잎담배 생산기술의 현황과 전망

석영선 충북대학교 연초연구소 2004 煙草硏究 Vol.19 No.-

우리나라 잎담배 생산의 특징은 조기재배를 위하여 저온기간에 비닐하우스내에서의 육묘와 피복재배를 하며, 영세하고 노동집약적인 소농구조이다. 그러나 국민경제의 급속한 성장에 따른 농촌구조의 변모, 젊은 농촌인구의 이동, 임금상승, 제조담배의 시장개방 등으로 많은 노동력을 필요로 하는 잎담배 생산산업은 극히 어려운 실정에 놓여 있다. 최근 육묘, 본포준비, 건조실 및 건조관리 등에서의 새로운 기술과 기계를 개발하여 많은 효과를 거두고 있으나 좀 더 생력적이고 체계적인 기계화가 필요하다. 재배과정별로는 직파에 의한 부상육묘 및 육묘장의 대형화, 이식준비작업의 일관화된 기계화, 다기능을 가진 본포관리용 종합관리기 개발, 건조실의 대형화 및 자동화, 대형포장의 산엽수매 등 작업의 기계화와 용이화로 생산성의향상을 도모하고, 경영합리화를 위하여 경지의 집단화 및 경지정리, 공동육묘 또는 육묘의 전문화, 퇴비생산의 지역별 공장화, 건조실의 집단화 또는 위탁건조, 건조엽의 저장 및 농기계관리의 공동화 등 공동경영시설로 전환하여야 할 것으로 생각된다. 잎담배 생산의 비용과 환경오염을 줄이면서 유해물질의 함량이 적은 잎담배를 생산하기 위한 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. • 시비는 비료값이나 환경오염을 적게 하기 위하여 토양의 비옥도, 시비 전력 및 재배방법을 고려하여 시비량을 합리적으로 하여야 하며, 과다한 시비는 자원의 낭비는 물론 수질을 오염시키게 된다. • 양질엽을 안정적으로 재배하기 위하여서는 제초를 철저히 하여야 하며, 최근 제초제를 많이 사용하고 있다. 제초제는 잡초의 종류와 후작의 작물을 고려하여 잘 선택하여 사용방법과 사용량을 적정하게 하여야 할 것이다. • 경작기술의 발전으로 곁순의 생장도 커지는 경우가 많으며, 곁순억제제의 사용이 증가하고 있다. 곁순억제제는 접촉형과 침투성 두 가지가 이용되고 있는데 접촉형은 어린 곁순을 테워 죽이고 침투형은 세포분렬을 억제하는 것이다. 침투형인 MH는 1950년대 초에 도입되어 저렴하고 효과가 좋으며, 대체 물질이 아직까지 개발되지 않아 세계적으로 많이 사용되고 있으며 담배잎 중에 잔류량이 허용치보다 높은 경우가 있어 문제시 되고 있다. 유럽의 일부국가에서는 잔유량의 허용치를 80ppm으로 제한하고 있으며, 가까운 장래에 다른 국가에서도 허용치를 강화하여 적용할 것이므로 다른 농약과 더불어 잔류량을 적게 하여야만 할 것이다. • 담배 재배 중에 발생하는 모든 병충해에 대한 방제방법은 다양하므로 이식 전에 포지별로 종합적인 방법을 수립하여야하며, 각 포지에 대한 병해의 발생정도에 대한 지도를 작성하여 방제 계획을 세우면 효과적이다. 병충해의 방제는 피해와 경비를 줄이면서 환경 오염을 적게 하여야 한다. • 황색종 건조 중에 암 발생물질로 알려진 tobacco specific nitrosamines이 연소부산물과 결합하여 생성되는 것으로 밝혀져 있으므로 건조실내로 연소가스가 유입되지 않도록 건조실의 가열장치와 환기시설의 구조를 개선하여야 할 것이다. The characteristics of tobacco productive circumstances can be summarized as widespread small scale farming, high labor practices, and pit-covered mulching cultivation. Rapid development of economic growth during the past few years has been largely increased farm wages as decrease of rural labors. Accompanying the labor problems have been a continual reducing of tobacco production. Much progress has been made in resent years in the development of new tools and techniques for all phase of tobacco production, from soil preparation to curing. The new developments should be considered both reducing labor and raising operational efficiency toward optimum levels. The improvement of productivity should be effectively produced on mechanization and techniques by float system and direct-seeding of transplants in large greenhouse, integrate work of soil preparation, many-sided machinery for field management, large curing facilities, automation of curing management, and large package of tangled leaf. The management rationalization should be effectively produced on expanding farm size, reforming farm land, specializing the seedling production, manufacturing compost, and grouping the curing bam by contract farmers or encouraging group. Below are some suggestions to reduce production cost, environment contamination and health concerns •The efficient use of nutrients, including those in the soil naturally or as a result of previous fertilization and management practices, can help reduce fertilizer costs and environmental concerns without reducing yield or quality. This requires a well-planned fertilization program based on soil testing, wise selection of nutrient sources based on needs and costs, and proper application. Over-fertilization is expensive, wastes natural resources, and increases the potential for contamination of water resources. • Herbicides can reduce the number of cultivations needed to produce a profitable, high-quality crop. There are advantages and disadvantages to each application time depending on the herbicide and weed population. The proper identification of weeds is essential for proper herbicide selection. Also, always read the label before purchasing a herbicide to see whether the product controls the problem weed, to determine the proper rate, and to be aware of rotational restrictions. • Two primary types of chemicals are available for sucker control. Contact alcohol chemicals desiccate (bum) tender sucker tissue, while systemic chemicals retard sucker growth by inhibiting cell division. MH has saved many hours of labor since its introduction in the early 1950s. It is widely used for sucker control because it usually is effective, relatively inexpensive, and easy to apply. But high residues can reduce demand by domestic as well as export customers. No suitable alternative to MH has been developed, and sucker control programs without this product have not given consistently good results. Consequently, MH residues on and in cured tobacco are often higher than acceptable. Several members of the European Community have adopted an 80 ppm MH tolerance on tobacco products. This tolerance may be established by other countries in the near future. Therefor, it would be wise to assume that the MH residues on tobacco will very likely undergo even greater scrutiny and regulation soon. • No one practice can be expected to provide protection from every disease, much less from the many different diseases that might attack tobacco during a growing season. Tobacco growers urgently need to assess the disease problems within each of their fields and plan management strategies well before the crop year. A tobacco disease map of each field can plan control practices that should benefit them immensely as they develop production plans from season to season. The real goal of pests management is not to kill pests but to reduce damage and maximize profits. Thus, it is not only necessary to protect the crop but also to keep the costs of protection as low as possible. It protects the environment and also saves money by reducing pesticide • Recent research has shown that a class of carcinogenic (cancer-causing) compounds known as tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) may be formed in flue-cured tobacco leaves during the curing process. To prevent the combustion gases from contacting the tobacco do not allow exhaust fumes from burners, boilers, and other equipment to enter the curing chamber.

붉은별무늬病葉의 乾燥中 病班 및 化學成分 變化

石泳善 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1999 煙草硏究 Vol.17 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of lesion tissue area and chemical composition on the brown spot infected tobacco leaf during flue-curing process. The results are summarized as follows. The lesion tissue area was influenced by duration and temperature of the yellowing period. The enlargement of necrotic tissue was in proportion to duration of yellowing period and that of halo tissue showed a slight decline at the tatter yellowing stage, but it was a little relation with yellowing temperature. Contents of chlorophyll, starch, total sugar, total-N, and curing ratio and equilibrium moisture content among necrotic part, halo part, and healthy part of brown spot lesions showed to be decrease from the healthy to the necrotic part, whereas protein-N, NH4-N, and NO3-N, contents were increase from the necrotic to the halo and the healthy parts in that order.

절충형 피복재배방법에서 배토 시기가 연초 식물의 생육에 미치는 영향

박상현,석영선 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 2001 煙草硏究 Vol.18 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of molding time on the early growth of tobacco plant. The results were summarized as follows. In molding treatment, plant height, stem diameter, largest leaf area, and adventitious root were larger twice than once. In molding time treatments, the growing characters of tobacco in compromised mulching were better early than late but those in pit-covered mulching were not different. At interaction of molding time and time, the early growth of tobacco plant was better early and twice molding treatments than late and once molding treatments.

발바닥 특정 부위 자극이 뇌파에 미치는 효과에 대한 비선형 분석

吳永仙,吳旼錫,宋泰元 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2001 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.10 No.1

The brain is one of the most complex systems in nature. Brain waves, or the "EEG", are electrical signals that can be recorded from the brain, either directly or throught the scalp. The kind of brain wave recorded depends on the behavior of the animal, and is the visible evidence of the kind of neuronal (brain cell) processing necessary for that behavior. But, EEG had been considered as a virtually infinite-dimensional random signal. However, nonlinear dynamics light on dynamical aspects of the human EEG. The methods of nonlinear dynamics provide excellent tolls for the study of multi-variable, complex system such as EEG. In this study, 20 persons seperated in 2 groups were examined with EGG, one group stimulated on specific area of the sole of the foot with footbed inside the shoes. This experiment resulted in at the group stimulated on specific area of the sole of the fott correlation dimension of P4 and Ol channels increased significantly. Therefore, we obserbed that stimulation on specific area of the body had a constant effections on the specific channels.

곁순의 화학적 방제가 연초식물의 생장량에 미치는 영향

이재흥,석영선,신주식,정찬문 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 2001 煙草硏究 Vol.18 No.-

This study was carried out to compare the effects of suckercides - Fatty alcohol(FA), Maleic hydrazide(MH) and Butralin - on the sucker control and growing characters of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Among the three suckercides, Butralin was treated at three different times, one day before topping, topping day and one day after topping, and at two different concentration, 1/30 and 1/60 water solution. The results are summarized as follows. Suckercide treated plot showed higher growth and weight of upper leaves than not-treated plots did. MH treated plot decreased numbers, fresh weight and dry weight of suckers compared to the other treated plots, and made the leaves shape narrow. The effect of Butralin on sucker control was lower than that of MH, but higher than that of FA. The yields when treated Butralin decreased compared to the yields when treated MH. Though there were no significant differences of yields and growing characters of leaves among the plots of three concentrations and two times of treating Butralin, it is recommended to apply 1/60 water solution of Butralin at topping time.

수면 부유 방법에 의한 연초 육묘

洪淳達,石泳善,朴孝澤 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1999 煙草硏究 Vol.17 No.-

Carbonized rice hull, perlite, and vermiculite were mixed and investigated for the probability of tobacco transplant production by means of plug and transfer float system. These seedling bed materials in condition of float system have gaseous phase ranged from 6% to 13% showing a proper growth of tobacco seedling. However compost media mixed with soil, sand, and compost in condition of float system led to the shortage of respiration in root system by very low proportion of gaseous phase skewing a wicked growth of seedling. Absorption of heat by floating water for the daytime increased rhizosphere temperature in condition of float system during the night and low temperature season resulting in better growth of tobacco seedling. Consequently transplant production of tobacco seedling by float system with mixed materials of carbonized rice hull, perlite, and vermiculite was thought to be desirable method for manufacturing production system of transplant considering the effective management of water, nutrients, and temperature of seedling bed materials.

황색종 원료잎담배 숙성과정중 지습에 따른 품질변화

송교철,석영선,이학수 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 2001 煙草硏究 Vol.18 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of the dampness of concrete floor in storeroom on the quality of packed flue-cured leaf tobacco with corrugated causes for aging. The results were summarized as follows. The moisture and relative humidity conditions at the 15cm height from the concrete floor were 2.2℃ lower and 16% RH higher than those at the 300 cm height in the storeroom. Due to loading position, no significant changes in moisture content of leaf tobacco in the third layer was found. However, in the first layer, 2.4% of increase in moisture content was found. In the case of the layer, the circumference of corrugated casses was increased more largely than in the middle. During aging, the nicotine and total sugar content and pH value in leaf tobacco were decreased. Due to loading position, the pH, nicotine and total sugar content of leaf tobacco in the first layer were decreased significantly than those in the third layer. After aging, the degree of the lightness(L) and the yellowness(b) of leaf tobacco in the first layer were dropped by 3.2 and 2.5, respectively. However, the degree of the redness(a) was Increased by 0.63. Mold was occured in the leaf tobacco at the low part of the first layer.

煙草의 折衷被覆栽培에서 着根肥 施用이 初期生育에 미치는 影響

張鎔煥,石泳善,裵吉寬 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1999 煙草硏究 Vol.17 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of starter solution on the growth responses of flue-cured tobacco at the transplanting time, which had been cultivated with compromised mulching culture system, and to find out the ways to reduce the damages at the early growth stage due to low temperature and drought. The results were summarized as follows. 1.Soil moisture content of the compromised mulching plot at the early growth stage after transplanting was lower, 2∼4%, than that of the pit-covered mulching culture. 2.The growth of flue-cured tobacco during early growth stage in compromised mulching culture plot were delayed about 5 days compared to those of the pit-covered mulching culture. 3.200ppm of (NO4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and KNO3 application had accelerating effects on the early growth of tobacco. 4.By applying 200 and 300ppm of KNO3 and 100 and 200ppm of NH4NO3 as starter solution, the growth of length and width of largest leaf, plant height, weight of top and roots, root length were accelerated during early growth stage.

수냉쿨러의 냉각 효율 향상을 위한 플레이트 부품의 형상에 관한 연구

성윤호,김형찬,김선민,윤석영,이영웅,이상욱 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2021 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.27 No.2

This study investigates changes in cooling efficiency for heat sink plate width, perforated width, and chamfer angle as part of a parameter study to maximize cooling efficiency of heat sink by setting various variables on plates. The width of the plate is set to 16, 20, 24, 28 mm, perforated width 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mm, chamfer angles 5, 10, 15 and 20°. By conducting a computational study with Ansys Fluent, the sink plate with plate width of 16mm, perforated width of 3mm and chamfer angle of 10° is shown to be the best cooling efficiency.

잎담배 생산농가의 경작규모별 곁순방제 소요노동력 조사

최상진,김영신,이학수,석영선 충북대학교 연초연구소 2004 煙草硏究 Vol.19 No.-

This study was carried out to decect efficient method of sucker control classifed by cultivation hectarage per farm in 57 farms selected in the main producing districts of flue-cured and burley tobacco. In topping, it was no difference of working hours by cultivation hectarage per farm in flue-cured and burley tobacco. Suckering was the best in working hours among working type, and the more cultivation hectarage per farm was small, the more working hours of topping, suckering and application of suckercide was increased. Application of system suckercide shows a decrease as compared with application of contact suckercide but the decrease of working hours in application of contact suckercide by cultivation hectarage per farm was larger than in system suckercide. 경작면적별 효율적인 곁순억제방법을 알아보고자 황색종 및 버어리종 주산지에서 57개 경작농가를 선정하여 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 적심작업의 경우 황색종과 버어리종 모두 경작면적에 의한 노력소요량의 차이는 없었다. 2. 곁순제거작업은 다른 작업에 비해 노력소요량이 가장 많았고, 경작면적이 작을수록 노력소요량이 증가하였다. 3. 황색종과 버어리종 모두 침투성 곁순억제살포작업에 비해 접촉성 약제살포작업에서 노력소요량이 많았으나 경작면적이 큰 경우 접촉성 약제 살포작업 노력소요량 감소폭이 침투성 곁순억제제 살포작업에 대한 노력소요량 감소폭보다 컸다. 4. 각 작업에 대하여 농가간 최저 및 최고 노력소요량 차이가 큰 것으로 나타나 조사방법과 시기를 보완하여 보다 체계적이고 세밀한 조사가 추가적으로 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다.