초기 개신교 선교사의 ‘한국어 능력 평가’에 관한 史的 고찰 : 『마포삼열 자료집』을 중심으로

박근희(Park Keunhee) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2020 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.20 No.18

본 연구는 『마포삼열 자료집』에 나타난 선교사들의 ‘한국어 능력 평가’에 관한 내용을 한국어 교육사적 관점에서 고찰하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 최근 공개된 마포삼열의 서신들과 <한국어 시험 위원회> 보고서, 그리고 기타 자료들이 정리되어 책으로 출간된 『마포삼열 자료집』에는 초기 개신교 선교사들의 ‘한국어 능력 평가’ 점수 및 내용이 비교적 소상히 기록되어 있다. 특히 기존 연구들에서 다루지 못했던 선교사 개인의 평가 점수와 그 내용까지 표시되어 있어 외국어로서의 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 하는 평가의 내용 및 평가 방식 등을 논의하는 데에 기준점으로 삼거나 근대 한국어교육의 역사적 기록으로서 활용할 수 있는 가치가 있다고 보았다. 이에 본고에서는 『마포삼열 자료집』의 기록들 중에 한국어교육과 관련된 부분을 상세히 살펴 마포삼열 선교사가 2년 차 되던 시기인 1891년 문답 형식으로 치러진 시험 방식 전체 과정, 그리고 1901년 마포삼열이 아내에게 쓴 서신의 내용을 통해 당시 한국어 평가 방식 및 점수에 대한 일부 정보 등을 기록하였다. 1904년과 1905년 선교본부에 보내는 보고서 내용을 통해서는 해당 년도 1, 2, 3년 차 선교사들의 구체적인 점수와 평가 내용을 확인하고 이를 기록하였는데, 이 과정에서 선교사들의 한국어 시험 평가 및 관리의 주최인 <한국어 시험 위원회>의 다양한 역할과 활동까지 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 계기로 다양한 자료들이 종교적 기록물로서의 개념을 넘어 근대 한국어교육의 역사를 재조명할 수 있는 중요한 사료로 평가될 수 있길 바란다. The purpose of this study is to examine the contents of the Korean Language Proficiency Evaluation for early protestant missionaries recorded in the 『Samuel Austin Moffett Collection』 from the perspective of Korean educational history. The 『Samuel Austin Moffett Collection』 was published with recently disclosed letters, <Korean Language Examination Committee> reports, and other materials of S. A. Moffett contains early protestant missionaries relatively detailed Korean Language Proficiency Assessment scores and evaluations. In particular, the evaluation scores and contents of individual missionaries, which were not covered in previous studies, were displayed, so it was worth being used as a reference point for discussing the contents and evaluation methods of Korean language learners as a foreign language or as a historical record of modern Korean language education. Therefore, in this study examined the details of Korean language education, found and recorded some information on the Korean language evaluation methods and scores of the 『Samuel Austin Moffett Collection』 through the entire course of the test conducted in 1891, when S. A. Moffett was in his second year, and the contents of the letter written to his wife in 1901. Through the contents of the report sent to the Mission Headquarters in 1904 and 1905, the specific scores and evaluations of missionaries in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd year were identified and recorded. In this process, the missionary organizers of the Korean test evaluation and management various roles and activities of <Korean Language Examination Committee> were confirmed. It is hoped that this study will allow various materials to be evaluated as important historical materials that can shed light on the history of modern Korean language education beyond the concept of religious records.

평양숭실대학과 마포삼열

김선욱 숭실대학교 한국기독교문화연구원 2017 한국기독교문화연구 Vol.9 No.-

말라카에서 서울까지, 『쟝원량우샹론』의 전래, 번역 그리고 한국교회사적 의의

이영식 안양대학교 신학연구소 2023 신학지평 Vol.35 No.-

1813년 LMS 소속 선교사 윌리엄 밀른(William Milne, 米燐)이 중국에 도착했지만, 상황이 여의치 않아 말라카에서 선교부를 개설하여 선교활동 을 했다. 그는 이곳에서 1818년 영화서원(英華書院)을 설립하였으며, 1819 년 『쟝원량우샹론(張遠兩友相論)』의 저술을 마치고 출판하였다. 『쟝원 량우샹론』은 기독교인 장(張)씨와 기독교에 호기심이 많은 원(遠)씨와의 대화체로 구성된 전도문서 및 교리문서이다. 이 전도문서는 중국과 동아 시아에 인기가 많았던 책자이다. 따라서 일본과 한국에서도 번역판이 출 판되어서 복음화에 기여했다. 1893년경에 마포삼열(S. A. Moffett) 선교사에 의해서 국내 한글번역본 이 출판되었다. 『쟝원량우샹론』은 민족복음화의 귀중한 결실을 가져오 는데 공헌을 했다. 또한 문서선교의 지평을 넓혀주었으며, 순 한글로 번 역되어 한글보급을 통한 민족문화 창달 및 한국 근대화 발전에도 큰 기 여를 했다. 그리고 한글번역판 『쟝원량우샹론』은 오늘날의 한국교회에 복음전파에 대한 열정을 갖도록 촉구하고 있다. 아울러 『쟝원량우샹론』의 국내도입과 전파는 동서양 문화교류의 의미를 지니고 있다. In 1813, William Milne, a missionary from LMS, arrived in China, but due to circumstances, he opened a missionary station in Malacca to conduct missionary work. He established The Anglo-Chinese College(英 華書院) here in 1818 and he finished writing and published The Two Friends(張遠兩友相論) in 1819. The Two Friends was a missionary and doctrinal tract consisting of dialogues between two friends, Christian Chang and non-Christian Yuen. This evangelistic document was popular in China and East Asia. Therefore, translations were also published in Japan and Korea and contributed to evangelization in their nations. Around 1893, a Korean translation of The Two Friends was published by missionary S. A. Moffett. This tract contributed to bringing the precious fruits of national evangelization. In addition, it broadened the horizon of documentary missionary work and was translated into pure Korean and contributed greatly to the promotion of national culture and the development of Korean modernization through the distribution of Hangeul by being translated into pure Korean. And the Korean translation version of The Two Friends urges today’s Korean church to have a passion for evangelical propagation again. Moreover, the introduction and dissemination of The Two Friends in Korea has the meaning of cultural exchange between East and West.

마포삼열(Samuel A. Moffet)의 교육 활동의 전개

권태경 ( Tae Kyoung Kwon ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2015 복음과 선교 Vol.32 No.-

In the early 20th century, missionaries in Korea played an important role in developing Korean modern education. This paper deals with educational work done by Samuel Austin Moffett, one of the most famous missionary in Korean modern history. Most studies on him in the past were about his missionary work or comparision with other missionaries. This paper tries to focus on Moffett’s educational work. This paper focuses on three aspects of his work. First, his plans for education and how he developed them throughout his letters. Second, his goals and orientations in educational ministry by analyzing on schools he founded or administrated. Third, the effects his educational work he presented on Korean society later on. He has to be evaluated not only as a missionary, but also as an educator who contributed to Korean modern and national education. In fact, he is a founder of Pyongyang seminary and Soongeui school and, served as a dean of Soongsil school(university). His role as an educator is well shown in various educational works in these schools. He engaged in theology education in Pyongyang seminary, women education in Soongeui school, and developed Korean higher and professional education in Soongsil school(university). Samuel Austin Moffett contributed to developing Korean modern education and his educational work also plays a role as an witness of a period of Japanese colonial rule where we were enthusiastic about developing national education.

『마포삼열 자료집』에 나타난 초기 개신교 선교사의 한국어 학습 고찰 - 韓國語 敎育史的 觀點에서

박근희 한국문화융합학회 2020 문화와 융합 Vol.42 No.9

The purpose of this study is to examine Korean education history from the perspective of how early Protestant missionaries learned Korean in the 『Sources of Samuel Austin Moffett』. To this end, we found records related to Koreans and the Korean language in the archives and identify and describe the missionaries' perception of the Korean language, the methods used by the missionaries in their daily lives to learn the Korean language, their impressions of Koreans, and the actual appearance of education for Koreans. The missionaries’ perception of the Korean language in the 『Sources of Samuel Austin Moffett』 was that “Korean is an extremely difficult language” and “it takes a considerable amount of time to acquire the Korean language.” However, the missionaries worked hard to devise and practice their own methods for studying Korean in everyday life, even in poor conditions. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that S. A. Moffett's attitude, which recognized Koreans, settled in Korea, and he understood Koreans more and more positively over time. Additionally, even though they had missionary purposes, the missionaries at that time were able to learn how to teach illiterates and women in Korean using various methods. This study is meaningful in that it looks at the true nature of Korean language learning by missionaries in the 『Sources of Samuel Austin Moffett』, which can be called religious feed in the absence of active research on Korean language education by early Protestant missionaries. I look forward to continuing diverse research attempts beyond this field.

마포삼열(Samuel A. Moffett)과 1907년 평양대부흥운동

박응규 ( Ung Kyu Park ) 한국복음주의역사신학회 2007 역사신학 논총 Vol.13 No.-

평양 장로회신학교 초기 역사(1901-1922) – 신학교 명칭(校名)의 변경과정을 중심으로

변창욱(BYUN, Chang Uk) 장로회신학대학교 기독교사상과 문화연구원 2021 장신논단 Vol.53 No.2

장로교 선교사들의 저작을 중심으로 본 초기 한국 장로교 예배 이해

한경국 한국실천신학회 2019 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.66

The early PCUSA missionaries who graduated from conservative seminaries of that period have played a crucial role in building the foundation for the worship in the early Korean Church. Samuel Austin Moffet wrote “Wiwonipgyoin Kyudo” the first document related to worship in 1895, and Charles Allen Clark wrote the “Mokhwaehak” in 1925. Nine years later in 1934, Slatau T. Stanley wrote the “Raebaechupkyong.” By researching these worship books written by the missionaries who taught at the Pyongyang Presbyterian Seminary, we can understand the context of the church as well as the historical transition in worship during the early Church mission in Korea. This study, particularly shows that leading of worship and preaching by the laity was highly recommended by the Navius’ policy during the early period of the Korean Church, and it was gradually changed to the ministry of ordained pastor, especially preaching the sermon, giving the benediction and administrating the Sacraments in Sunday worship service. In addition, an effort by Charles Allen Clark to enforce liturgical elements in a regular worship service such as confession of sin were not settled in Korean worship service, instead, the simple and practical worship style which was influenced by the frontier worship style was used in Korean Church. We can also observe a few special worship terms that were used in the periods like Juil Dae Yaebae and Chanyangdae. In addition, this study indicates an appearance of age limitation rule in infant baptism as well as the difference of the number of church members depending on the popularity of preacher during the period. And this phenomenon made an incorrect perception in worship that focuses on the preacher instead of God. Thus, we see some efforts to recover the nature of worship that focuses and glorify only God. 한국교회 선교 초기 미국의 보수 신학교 출신이던 북 장로교 파송 선교사들은 한국교회 예배의 기틀을 세우는 데 큰 역할을 담당했다. 마포삼열은 1895년 최초의 한국장로교 예배 관련 문서인 『위원입교인규됴(爲願入敎人規條)』를 썼고, 이어서 곽안련의 『목회학(牧會學)』 이 1925년에 출판되었다. 이로부터 9년 뒤 1934년 소열도가 『례배첩경(禮拜捷徑)』을 출판하였다. 약 40여 년에 달하는 기간 동안 발간된 평양장로회 신학교 교수 선교사들의 예배 관련 문서를 살펴보면 각 시대의 교회와 예배현장의 정황과 선교 초기 한국장로교 예배변천에 대해 이해를 할 수 있다. 특히 한국교회 초기 네비어스 정책으로 인한 자립 중시로 평신도의 예배 인도와 설교가 적극적으로 권장되었음을 볼 수 있고 점차 주일 낮 예배는 목사에 한해 설교할 수 있도록 제한이 되면서 축도나 성례도 목사에 의해서만 행해지는 것으로 제한 되어 감을 볼 수 있다. 그리고 곽안련이 제안한 예배순서에 ‘죄의 고백’ 등을 넣는 일련의 예전 강화 노력은 실제 현장에서는 특별한 실현이 되지 못하였고 이른바 변방예배 형태를 계승한 간단하고 실용적인 예배 형식으로 정착됨을 살펴볼 수 있으며 주일 대예배, 찬양대 등의 용어사용을 통해 지금부터 약 100여 년 전 한국교회에서 사용한 예배 용어 등의 면면을 알 수 있다. 또한, 선교 초기 유아세례 자의 나이 제한에 대한 특별한 언급이 없다가 점차 그 기준이 생겨나고 한국교회 초기부터 설교자의 인기도에 따른 예배 참석 인원의 편차가 생겨났고 이로 인해 하나님만 영광을 받으셔야 한다는 예배의 본질이 흐려져서 설교자에 집중하는 흐름이 있었음도 볼 수 있다. 이에 따라 하나님께만 경배해야 한다는 예배의 본질 회복에 집중하는 당대 선교사들의 노력을 볼 수 있다.

한국장로교회 초대 목사 한석진 목사(1868-1939)의생애와 사역

이상웅 아신대학교 ACTS 신학연구소 2024 ACTS 신학저널 Vol.60 No.-

한국장로교회 선교는 1895년에 공식적으로 시작되었지만, 최초의 한국인 목사들이 배출된 것은 1907년에 이르러서이다. 흔히 한국장로교회최초의 일곱 목사라 불리는 이들이다. 본고에서는 첫 7인 목사 중 하나인한석진 목사의 생애, 사역 그리고 특징들에 대해서 개관해 보았다. II절에서는 한석진의, 성장 과정, 입신(入信) 과정, 초기 사역 과정 등을 개관해보았다. 그는 마포삼열 선교사에게 세례를 받은 후, 1893년부터 그의 조사(helper)로서 십수 년간 평양 지역에서 열정적으로 사역을 했고, 초기부터 그의 행보는 구습타파적이며 자립을 강조했다. III절에서는 그가 목사안수 받은 후부터 시작된 목회 사역 기간에 대해 살펴보았다. 그는 연속해서 몇몇 교회에서 목회를 했고, 노회와 총회 임원으로서 교회 정치에도깊이 참여해서 한국장로교회의 신앙표준, 예배모범 등을 정하는 일에도기여했고, 목회자들의 휴양을 위한 금강산 수양관 건축에도 큰 수고를 하였다. IV절에서는 그의 사역과 신앙의 특징들을 몇 가지로 정리해 보았다(“생명을 아끼지 않고 헌신한 신앙인이자 복음 전도자,” “혁신적이고 자립적인 목회자,” “한국인에 의한 한국 기독교를 세우고자 열망한 목회자,” “장로교 목회자로서 한석진 목사”). The official missions of the Korean Presbyterian Church began in 1895,but it was not until 1907 that the first Korean pastors were ordained,known as the first seven pastors of the Korean Presbyterian Church. This paper explores the life, ministry, and characteristics of one of thesepioneering pastors, Rev. Han Seok-jin. Section II provides an overviewof Han’s early stage of life, his journey to faith, and the developmentof his early ministry. After being baptized by missionary Samuel A. Moffett, Han passionately served in Pyongyang and its surroundingareas for over a decade as Moffett’s assistant from 1893. His ministry wasinnovative from the outset, emphasizing self-support and independencefor Korean Christians. Section III delves into Han’s pastoral ministryperiod, which began after his ordination in 1907. He served as a pastorin several churches, actively participated in church politics as a memberof the Synod and the General Assembly, and contributed significantly to establishing standards of faith and worship models for the KoreanPresbyterian Church. He also played a significant role in developingthe Mt. Geumgang Retreat Center for pastors’ recreation. Section IVsummarizes the key characteristics of Han’s ministry and faith as follows:his selfless dedication as a devout believer and evangelist; his innovativeand self-supportive pastoral approach; his aspiration to establish a KoreanChristianity led by Koreans; and his identity as a Presbyterian pastor.

산 순교자, 김윤찬 목사에 대한 ‘ACTS 신학공관(神學共觀)’에 따른 평가

신종철 ( Shin Jong Cheol ) 아신대학교 신학연구소 2021 ACTS 신학저널 Vol.50 No.-

Rev. Kim Yoon-Chan is not as widely known as Rev. Chu Ki-Cheol or Rev. Son Yang -Won. Those who are interested in him mention him only in his relationship to Calvin Theological Seminary. His position in the history of Korean churches, however, is like an axis, especially in the history of the Korean Presbyterian Church. Understanding Kim Yoon-Chan’s position is needed to survey the history of Korea Presbyterian Church. Research on Kim Yoon-Chan is rare. For this reason, this article evaluates him from the viewpoint of the ‘Acts Theological Synoptic Movement.’ First, we can find the viewpoint of ‘Central Truth of Christianity Movement’ in the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement,’ in Kim Yoon-Chan’s resistance to Shintoism and rejection of communism. Second, from the viewpoint of ‘Sound Theology Movement,’ in the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement,’ Kim’s made a significant role to protect the conservative faith and to strengthen the conservative denomination in Korean Church during the 1959 division of The Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong) and The Presbyterian Church in Korea (Tonghap). Third, we can see the viewpoint of ‘True Believer Nurturing Movement,’ in the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement’ in Kim’s role in the establishment of theological seminaries. He played a leading role in purchasing the seminary building in Yongsan, Seoul. Also, his proposal and the approval of the General Assembly Presbyterian Church in Korea have led to the establishing of the former Calvin Theological Seminary (now Calvin University). He served Calvin Theological Seminary for 33 years and made significant contribution to its growth. Fourth, from the viewpoint of ‘Church Unity Movement,’ in the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement,’ we can positively evaluate Kim’s outstanding role in unification of the divided Presbyterian Church. Eventually, The Presbyterian Church in Korea and Koryo Presbyterian Church merged, even though their merge with the Tonghap Presbyterian Church has failed. Fifth, we can see the viewpoint of ‘Church Renewal Movement.’ in the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement’ in his establishment of the Pyongyang Church, the first refugee church and PyoungAn Church in Republic of Korea. The establishment of PyoungAn Church in Seoul was in fact restoration of the north Korean churches in South Korea. In conclusion, with a study of the life of martyr Rev. Kim Yoon-Chan from the viewpoint of the ‘ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement,’ the importance of ACTS Theological Synoptic Movement can be acknowledged.