Engineering of AlON interlayer in Al₂O₃/AlON/In_0.53Ga_0.47As gate stacks by thermal atomic layer deposition

Lee, Woo Chul,Cho, Cheol Jin,Park, Suk-In,Jun, Dong-Hwan,Song, Jin Dong,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Kim, Seong Keun ELSEVIER 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.8

<P>The presence of an AlN interfacial layer in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks improves the interfacial properties and enhances the electrical performance of devices. However, pure AlN is rarely grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) because of the low reactivity of NH3 toward the common Al-precursor and the predisposition to oxidation of the grown AlN layer. Although a plasma-enhanced ALD technique significantly suppresses the oxygen content in the grown AlN layer, the deterioration of the interface properties by plasma-damage is a critical issue. In this work, an AlON interlayer was engineered by optimizing the NH3 feeding time in thermal ALD to improve the interface quality in Al2O3/AlON/In0.53Ga0.47As capacitors. It was determined that a mere increase in the NH3 feeding time during the ALD of the AlON film resulted in a higher nitrogen incorporation into the AlON interlayer, leading to a reduction in the interface trap density. Furthermore, the out-diffusion of elements from the In0.53Ga0.47As layer was effectively suppressed by increasing the NH3 feeding time. This work demonstrates that simple process optimization can improve the interface quality in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks without the use of any plasma-activated nitrogen source.</P>

Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

Helicobacter pylori cagE 유전자 다형성이 위상피세포주에서 Interleukin-8 유도능에 미치는 영향

이수민,이학성,이인석,조유경,한혜원,오정환,박재명,최명규,정인식,Lee Su-Min,Lee Hak-Sung,Lee In-Suk,Co Yu-Kyung,Han Hae-Won,Oh Jung-Hwan,Park Jae-Myung,Choi Myung-Gyu,Chung In-Sik 한국생명과학회 2004 생명과학회지 Vol.14 No.6

Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent, as high as 2/3 of whole population infected, in Korea. H. pylori infection initiates inflammation by induction of interleukin-8 through type IV secretion of CagA. It was recently suggested that induction failure of IL-8 is not associated with defect in cag PAI but associated with cagE locus diversity. This study was designed to investigate ability of 11-8 in-duction according to sequence variation within the cagE gene, cagA TP motifs and vacA m-types in vitro study using AGS cell-line, and to evaluate its association with different clinical outcome. Seventy-four H. pylori stains were isolated from 23 patients with gastric cancer (Ca), 24 subjects with gastritis (G) and 27 patients with duodenal ulcer (Du) in Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. cagE gene diversity was confirmed by the PCR-RFLP methods with MboI/NlaIII and tyrosine phosphate motifs (TPMs) of cagA was determined TPM-A and C by using DdeI/Tsp5091 restriction enzyme and TPM-B was determend by Real time PCR the method of Owen et al. and IL-8 was measured by ELISA assay. IL-8 activity was positively detected in 59 among 74 strains $(79.7\%)$. IL-8 secretion was significantly increased in MboI A and MboI B type compared to MboI C type and in MboI/NlaIII A-C and B-C type than C-C type. 1L-8 activity was not associated with either the number or composition of cagA tyrosine phosphorylation motifs and vacA m-type. There was no significant difference in IL-8 activity among patient groups. cagE gene diversity is thought to be mainly associated with the induction of IL-8 in H. pylori infection.

CSL(Cross-hole Sonic Logging) 시험 자료를 이용한 현장 타설말뚝 3D 영상화 기법 연구 및 프로그램개발

이재경,박종남,박인석,한원태 東亞大學校 建設技術硏究所 2005 硏究論文集 Vol.29 No.1

The CSL(Cross-hole Sonic Logging) is a method of the integrity test of cast-in-place pile. since it was introduced to domestic applications in early 1990s, it was been widely used at construction sites. Generally, We calculate the ultrasonic velocity by measuring the emission time between Tx-Rx probes moving at the same time while keeping vertical level equal in the tubes at the cast-in-placed pile for evaluating the pile integrity. We detect position, size and existence of weak zone by comparing results which are acquired in each ray-path profile. Vertical position of defect is comparatively correct, but horizontal position and size of defect is inaccurate. We studied 3D imaging techniques for pile integrity test by applying geotomography and Kriging. In this study, we have also developed pc-based software (CSL 3D Imager) for displaying of 3D images.

Treadmill 부하 Program 영역이 성인비만여성의 신체조성에 미치는 영향

이석인,박재석 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2003 體育硏究 Vol.- No.18

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference between the treadmill load during the oxygen-consuming exercise and constant velocity oxygen-consuming treadmill program through controlling the velocity after setting the treadmill load during the oxygen-consuming exercise in several stages subjecting the adult fat women group(Fat)30%, N=10), and then to provide the basic data to develop the adequate treadmill exercise program which can decrease the fat risk with the base of the change of the physical composition(body weight, body fat rate, body fat volume, total fat rate, and body water volume) of the adult fat women group. The 10 minutes of the warming-up exercise, 10 minutes of the summary exercise, and the main exercise(treadmill load program, constant velocity treadmill program) was set as 25 ~ 45 minutes according to the individual difference, and the subject people were asked to walk or run according to the treadmill program, and the intensity of the exercise was applicable to 65 ~ 90% of the maximum cardiac pulse frequency, that is, in the extent of 65 ~ 90% of HRmax the program was executed. In order to examine the difference between before and after the exercise, the paired t-test was applied, and in order to examine the influence on effects of the individual group(group), between before and after the event(time), and group and the interaction between before and after the event(group x time), the two-way ANOVa which is the examination for the average difference of the estimated variable was executed, and the acceptance standard for the proposition was set up as P〈.05. 1. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body weight was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body weight was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05). Additionally, the influence on the body weight in each group didnot show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.001), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 2. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat rate was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat rate was decreased between before and after the exercise, but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body fat rate in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 3. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05). Additionally, the influence on the body fat volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, but there was very meaningful difference between before and after the exercise(P〈.001), and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 4. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body fat volume was increased between before and after the exercise(P〈.01), and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body fat volume was decreased between before and after the exercise(P〈.05), but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body fat volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups. 5. In the group of the treadmill load program, the body water volume was decreased between before and after the exercise, and in the group of the constant velocity treadmill program, the body water volume was decreased between before and after the exercise, but there was no meaningful difference. Additionally, the influence on the body water volume in each group did not show the meaningful difference statistically among those groups, and there was no meaningful difference in the interaction about between the before and after exercise and among groups.

Circuit Weight Training이 최대산소섭취량 및 %체지방에 미치는 효과

이석인,이신언 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2001 體育硏究 Vol.- No.14

The purpose of this study was to compare the compare the physiologic effects of a program of weight training(WT) with a program of circuit weight training(CWT) thirty males(mean age=WT19.30±0.52yr(n=15). CWT19.80±0.98(n=15) were randomly assigned to CWT and WT groups. The training groups participated in 12-wk programs. 3d·wk^-1. Four sets of 11 weight training exercise were completed 12-15repetitions performed in 30s at 70% of one-repetition maximum at each station. The 30.45-min CWT program following each CWT station whereas the 30.45-min CWT program included a 15s rest period between stations. the CWT groups had significant(+16%) increase in Vo2max (63.86-67.58 m1·㎏^-1·min^-1) and a significant decrease in body fat percentage(-24%). The WT groups also increased significantly in Vo2maz (+6%) and decreased in body fat (-15%). Maximal heat rate did not changes significantly for any groups in the study. Statistically one program was not shown to be superior to other: thus, both programs of CWT and WT were effective in improving measures of physical fitness. It is concluded from the results of our study that programs of circuit weight training(CWT) and WT alone were very effective and equal in the improvements observed for maximum aerobic power, strength, and body composition.

골다공증의 진단, 예방, 치료에 따른 카이로프락틱의 역할과 관련 문헌에 대한 소고

이석인,김명일 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1999 體育硏究 Vol.- No.12

To study review of the related references and role of chiropractic in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. To study of objektive was the given the widespread use of chiropractors, the recent interest in alternative medical practices, and our experience with osteoporosis referrals from a chiropractor in the community, we investigated the interaction of conventional medicine and chiropractic in the evaluation, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. Design and methods was review of the chiropractic and medical literature. Multiple chiropractic databases and MEDLINE were searched for references to chiropractic and osteoporosis. Results was review of the chiropractic literature revealed numerous references to osteoporosis, with emphasis on the use of nutrition and exercise for the prevention and treatment of osteoposis, warnings regarding the dangers of manipulative therapy, and limited mention of modern diagnostic techniques. Little reference to the chiropractic role in the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of osteopororosis was found in the standard medical literature. Conclusions, chiropractors may evaluate and treat patiens with osteoporosis. Although there is some awareness of osteoporosis in the chiropractic literature, there has been little communication between chiropractic practitioners and physicians and little discussion of the potential value of increased collaboration in the medical literature. Chiropractic participation in osteoporosis diagnosis, prevention, and treatment might serve as a model for the collboration of physicians and practitioners of alternative medicine.

써키트 웨이트트레이닝이 體格, 身體構成, 心拍數 및 筋方向上에 미치는 影響

李錫仁 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1990 體育硏究 Vol.- No.3

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of 10 weeks circuit weight training (C. W. T). The 45 healthy male students of J university in Seoul are randomly selected as subjects. The procedure of this experiment are as follows. 45 subjects are divided into three groups : G-1 (C. W. T., 3 times), G-2 (C. W. T., 4 times), G-3(W, T). All three groups trained for 10 weeks ; Monday, Wednesday, Friday. During each work-out following lifts are used ; bench press, barbell biceps curl, standing press, squat, lat pull-down, lying triceps extension, pull-up, sit-up. Each training time is about 40 minutes. The conclusion were as follows ; 1. thigh girth did not increase significantly in G-1 but G-2 (1.16㎝) and G-3 (1.67㎝) increased significantly (p<0.05). Waist girth did not decrease significantly in G-2 and G-3 but G-1 (-1.24㎝) decreased significantly (p<0.05). Chest girth did not increase significantly in G-1 but G-2 (-1.53㎝) and (2.14㎝) increased significantly(p<0.05). Bicep girth did not increase significantly in G-1 but G-2(1.02㎝) and G-3(1.21㎝) increase significantly(p<0.05). Thigh girth did not increase significantly in G-1 but G-2(1.16㎝) and G-3(1.67㎝) increased significantly(p<0.05). Wasist girth did not decrease significantly in G-2 and G-3 but G-1(-1.24㎝) decreased significantly(p<0.05). 2. Body composition measure results of before and after training. % fat and body fat did not decrease significantly in all three groups and lean body mass increased significantly(p<0.05) only in G-3(2.17㎏). 3. Heart rate measure results of before and after training. Rest heart rate did not decrease significantly in G-3 but G-1(-5.02beats/min) and G-2(-3.51 beats/min) decreased significantly(p<0.001). 4. Strength measure results of before and after training Grip strength, back strength, bench press, squat increased significantly(p<0.001) in all three groups.

開發途上國의 外債現況과 償還能力 分析 : 한국을 중심으로 With Emphasis on the Korean Case

李汪宰,姜錫寅 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.18 No.-

External debt is not a new issue. Indeed, it has existed throughout history, but became more signficant internationally after the second World War because of the demand of funds for reconstruction and development. The oil crises of 1973-4 and 1979 exacerbated the external debt problem, particularly for oil-importing developing countries. Poland was the first country rescheduled in March 1981. By the end of 1983, total rescheduling rose to US$ 90 billion. Several factors contributed to the sudden expansion of external debt after the 1970s, First, while grants constituted the bulk of foreign aid after World War Ⅱ, the 1970s saw a shift of loans to developing countries. Second, before the 1970s, most foreign capital was used for internal purposes, while in the post oil crisis period, external purposes became more important. Third, the expansion of the scope of external debt after the oil crises made this issue an international problems, rather than a simple domestic issue. At the end of 1985, total developing countries' external debt stood at US$865 billion. Of this, 89%, or US$ 768 billion was borne by oil importing developing countries. The total developing countries' external debt in 1985 represented a 260% jump over its 1977 level. The Latin American region's debts made up 55.1% of the total, while Asian countries were responsible for 26.5%, showing the severity of the external debt problem in both regions. Indeed, developing countries' external debt has consistently worsened: in 1977, the external' debt to GNP ratio stood at 25%, but deteriorated to 36.4% by 1985; the external debt to export ratio worsened from 127% in 1977 to 150% after 1983; and the debt servicing ratio for these countries was 25.6% at the end of 1985. In this article, the writers have analyzed the external debt and debt service ability of the developing countries, giving special attention to the Korean case. In chapter Ⅱ, the developing countries' external debt status and the origins of the rapid expansion of worldwide external debt have been discussed. In chapter Ⅲ, Korea's external debt was focused, fully considering the structure of external debt. In chapter Ⅳ, the developing countries' debt servicing ability was analysed and the Korean case in particular closely looked at. In chapter Ⅴ, the writers concluded that Korea's external debt status is relatively good, compared with that of other developing countries. Thanks to Korea's foreign assets, the net foreign debt to GNP ratio at 40% is relatively stable. Short term debt constitutes less than 23% of total external debt. In addition, Korea's debt structure is well-balanced among the public and private sectors and bank loans. Korea has also benefited from recent decline in international interest rates as 69% of her external debt is made in floating rates. Korea's debt service ability is also relatively good. Effective economic management has successfully promoted annual growth rates to 5-9%. Korea has benefited from favorable interest rates and the proportion of short-term debt in total debt has been held down. Korea's debt service ratio, including short-term debt is only 20% and Korea enjoys a relative high country credit in international financial markets. Korea's balance of payments is also being improved as a result of increase in exports. On the domestic side, Korean citizens have positively supported the movement to reduce foreign debts. Korea, however, has no natural resources, and so is dependent on the external environment for economic growth. For this reason, Korea must continue to promote domestic savings and consumer's frugality in order to reduce external debt in the future.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Identifies AHNAK (Neuroblast Differentiation-associated Protein AHNAK) as a Novel Candidate Biomarker for Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis by Liquid-based Cytology

Lee, Hyebin,Kim, Kwangsoo,Woo, Jongmin,Park, Joonho,Kim, Hyeyoon,Lee, Kyung Eun,Kim, Hyeyeon,Kim, Youngsoo,Moon, Kyung Chul,Kim, Ji Young,Park, In Ae,Shim, Bo Bae,Moon, Ji Hye,Han, Dohyun,Ryu, Han Suk American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2018 Molecular and Cellular Proteomics Vol.17 No.9

<P>Cytological examination of urine is the most widely used noninvasive pathologic screen for bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA); however, inadequate diagnostic accuracy remains a major challenge. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of urine samples of ten patients with BLCA and ten paired patients with benign urothelial lesion (BUL) to identify ancillary proteomic markers for use in liquid-based cytology (LBC). A total of 4,839 proteins were identified and 112 proteins were confirmed as expressed at significantly different levels between the two groups. We also performed an independent proteomic profiling of tumor tissue samples where we identified 7,916 proteins of which 758 were differentially expressed. Cross-platform comparisons of these data with comparative mRNA expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas identified four putative candidate proteins, AHNAK, EPPK1, MYH14 and OLFM4. To determine their immunocytochemical expression levels in LBC, we examined protein expression data from The Human Protein Atlas and in-house FFPE samples. We further investigated the expression of the four candidate proteins in urine cytology samples from two independent validation cohorts. These analyses revealed AHNAK as a unique intracellular protein differing in immunohistochemical expression and subcellular localization between tumor and non-tumor cells. In conclusion, this study identified a new biomarker, AHNAK, applicable to discrimination between BLCA and BUL by LBC. To our knowledge, the present study provides the first identification of a clinical biomarker for LBC based on in-depth proteomics.</P>