional and protein level. The luciferase assay suggested that miR-214 targets the 3’untranslated region of CPT2. Overexpression of miR-214 not only promoted the formation of lipid droplets but also decreased the protein abundance of CPT2.Conclusion: Current study reports the expression profile of miRNAs in duck adipocytes differentiated for 4 days. And miR-214 has been proved to have the regulator potential for fat deposition in duck.

변증논치(辨證論治)와 병증변치(病證辨治) 장단점의 비교고찰 - 고혈압과 두통의 예를 중심으로 -

기유종,신선중,한원영,한유창,이선동,Gi, Youjong,Shin, Sunjoong,Han, Wonyoung,Kim, Hyundo,Han, Yoochang,Lee, Sundong 대한예방한의학회 2017 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Objectives : Comparative review was rendered to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of two common treatment approaches of treatment based on syndrome differentiation and treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease. A typical symptom of headache from hypertension was chosen for substantial approach of this review. Methods : Pros and cons of two different approaches to disease were evaluated based on literatures and texts focusing treatment based on syndrome differentiation and treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease. Headache can be correlated with hypertension yet it can be induced by multiple other factors, and headache may/may not accompany hypertension. Hypertension is an example of treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease and headache can be an example of treatment based on syndrome differentiation. Results : Treatment based on syndrome differentiation can give more autonomy and flexibility in approach to the disease, Intuition, experience, and traditional medical theory can be applied with ease. However, management and eradication of diseases are difficult and standardization of treatment is not easy among practitioners. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease incorporated merits of both eastern and western medicines, achieving more evidence based diagnosis and treatment. Eradication and standardization of disorders are possible with the latter approach. Conclusions : Comparing two systems of treatment based on syndrome differentiation and treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease with emphasis on hypertension and headache yielded medical values. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation from disease appears to be superior in medical values and effectiveness, but further evaluation and interest are needed to make advancement in Korean traditional medicine.

BMP-2와 GDF-5의 Rat 골수 유래 중간엽 줄기세포의 골 분화 효과 비교

권영삼,유정준,전흥재,김희중 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2009 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.6 No.13

Recently, it has been reported that growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) regulates and promotes osteoblastic and osteogenic differentiation. We here compared effects of GDF-5 and BMP-2 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs). Cell proliferation was significantly increased in BMP-2 and GDF-5 treated group compared to those in control group. The ALP activities of osteogenic differentiation group, BMP-2 treated group, and GDF-5 treated group was higher than in control group. The ALP activity of GDF-5 group was similar with that of BMP-2 group. When the Ca activity was compared in all groups, the Ca level of GDF-5 group was highest and was similar with that of BMP-2 group. As a result of Von Kossa staining and RT-PCR, the calcium deposition and osteogenic gene expression were increased in the GDF-5 group than in the osteogenic differentiation group. In the present study, GDF-5 appears to be an effective stimulator of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBM-MSCs. To this regard, GDF-5 may be a useful regulator for promoting the bone regeneration and formation by inducing rBM-MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Recently, it has been reported that growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) regulates and promotes osteoblastic and osteogenic differentiation. We here compared effects of GDF-5 and BMP-2 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs). Cell proliferation was significantly increased in BMP-2 and GDF-5 treated group compared to those in control group. The ALP activities of osteogenic differentiation group, BMP-2 treated group, and GDF-5 treated group was higher than in control group. The ALP activity of GDF-5 group was similar with that of BMP-2 group. When the Ca activity was compared in all groups, the Ca level of GDF-5 group was highest and was similar with that of BMP-2 group. As a result of Von Kossa staining and RT-PCR, the calcium deposition and osteogenic gene expression were increased in the GDF-5 group than in the osteogenic differentiation group. In the present study, GDF-5 appears to be an effective stimulator of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBM-MSCs. To this regard, GDF-5 may be a useful regulator for promoting the bone regeneration and formation by inducing rBM-MSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.

치주인대섬유모세포의 분화과정에서 아미노산 수송계 L의 발현

황규영,김도경,김창현,장현선,박주철,최성미,김병옥,Hwang, Kyu-Young,Kim, Do-Kyung,Kim, Chang-Hyun,Jang, Hyun-Seon,Park, Joo-Cheol,Choi, Seong-Mi,Kim, Byung-Ock 대한치주과학회 2006 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.36 No.3

The periodontium is a topographically complex organ consisting of epithelial tissue, soft and mineralized tissues. Structures comprising the periodontium include the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL) , cementum and the alveolar bone. The molecular mechanism of differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells remain unclear. Amino acid transporters play an important role in supplying nutrition to normal and cancer cells and for cell proliferation. Amino acid transport system L is a major nutrient transport system responsible for the Na+-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The system L is divided into two major subgroups, the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2). In this study, the expression pattern of amino acid transport system L was, therefore, investigated in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. To determine the expression level of amino acid transport system L participating in intracellular transport of amino acids in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, it was examined by RT-PCR, observation of cell morphology, Alizaline red-S staining and uptake analysis after inducing experimental differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells isolated from mouse molar teeth. The results are as follows. 1. The LAT1 mRNA was expressed in the early stage of PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. This expression level was gradually reduced by differentiation- inducing time and it was not observed after the late stage. 2. The expression level of LAT2 mRNA was increased in time-dependent manner during differentiation induction of PDL fibroblast cells. 3. There was no changes in. the expression level of 4F2hc mRNA, the cofactor of LAT1 and LAT2, during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 4. The expression level of ALP mRNA was gradually increased and the expression level of Col I mRNA was decreased during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 5. The L-leucine transport was reduced by time from the early stage to the late stage in PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. As the results, it is considered that among neutral ammo acid transport system L in differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, the LATl has a key role in cell proliferation in the early stage of cell differentiation and the LAT2 has an important role in the late stage of cell differentiation for providing cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids.