‘CRISPR-CAS(유전자 가위) 기술’에게 있어서 치료와 증강 사이의 모호한 경계선 문제와 트랜스휴머니즘적 메타모포시스 비판 - 생명공학·의료기술의 개혁주의 생명윤리적 메타모포시스를 위하여 -

전대경 한국개혁신학회 2020 한국개혁신학 Vol.66 No.-

A representative gene editing technique, CRISPR-CAS, which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR Associated Sequences, means “short sequence of repetitive structures that are spaced and distributed periodically.” This “site-directed palindromic nucleic acid modifying enzyme” is also commonly called “CRISPR scissors” or “genetic scissors.” Including producing customized babies through this technology, contemporary genetic engineering and science pose dangerous challenges against God’s creation order. There are two aspects to this genetic scissors technology - healing and enhancement - and there is ambiguity to its boundary. There are precedented studies that have dealt with related to gene editing technology in theology and philosophy including ethics. Among them are claims: a boundary should be left to individual morality, the government is responsible for the absence of current laws, drawing a borderline is useless that enhancement should be seen as a healing, moratorium that it should stop here, and exaggerated criticisms on the side effects of the technology. However, while all are clearly aware of the ambiguity of the boundary, none of them clearly suggest what the boundary should be, and tend to push the responsibilities off to governments, individuals or developers. This paper seeks to become a CRISPR scissors that finds a site-specific defect that appears to have ambiguity and illegitimacy in genetic technology and its bioethics, cuts and replaces the part with scissors. Ambiguity refers to the boundary between treatment and enhancement, and illegitimacy refers to an excessive evaluation resulting from misunderstanding and misconstruing of this technique. There have been several studies in South Korea that have dealt with the technology of CRISPR scissors on bio-ethical basis, but it was hard to find any paper that clearly laid out a boundary Christian bio-ethically - to be more specific, reformed bio-ethically. In dealing with CRISPR Scissors technology, which eliminates the cause of the disease by precisely finding defects in the nucleic acid containing genetic information and cutting and replacing them with scissors, it is no exaggeration to say that domestic research so far has neither found, dealt with, nor presented the “boundary between healing and enhancement.” It is the reason why excessive assessments with misunderstanding on the technology are prevalent and they are preventing the development of therapeutic use of this technology. It is hoped that this paper will be a CRISPER scissors to this somewhat widespread social defects in the country, preventing some, if not all, exhausting critiques of the bioethics on this technology resulting from misunderstandings. 대표적인 유전자 편집기술에는 ‘주기적으로 간격을 띄고 분포하는 짧은 회문구조(回文構造) 반복서열’을 뜻하는 CRISPR-CAS(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - CRISPR Associated Sequences) 기술이 있다. 이 ‘부위특이적 회문형 핵산분해효소’는 일반적으로 ‘크리스퍼 가위’ 혹은 ‘유전자 가위’라고도 불린다. 현대 유전자공학이 이 기술을 통해 맞춤형 아기를 생산하는 등 하나님의 창조질서에 어긋나는 위험한 도전을 하고 있다. ‘유전자 가위 기술’에는 치료(healing)와 증강(enhancement)이라는 양면성이 있으며, 그 경계면에 모호성이 있다. 철학(및 윤리학)이나 신학에서 유전자 편집(가위) 기술과 관련한 생명윤리를 다룬 선행 연구들이 있다. 이 가운데에는 경계선에 대하여, 개인의 도덕성에 맡겨야 한다는 주장, 현행법이 부재하다며 정부의 책임이 있다는 주장, 증강도 치료로 보아야 한다고 하는 경계선 무용론, 여기에서 멈추어야 한다는 모라토리엄, 그리고 다소 이 기술의 부작용에 대해 과장하는 지나친 비판론 등이 있다. 하지만 모두 경계선의 모호성 문제를 분명히 인지하고는 있으면서도 ‘그 경계선이 무엇이어야 하는지’에 대해서는 명확히 제시를 하지 않고, 정부나 개인 혹은 개발자에게 서로 책임을 미루는 경향을 보인다. 본 논문은 유전·생명 공학 기술과 그에 대한 생명윤리에 있어서 모호성과 부당성을 지닌 것으로 보이는 부위특이적 결함을 찾아내어 그 부분을 가위로 자르고 치환하는 크리스퍼 가위가 되고자 한다. 여기서 모호성은 치료와 증강 사이의 경계면을 지칭하며, 부당성은 이 기술에 대한 오해와 곡해에서 비롯된 지나친 평가를 지칭한다. 지금까지 국내에서 크리스퍼 가위 기술을 생명윤리 차원에서 다룬 연구는 더러 있었지만, 그 경계선을 기독교 생명윤리적으로 (더 정확히는 개혁주의 생명윤리적으로) 명확하게 제시한 논문은 찾기 어려웠다. 유전정보를 담은 핵산에서 결함을 정확히 찾아 그것을 가위로 자르고 치환함으로써 질병의 원인을 제거하는 크리스퍼 가위 기술을 다룸에 있어서, 지금까지의 국내 연구는 이 기술에서 가장 논란이 되는 핵심적 결함으로 보이는 ‘치료와 증강 사이의 경계선’을 제대로 찾지도 못했고 다루지도 못했으며 제시하지도 못했다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 그렇기 때문에 과도한 평가가 난무하여 기술 자체에 대해서 왜곡해서 이해하기도 하며 더 나아가 치료 기술의 발전도 막고 있다. 본 논문이 이러한 국내에 다소 팽배한 사회적 결함에 크리스퍼 가위가 되어, 오해와 곡해에서 비롯된 이 기술에 대한 생명윤리 차원에서의 소모적 비판을, 비록 완전히는 아닐지라도, 일부는 방지할 수 있기를 기대한다.

중한 및 한중 번역 사례로 본 문장 나누기의 전략과 기법

김아영 한국통역번역학회 2013 통역과 번역 Vol.15 No.2

This paper examines strategies and techniques of sentence segmentationby professional interpreters and translators when processing boundaryof sentences through cases shown in the “Major Speeches & LiteratureCollection Marking the 20th Anniversary of the Establishment ofKorea-China Diplomatic Ties”. The result of research has shown thattranslators of the “Major Speech Collection” complied with sentenceboundaries and markers of ST as far as possible, but minimized theirsegmentations when inevitable. Since the structure of Chinese complexsentences is longer and different from that of Korean, sentencesegmentation was more generally utilized in Chinese-Korean translation. In Chinese, sentences were segmented where the meaning of a sentencewas altered, such as topics, comments and relations rather than tangiblemarkers. In Korean, however, it was confirmed that sentences weresegmented at connective endings or adnominal endings. These featurescan be used as references for other translators or future translators. Nonetheless, in terms of the use of connective markers in betweensegmented sentences, readability is somewhat lessened as a result offollowing the ST, therefore supplementation of connective markers isrequired after altering boundaries. Furthermore, the technique of alteringsentence boundary is to be expanded as a more universal translatingstrategy in the future by contrasting it with other languages.

Son of Notch, a Winged-helix Gene Involved in Boundary Formation in the Drosophila Wing

Park, Eungsik,Suh, Hyunsuk,Kim, Changsoo,Park, Seungwoo,Dorsett, Dale,Yim, Jeongbin unknown 2007 IUBMB LIFE Vol.59 No.12

<P> A P element enhancer trap screen was conducted to identify genes involved in dorsal-ventral boundary formation in Drosophila. The son of Notch (son) gene was identified by the son2205 enhancer trap insertion, which is a partial loss-of-function mutation. Based on son2205 mutant phenotypes and genetic interactions with Notch and wingless mutations, we conclude that son participates in wing development, and functions in the Notch signaling pathway at the dorsal-ventral boundary in the wing. Notch signaling pathway components activate son enhancer trap expression in wing cells. son enhancer trap expression is regulated positively by wingless, and negatively by cut in boundary cells. Ectopic Son protein induces wingless and cut expression in wing discs. We hypothesize that there is positive feedback regulation of son by wingless, and negative regulation by cut at the dorsal-ventral boundary during wing development.</P>

Inflow Conditions for Modelling the Neutral Equilibrium ABL Based on Standard k-ε Model

Jinghan Wang,Chao Li,Yiqing Xiao,Jinping ou Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2022 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.11 No.4

Reproducing the horizontally homogeneous atmospheric boundary layer in computational wind engineering is essential for predicting the wind loads on structures. One of the important issues is to use fully developed inflow conditions, which will lead to the consistence problem between inflow condition and internal roughness. Thus, by analyzing the previous results of computational fluid dynamic modeling turbulent horizontally homogeneous atmospheric boundary layer, we modify the past hypotheses, detailly derive a new type of inflow condition for standard k-ε turbulence model. A group of remedial approaches including formulation for wall shear stress and fixing the values of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate in first wall adjacent layer cells, are also derived to realize the consistence of inflow condition and internal roughness. By combing the approaches with four different sets of inflow conditions, the well-maintained atmospheric boundary layer flow verifies the feasibility and capability of the proposed inflow conditions and remedial approaches.

Adaptive Thinning Algorithm for External Boundary Extraction

류석원 국제문화기술진흥원 2016 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.4 No.4

The process of extracting external boundary of an object is a very important process for recognizing an object in the image. The proposed extraction method consists of two processes: External Boundary Extraction and Thinning. In the first step, external boundary extraction process separates the region representing the object in the input image. Then, only the pixels adjacent to the background are selected among the pixels constituting the object to construct an outline of the object. The second step, thinning process, simplifies the outline of an object by eliminating unnecessary pixels by examining positions and interconnection relations between the pixels constituting the outline of the object obtained in the previous extraction process. As a result, the simplified external boundary of object results in a higher recognition rate in the next step, the object recognition process.

Adaptive Thinning Algorithm for External Boundary Extraction

Suk Won Yoo 국제문화기술진흥원 2016 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.4 No.4

The process of extracting external boundary of an object is a very important process for recognizing an object in the image. The proposed extraction method consists of two processes: External Boundary Extraction and Thinning. In the first step, external boundary extraction process separates the region representing the object in the input image. Then, only the pixels adjacent to the background are selected among the pixels constituting the object to construct an outline of the object. The second step, thinning process, simplifies the outline of an object by eliminating unnecessary pixels by examining positions and interconnection relations between the pixels constituting the outline of the object obtained in the previous extraction process. As a result, the simplified external boundary of object results in a higher recognition rate in the next step, the object recognition process.

Adaptive Thinning Algorithm for External Boundary Extraction

Yoo, Suk Won The International Promotion Agency of Culture Tech 2016 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.4 No.4

The process of extracting external boundary of an object is a very important process for recognizing an object in the image. The proposed extraction method consists of two processes: External Boundary Extraction and Thinning. In the first step, external boundary extraction process separates the region representing the object in the input image. Then, only the pixels adjacent to the background are selected among the pixels constituting the object to construct an outline of the object. The second step, thinning process, simplifies the outline of an object by eliminating unnecessary pixels by examining positions and interconnection relations between the pixels constituting the outline of the object obtained in the previous extraction process. As a result, the simplified external boundary of object results in a higher recognition rate in the next step, the object recognition process.

Lift Enhancement and Drag Reduction on an Airfoil at Low Reynolds Number using Blowing and Distributed Suction

Chao, Song,Xudong, Yang The Society for Aerospace System Engineering 2015 International Journal of Aerospace System Engineer Vol.2 No.1

An active flow control technique using blowing and distributed suction on low Reynolds airfoil is investigated. Simultaneous blowing and distributed suction can recirculate the jet flow mass, and reduce the penalty to propulsion system due to avoiding dumping the jet mass flow. Energy is injected into main flow by blowing on the suction surface, and the low energy boundary flow mass is removed by distributed suction, thus the flow separation can be successfully suppressed. Aerodynamic lift to drag ratio is improved significantly using the flow control technique, and the energy consumption is quite low.

사각채널에서 사다리꼴 와류발생기에 의한 열전달 및 유동특성에 대한 수치해석

박태환(T.H. Park),이수룡(S.R. Lee) 대한기계학회 2018 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2018 No.12

Three dimensional numerical analysis is performed on heat transfer and flow characteristics of a channel with trapezoidal vortex generator. We investigate the effects of vortex generators with two different inclined angles to flow direction which are forward and backward vortex generators (FVG and BVG). The thermal hydraulic performance such as Nusselt number and friction factor, are compared quantitatively. The result shows that vortex generator enhance the heat transfer by developing boundary layers and secondary flow in the downstream. The core of vortex behind FVG is closer to the lower wall than that behind BVG. which cause that thermal boundary layer thickness of lower wall for FVG is thinner. Therefore, The increase of Nusselt number of FVG is higher than that of BVG. However, the friction factor of channel with FVG is larger than that with BVG.

대와류를 이용한 채널 내 열전달 증진

윤동혁(Dong-Hyeog Yoon),양경수(Kyung-Soo Yang),최춘범(Choon-Bum Choi),이경준(Kyongjun Lee) 대한기계학회 2008 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.32 No.3

A numerical study has been carried out to investigate heat transfer enhancement in channel flow using large-scale vortices. A square cylinder, inclined with respect to the main flow direction, is located at the center of the channel flow, generating a separation region and Karman vortices. Two cases are considered; one with a fixed blockage ratio and the other one with a fixed cylinder size. In both cases, the flow characteristics downstream of the cylinder significantly change depending on the inclination angle. As a result, heat transfer from channel wall is significantly enhanced due to increased vertical-velocity fluctuations induced by the large-scale vortices shed from the cylinder. Quantitative results as well as qualitative physical explanation are presented to justify the effectiveness of the inclined square cylinder as a vortex generator to enhance heat transfer from channel wall.