세계유산의 이해와 연속유산으로의 암각화

박진재 한국암각화학회 2019 한국암각화연구 Vol.23 No.-

세계유산 제도의 목적은 유산이 지닌 탁월한 보편적 가치(OUV)를 온전히 보호하여 후손들에 게 물려주는 것이다. 이를 위해 세계유산위원회는 매년 협약(운영지침)에 근거하여 세계유산을 등재시켜 유산을 보호하고 있다. 세계유산 등재를 위해서는 OUV 입증을 위한 등재기준, 진정 성 및 완전성, 보호와 관리에 관한 조건들을 모두 충족해야만 한다. 한국의 암각화는 한반도 선사, 고대사회의 문화현상을 밝히는데 중요한 고고유적으로 세계유 산적 가치가 높다. 이에 대곡천 암각화, 칠포리 암각화 등 한반도 남부지역 선사문화(암각화)에 대한 연속유산으로의 연계를 통해 한국만이 아닌 인류의 유산으로 인식하고 공동으로 보호, 관 리할 필요가 있다. The purpose of the World Heritage system is to fully protect and pass on the outstanding universal values (OUV) of the heritage to future generations. To this end, the World Heritage Committee lists the World Heritage on the basis of the Convention (Operational Guidelines) every year to protect them. In order to be inscribed on the World Heritage list, Criteria, Integrity and Authenticity, and conditions for protection and management must be met for the verification of the OUV. Korea’s Petroglyphs are important archaeological relics that reveal the cultural phenomena of the Korean Peninsula and ancient society, and are of high value to the world. In response, the government needs to recognize that they are not just Korean heritage, but universal legacy of mankind, and jointly protect and manage prehistoric cultures (Petroglyphs) in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, such as Daegokcheon Stream Petroglyphs and Chilpo-ri Petroglyphs as a serial property.

세계연속유산 고창 고인돌 유적의 관리 연구와 활용방안 - 영국 스톤헨지와 에이브버리 거석유적 사례와 비교-

이화종 호남고고학회 2020 湖南考古學報 Vol.64 No.-

문화유산의 관리에 대한 합의된 정의는 없지만, 넓은 의미에서 문화유산의 가치를 조사 연구를 통해 발견하고 이를 바탕으로 미래세대를 위한 문화유산의 보존방안을 제시하는 한편, 현재의 사회적인 자원으로 활용함으로서 문화유산의 가치를 증진시키는 일련의 과정이라고 할 수 있다. 문화유산의 보존과 활용에 있어 최근 강조되고 있는 두 원칙은 문화유산의 가치기반 (Value-based approach) 그리고 참여적 계획(Participatory approach)의 수립으로 요약할 수 있을 것이다 (Mason, 2008 그리고 Hall and McArthur, 1998 등). 이런 두 원칙의 측면에서 세계유산인 영국의 스톤헨지와 에이브버리 거석유적의 연구프레임워크의 도출과 관리는 같은 연속유산인 고창 고인돌 유적의 보존과 관리를 위해 참고할 가치가 있다. 이전까지 스톤헨지와 에이브버리로 분리되어 있던 연구와 관리는 통합된 관리계획의 수립과 연구프레임워크의 도출을 통해 효율적이고 합리적인 보존 및 활용방안을 모색하고 있다. 고창 고인돌 유적은 그 가치를 인정받아 국가 사적을 거쳐 세계유산으로 등재되었지만, 그간 진행된 조사와 연구가 위와 같은 문화유산의 관리과정에서 체계적으로 이루어졌다고 보기는 어렵다. 고창 고인돌 유적의 가치를 활용하기 위해 세계유산으로서의 OUV를 기반으로 연속유산으로서의 특징을 고려한 새로운 연구프레임워크의 도출은 합리적인 보존, 활용방안 마련을 위한 시작점으로서 반드시 필요한 과정이라 할 수 있다.

세계유산으로 등재된 기억유산의등재기준에 관한 연구

김가영,이선 국립문화재연구원 2016 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.49 No.4

본 연구는 유네스코에 등재된 세계유산 중 부정적인 역사를 증명하는 문화유산의 세계유산 등재전략에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 “부정적인 역사”와 이와 관련한 “교훈적 가치”를 지닌 유산을 포괄할 수 있도록 ‘기억유산’이라는 새로운 용어를 제시하였고, 이에 해당하는 세계유산 사례를 분석하였다. 특히 한국의 비무장지대와 유사한 역사적 배경 또는 형태를 지닌 유사 세계유산 사례를중심으로 등재기준을 분석함으로써 향후 한국 비무장지대를 세계문화유산으로 등재 추진할 경우 적용 가능한 등재기준을 제시하고자하였다. 이에 따른 연구결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 첫째, 기억유산은 유산 자체의 역사적 예술적 경관적 학술적 등의 가치보다는 보편적 의의를 갖는 사건이 발생한 장소로서 건축적, 경관적, 고고학적, 기술적으로 사건을 증명하거나 역사의 단계를 확인할 수 있는 건축물, 경관, 장소로서 평가되었다. 둘째, 기억유산은 등재기준 (ⅵ)과 함께 주요사건에 따라 등재기준(ⅲ) 또는 등재기준(ⅳ)를 함께 적용하여 등재 신청되는 경우가많았다. 셋째, 한국 비무장지대의 경우 냉전시대를 증명하는 유산으로서 등재기준(ⅳ), 평화의 상징적 가치로서 등재기준(ⅵ)의 적용이가능할 것으로 판단된다. This research sought to examine the strategies of cultural heritage proving the negative history to be registered as world heritage, among the World Heritages registered in UNESCO. Therefore, to comprehend “negative history”and the heritages with “instructive value,” the new term of “Remembrance Heritage”was suggested, and such cases of world heritage were analyzed. Especially by analyzing the criteria of being registered by focusing on the cases of similar World Heritages with similar historical background or form as Korean DMZ, the criteria of OUV that may be applied when Korean DMZ is promoted to be registered as World Heritage. The research results may be summarized as the following. First of all, Remembrance Heritage is a place in which events of universal significance have occurred, rather than the historical, artistic, landscape, and scholastic value of the heritage itself, and was evaluated as architecture, landscape, or place in which the events or historical steps could be verified through architectural, landscape, archaeological or technical means. Secondly, Remembrance Heritage was often applied to be registered with the criterion (vi), and criterion (iii) or criterion (iv). Thirdly, in case of the Korean DMZ, application of criterion (iv) as heritage proving the age of cold war and criterion (vi) as symbolic value of peace may be possible.

세계유산 신라왕경의 탁월한 보편적 가치 속성 분석

김의연 국립문화재연구원 2022 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.55 No.1

According to the "Special Act on the Restoration and Maintenance of the Core Relics of the Shilla Kingdom" enacted in 2019, the Shilla Kingdom refers to the capital of Shilla and Unified Shilla period, and refers to Gyeongju, where the king lived, and the nearby area. Shilla Wanggyeong is a heritage registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000 under the name of Gyeongju Historic Site and belongs to Wolseong District, Hwangnyongsa District, and Daeneungwon District among the five districts registered as Gyeongju Historic Site. Unlike the Namsan and Sanseong districts, the Shilla Kingdom is a heritage consisting mostly of archaeological sites without physical substance. Gyeongju City sought to promote local tourism while providing more direct experiences to visitors by restoring the heritage that constitutes the Shilla Kingdom. Starting with the restoration of Woljeonggyo Bridge in 2005, the Shilla Wanggyeong restoration project began in earnest. Gyeongju City tried to restore the building site on the west side of Donggung Palace and Wolji after Woljeonggyo Bridge, but it was canceled due to opposition from the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. The World Heritage Committee opposed the restoration and recommended a heritage impact assessment for similar projects in the future. During the miscarriage impact assessment procedure, there is an OUV attribute analysis process of the heritage to be evaluated. This study intends to preemptively derive OUV attributes for the Silla Kingdom through literature and overseas case analysis. In the case of literature research, domestic and foreign research data related to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage Management were examined, and in overseas cases, the architectural works of Krakow Historical District, Stonehenge and Abbury Geoseok Ruins in England, and Le Corbusier were analyzed. Through this, the outstanding universal value attributes of the Silla Kingdom were derived. This study is expected to be used as a reference in the process of restoration projects of other heritage constituting the Shilla Kingdom or construction plans in nearby areas in the future and serve as an indicator to improve the management system of the Shilla Kingdom more efficiently from the perspective of world heritage.

전통 원림의 세계유산 문화경관적 가치 - 분명히 규정된 경관으로서의 보길도 윤선도 원림을 대상으로-

( Jung Hae-joon ) 한국전통조경학회(구 한국정원학회) 2018 Journal of Korean Institute of Traditional Landsca Vol.16 No.-

보길도 윤선도 원림(명승 34호)은 자연경관과의 종교적·예술적·문화적 결합양상과 자연조화미가 잘 드러나는 대한민국의 대표정원 유적이다. 본 연구는 분명히 규정된 경관으로서 보길도 윤선도 원림의 ‘문화경관’적 정체성과 가치를 염두에 두고 세계유산 등재기준의 정당성 제시, 대상 범위 등에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 보길도 윤선도 원림을 세계유산 문화경관적 관점으로 재평가하며, 아울러 세계유산으로 등재되기 위해서 입증해야 하는 ‘탁월한 보편적 가치’를 증명하기 위한 조건인 ① 10가지 가치 평가 기준, ② 진정성, ③ 완전성, 그리고 ④ 보호관리체계의 적정성을 분석하였다. 보길도 윤선도 원림과 완도의 경관자원이 세계유산 문화경관으로 등재되기 위해서는 세계유산 등재 기준에 따라 이들 자원의 탁월한 보편적 가치가 인정되어야 한다. 원림은 세계유산 문화경관 세부유형 중 ‘분명히 규정된 경관’으로 규정 할 수 있으며, 10가지 OUV 가치 평가 기준 중 ‘(ii), (iv), (v), (vi)’ 에 해당되는 것으로 해석된다. 원림의 경우 재질이나 기법 등에서 원림 유산이 진정성을 보유하고 있어야하고, 원림의 가치를 충분히 보여줄 수 있는 제반요소(완전성)를 갖추고 있어야 한다. 이를 위해 우선적으로 윤선도 원림이 인근 국가 및 유사 문화경관자원과 뚜렷한 특징을 보이는 가운데, 기존의 명승 관리에서 더 나아가 유산을 체계적으로 보호하고 지속적으로 활용하기 위한 보호·관리계획을 보충해나가는 과정이 요구된다. 또한 원림이 사회문화 및 환경적으로 완도의 유·무형 경관자원과 어떠한 상호작용을 해왔는지에 대한 연구가 요구되며, 이를 바탕으로 주변의 다양한 문화경관이 종합적으로 연계되어 하나의 대표성을 가지는 가운데 세계유산 등재가 추진되어야 할 것이다. Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island (甫吉島 尹善道 園林, Scenic Site No.34) is Korea's representative historic garden where the harmony of religion, art, and culture with the natural setting is evident. With the thorough case study of Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island, the main goal of this paper is to examine the legitimacy and scope of Korean traditional Wonlim, or landscape garden’s inscription as a World Heritage, with its ‘Cultural Landscape' identity and value as a ’Clearly Defined Landscape’. For these, the study re-valued Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island in terms of the notion of the World Heritage Cultural Landscape, particularly with technical terms of ①the ten selection criteria, ②the notion of integrity and ③the test of authenticity and ④protection and management system, which are required to meet OUV, and revealed how designated traditional gardens under the scenic site policy could be adopted effectively in the inscription process of World Heritage Cultural Landscape. Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island should meet the World Heritage criteria in order to be recognized for its outstanding universal value. Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island can be defined as a 'clearly defined landscape' among the cultural landscape types. Of the 10 World Heritage OUV selection criteria, (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be applied to the garden. It should also display authenticity in its materials and techniques, and all elements (integrity) that can show the garden’s value. In addition, a comparative assessment with a similar garden heritage should be conducted and a protection and management plan should be implemented to systematically protect the heritage. It needs to be promoted for inscription through a comprehensive linkage with other heritage sites related to the garden.

공주 구 선교사가옥과 제일교회의 건축적 가치연구

김상태 한국문화공간건축학회 2018 한국문화공간건축학회논문집 Vol.- No.61

Korean Protestant buildings have shown an integrated form of architecture since 1910, which makes it difficult to distinguish the differences among each denomination. Gongju had been an important Mission Station for missionaries in Modern era owing to its geographical position, locating in central part of the Southern Korean Peninsula. Baptist and Methodist particularly were at the forefront of the station. However, only two mission-related sites have been registered as national cultural property. Most of modern-age buildings have been lost in the Korean War or rebuilt for new development and structural enhancement. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to realize the integrity and authenticity of Protestant missionary architecture in Gongju, which served as the center of the Korean Peninsula through the study of registered cultural assets related to Protestant missionary sites. The old missionary house, one of the two cultural properties remained in Gongju, is likely to be well-preserved. This building contains the context of missionary houses built in the early 20th century, and exhibits restrained and concise form. The building has a cross-shaped wall in the center of the plan, which shows the Wholeness with the absolute ratio of space. The former 'Gongju First Methodist Church', which is used as a Christian museum, was built in 1930. It is the classical form of the Methodist Church and has motif of the third 'Jeong-dong First Methodist Church', which represents Korea Methodist Church. When the building was extended, the wall and the first floor plan, left after the Korean War, was maintained in order to preserve the original form. Although the extension part was built in the form of retro Gothic style at the time, it represents the Authenticity maintaining architectural spirit of the old-Methodist.

한국의 전통산사 OUV 도출을 위한 공간 특성 연구 - 조선후기 고지도와 건조유물 변화기록을 이용하여 -

류성룡 한국문화공간건축학회 2016 한국문화공간건축학회논문집 Vol.- No.53

There are two methods in studying the layout sites of Buddhist temples. One is synchronical view point and the other is diachronic viewpoint. But this study was used both synchronical and diachronic. The results were as follows : firstly, Bongjung-sa temple and Buseok-sa temple are far away from the water at the valley. So two mountain temples are independent of location. On the contrary, the others (Beopju-sa temple, Tongdo-sa temple, Magok-sa temple, Seonun-sa temple, Daedun-sa temple) are closely related to the water. Secondly, in terms of temple's territorial expansion there are 4 types. Bongjung-sa & Buseok-sa are not associated with waters. In front of Beopju-sa & Magok-sa, the three streams and two streams are combined respectively. It is extended to the territory crossing the river at Magok-sa & Daedun-sa. Finally it is extended to the territory along the stream at Tongdo-sa. The features of each temples were depicted well at the map of the late Joseon dyansaty. For example, we can see the high rise embankments at Buseok-sa, five stories pagoda and many buildings at Beopju-sa, platform for Buddhist commandments at Tongdo-as and multi-storied pagodas at Magok-sa and Daedun-sa. Besides the maps were drawn well from the viewpoint of feng shui perspective in late Joseon dynasty period.

A Values of Wonlim as the World Heritage Cultural Landscape - Focusing on Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island, Scenic Site No.34. -

정해준 한국전통조경학회 2018 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.16 No.-

Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island (甫吉島 尹善道 園林, Scenic Site No.34) is Korea's representative historic garden where the harmony of religion, art, and culture with the natural setting is evident. With the thorough case study of Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island, the main goal of this paper is to examine the legitimacy and scope of Korean traditional Wonlim, or landscape garden’s inscription as a World Heritage, with its ‘Cultural Landscape' identity and value as a ’Clearly Defined Landscape’. For these, the study re-valued Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island in terms of the notion of the World Heritage Cultural Landscape, particularly with technical terms of ①the ten selection criteria, ②the notion of integrity and ③the test of authenticity and ④protection and management system, which are required to meet OUV, and revealed how designated traditional gardens under the scenic site policy could be adopted effectively in the inscription process of World Heritage Cultural Landscape. Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island should meet the World Heritage criteria in order to be recognized for its outstanding universal value. Yun Seon-Do's Garden on Bogildo Island can be defined as a 'clearly defined landscape' among the cultural landscape types. Of the 10 World Heritage OUV selection criteria, (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) can be applied to the garden. It should also display authenticity in its materials and techniques, and all elements (integrity) that can show the garden’s value. In addition, a comparative assessment with a similar garden heritage should be conducted and a protection and management plan should be implemented to systematically protect the heritage. It needs to be promoted for inscription through a comprehensive linkage with other heritage sites related to the garden.

유네스코 세계유산협약상 탁월한 보편적 가치(OUV)의 이념과 실제

서재권 인하대학교 법학연구소 2023 法學硏究 Vol.26 No.4

이 글은 세계유산협약상 ‘탁월한 보편적 가치’라는 불확정적 개념으로부터 파생되는 문제점을 지적하고 개선 방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두었다. 탁월한 보편적 가치는 조약을 관통하는 중요한 개념임에도 불구하고 정의규정을 따로 두지 않고 이 해석을 운영지침에 맡겨두고 있다. 그러나 운영지침에 의한 해석은 국제법상 조약 해석에 관한 원칙과 거리가 멀고, 특히 유산의 등재와 관리에 상당한 권한을 지닌 세계유산위원회와 유산이 존재하는 주권국가와의 관계에 있어 세계유산제도의 객관성과 투명성을 담보하기 어렵게 한다. 이런 문제의식을 토대로 이 글에서는 국제조약의 본질과 해석 원칙에 비추어 세계유산협약상 탁월한 보편적 가치의 개념을 평가하고, 운영지침에 의한 변형적 해석이 세계유산 관리의 준칙으로서 작동하기에 적합한 것인지를 사례와 함께 살펴보았다. 결론으로는 탁월한 보편적 가치의 개념과 그에 기반한 등재기준의 영향지수를 객관화하여 정기적으로 점검하고, 위원회 구성과 운영을 보다 투명하게 하는 대신 권한을 확대하여 세계유산의 등재와 관리, 기금 운용에 있어서 개별 회원국의 개입을 최소화할 수 있도록 제도를 개선할 필요가 있다고 주장하였다. 아울러 최근 세계유산법 개정에 따라 그 후속조치로 시행령이 마련되고 있는 만큼 유네스코에서 논의되는 유산영향평가 등 관련 제도의 도입을 고려할 때 회원국의 재량을 보장하는 세계유산협약과 법적 강제가 작동하는 국내법의 지위를 명확히 구분할 필요가 있다고 당부하였다. This article aims to point out problems derived from the indeterminate concept of "outstanding universal value" under the World Heritage Convention and to present improvement measures. Although outstanding universal value is an important concept penetrating all over the Convention, its interpretation is left to the operational guidelines not defining withing the text of the Convention. However, interpretation by operational guidelines is far from the principle of treaty interpretation under international law, and make it difficult to guarantee the objectivity and transparency for protecting and managing the heritages, especially in relation to the World Heritage Committee and the States Parties. This is because the Committee has considerable authority in governing the World Heritage List, while the heritage exists within each sovereign states. This article evaluates outstanding universal value in light of the principle of treaty interpretation, and examines whether nonconventional methods of treaty interpretation is suitable for acting as a rule of world heritage management system under the Convention. In conclusion, it argues that the concept of outstanding universal value and the criteria for the assessment should be regularly reviewed and the system needs to be improved to make the composition and operation of the committee more transparent. In addition, as the amendment of “Special Act on Preservation, Management and Use of World Heritage(World Heritage Act)” has been proposed and the enforcement decree is being prepared as a follow-up measure, considering the introduction of new system related to heritage management such as Heritage Impact Assessment, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the World Heritage Convention which guarantees the discretion of States Parties and the domestic law which legally enforceable.

현주공동체(Continuing Community) 유산등록기준과 등록유산 사례검토

김광식(Kim Kwang-Sik) 역사실학회 2007 역사와실학 Vol.32 No.-

Operational Guideline (Operational Guideline for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention) that implements UNESCO's World Heritage Convention of 1972 have been continuously revised and complimented. In 2005 edition, the Guideline on the definition of world Heritage expands to include "cultural landscape" and further explains in its annex document #3. At the center of this amendment is the issues of historic towns and cities' authenticity and integrity. Recently, World Heritage Committee declared in 2005 a Declaration on the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscape which led the 2007 Vienna Memorandum on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) 2007. In view of these development, we should carefully study and examine implications and applicability in our efforts to list Korea' s continuing (living) community, such as Hahoe village in Andong, Hahoe was listed already ten(10) years ago, and its OUV (Outstanding Universal Value) have been studied. Several international and ICOMOS (International Council On MOnuments and Sites) experts meetings were conveyed and in 2006 Andong declaration was announced regarding the listing of the village. In author's view, Hahoe satisfies criteria for OUV, authenticity and integrity, however, it is yet to formulate a conservation management plan for conservation, which is a part of dossier to be submitted to UNESCO when listing as a World Heritage. A part of the community lacks understanding and do not willingly support the listing (designation). Basis on this current is that it may further infringe on their property rights and privacies. In this paper, a similar heritage sites in rural settings reviews criteria on which they are inscribed as world heritage, such as Holloko village in Hungary, Hollasovice village in Czech, Hongcun village in China and Shirakawago village in China. Especially noteworthy is the Shirakawago village, which was listed as a World heritage in 1995. The village which is classified as "category iv and v" has a practical conservation management plan. In the management plan, it lists certain building or group of building and structures allowing modification which occurred in time. This means historical stratification of sites. What is interesting is that the management authority provides specific landscape standard as a part of conservation plan.