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        Ser360 and Ser364 in the Kinase Domain of Tomato SlMAPKKKα are Critical for Programmed Cell Death Associated with Plant Immunity

        황인선,Jen Brady,Gregory B. Martin,오창식 한국식물병리학회 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.2

        SlMAPKKKα, a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, is apositive regulator of Pto-mediated effector-triggeredimmunity, which elicits programmed cell death (PCD)in plants. In this study, we examined whether putativephosphorylation sites in the conserved activation segmentof the SlMAPKKKα kinase domain are criticalfor eliciting PCD. Three amino acids, threonine353,serine360 (Ser360), or serine364 (Ser364), in the conservedactivation segment of SlMAPKKKα kinase domainwere substituted to alanine (T353A, S360A, or S364A),and these variants were transiently expressed in tomatoand Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Two alaninesubstitutions, S360A and S364A, completely abolishedSlMAPKKKα PCD-eliciting activity in both plants,while T353A substitution did not affect its PCDelicitingactivity. SlMAPKKKα wild type and variantproteins accumulated to similar levels in plant leaves. However, SlMAPKKKα protein with the largest sizewas missed when either S360A or S364A substitutionswere expressed, whereas proteins with the smallermasses were more accumulated than those of fulllengthof SIMAPKKKα and T353A. These results suggestthat phosphorylation of SlMAPKKKα at Ser360and Ser364 is critical for PCD elicitation in plants.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        국내 프로배구 관련 스포츠 경영학 연구 동향 분석

        황인선,이상호 한국스포츠학회 2021 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.19 No.1

        본 연구의 목적은 국내 프로배구 관련 스포츠 경영학 분야의 연구동향을 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 2005년 프로 배구 출범부터 2020년 12월 31일까지 학술연구정보서비스(RISS), 국회전자도서관, 한국학술정보(KISS)에 소장된 스포츠경영학과 관련된 프로배구 논문 89편을 대상으로 연구 동향을 분석하였다. 신뢰도와 타당도는 내용분석기법을 사용하여 2명의 연구자가 일치성을 확인한 후 전문가 집단의 내용타당도 과정을 거쳐 확보하였으며, SPSS Statistic 23 프로그램을 통해 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 분석한 내용을 토대로 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 국내 프로배구 스포츠 경영학 관련 연구유형 분석 결과, 학술지 49편(55.06%), 석사학위논문 28편(31.46%), 박사학위논문 12편 (13.48%) 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 국내 프로배구 스포츠 경영학 관련 연구 주제 분석 결과, 스폰서십 17편(19.10%)이 가장 많이 연구되었으며, 관람동기 9편(10.11%), 구단(기업) 이미지, 관계의 질(몰입), 관람요인, 팀 동일시가 각 5편 (5.62%) 순으로 연구가 많이 진행되었으며, 이외에도 다양한 연구주제로 논문들이 선행되었다. 셋째, 국내 프로배구 스포츠 경영학 관련 연구방법 분석 결과, 양적 연구가 80편(89.89%), 질적 연구 3편(3.37%), 혼합연구 3편(3.37%)기 타연구 3편(3.37%)으로 나타났다. 자료처리 방법에 있어서도 회귀분석을 이용한 연구35편(39.33%), 구조방정식모형 을 이용한 연구 31편(34.83%)으로 높게 나타나, 연구방법 측면에서 지속적인 양적 연구의 강세 및 질적 연구의 약화가 도출되었다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends of Sport Management in Professional Volleyball for the past 15 years (2005-2020). To this end, 89 theses were collected through keyword analysis called ‘Professional Volleyball’ on the search site. Reliability and validity were secured through the process of confirming the consistency between the three researchers and checking the content validity of the expert group by using the content analysis. Frequency analysis was conducted through the SPSS Statistic 23 program. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, about the research type, 49 theses in domestic journals, 28 theses in master's and 12 theses in doctoral were found. Secondly, about research topic, sponsorship(17 theses, the most), spectator motivation(9 theses) and club image(5 theses) were studied. Thirdly, about the research method, 80 quantitative studies(89.89%), 3 qualitative studies(3.37%), 3 integrated studies(3.37%), and 3 other studies(3.37%) were found and about the data processing method, research using regression analysis (35 theses, 39.33%) and research using structural equation modeling (31 theses, 34.83%) were found. Based on this, it turned out quantitative research had been conducted more frequently than qualitative research.

      • 돼지 동결정액의 배양에 따른 체외수정능력과 Glycosidase Activity의 변화

        황인선,정희태,양부근,김정익,박춘근 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2003 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.27 No.2

        본 연구는 돼지 동결-융해 정자의 배양에 의한 체외수정능력과 glycosidase activity를 평가하기 위하여 chlortetracycfine fluorescence분석법을 이용하여, glycosidase가 체외수정능력과 정자침입에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 돼지난자의 투명대내에서 발견된 당잔기에 대한 정자의 glyco-sidase 특이성을 확인하기 위하여 α-L-fucosidase, α-D-mannosidase, β-D-galactosidase 및 N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (β-GlcNAc''''ase)의 activity를 분석하였다. 그 결과 glycosidase activity는 동결정자의 응해 후 배양하지 않았을 때보다 2시간 배양했을 때 더 높게 나타났다. β-GlcNAc''''ase의 activity 는 정자 배양 유무에 관계없이 다른 glycosidase 처리시보다 최소한 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 또한 첨체반응이 유기된 정자의 비율은 glycosidase (α-D-mannosidase; P<0.05)에 의해 영향을 받았으며 자를 배양하지 않은 경우보다는 배양된 정자에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 배양시간에 따른 정자의 존성에 대해 glycosidase의 종류에 따른 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 한편 투명대내 정자의 접착과 입에 대한 또 다른 실험에서, 서로 다른 glyco-sidase가 첨가된 배양액내에서 수정된 정자가 배양시간이 길어짐에 따라 정자의 침입율은 낮아졌다 β-GlcNAc''''ase; P<0.05). 투명대내의 정자접착정도는 glycosidase의 첨가시에 무첨가시보다 접착정도가 더 높았으며, 가장 높은 접착율은 β-GlcNAc''''ase 첨가시 나타났다. 또한 모든 glycosidase 처리시 2시간 배양한 정자보다는 배양하지 않은 정자에서 투명대에 대한 접착정도가 높게 나타났으며, α-D-mannosidase의 처리시 유의적인 차이를 보였다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과, β-GlcNAc''''ase가 주로 돼지정자의 원형질막내에 존재하는 것으로 추측되며, 배양된 정자에 의한 투명대 접착정도와 침입율이 낮았음에도 불구하고 glycosidase activity가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. This study has evaluated effect of the spermatozoa incubation on the glycosidase activity and fertilizing ability in vitro in the pig. To identify sperm glycosidases specific for sugar residues found in the zona pellucida of pig oocytes, the spermatozoa were treated experimentally and assayed for activities of α-L-fucosidase, α-D-mannosidase, β-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (β-GlcNAc''''ase). The glycosidases activity were higher in spermatozoa incubated for 2h than without incubation. The β-GlcNAc''''ase activity was at least two-fold higher than other glycosidase regardless of spermatozoa incubation. In the same glycosidases, the activity had a tendency to increase as time of spermatozoa incubation was prolonged, but there were no differences in spermatozoa incubated during the various periods (4∼24h). The percentages of spermatozoa that reached acrosome reaction were affected by glycosidases in the medium (P<0.05, for mannosidase), and were higher in spermatozoa with that than without incubation. On the other hand, the spermatozoa motility were decreased with incubation periods, but no effects by different glycosidases on the change of sperm motility during the various periods of incubation. In other experiment, the binding and penetration of pig spermatozoa were tested with oocytes matured in vitro in the presence of various glycosidase. The penetration rates were decreased with incubation of spermatozoa when oocytes were inseminated in medium with different glycosidases. These rates were higher in spermatozoa non-incubated than with incubation for 2h (P<0.05 for GlcNAc''''ase; P<0.01 for control group). The sperm-zona binding rate in control group were higherthan in medium with glycosidases. In addition, the highest binding rate were obtained in medium with GlcNAc''''ase. In all glycosidases, the sperm-zona binding rate in spermatozoa without incubation were higher than incubation for 2h. The significant differences were obtained in spermatozoa treated with α-D-mannosidase (P<0.05). These results suggest that β-GlcNAc''''ase is present mainly in the plasma membrane of pig spermatozoa. It was also shown that the glycosidase activity were increased in all glycosidases in spite of low sperm-zona binding rate and penetration rates by spermatozoa incubation.

      • SCOPUSKCI등재

        체외에서 돼지 정자-난자의 상호작용시 투명대내 Lectin 결합

        황인선,김정익,정희태,양부근,박춘근,Hwang, In-Sun,Kim, Choung-Ik,Cheong, Hee-Tae,Yang, Boo-Keun,Park, Choon-Keun 대한생식의학회 2002 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.29 No.3

        Objective: Lectins are cell-agglutinating and sugar specific proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that precipitate glycoconjugates having saccharides of appropriate complementarity. Because of these properties, plant lectins have been used to help characterize the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida (ZP) of several mammalian species including pigs. Treatment of oocytes with various lectins blocks sperm binding to the ZP in various mammalian species. This study was undertaken to examine the distribution of sugar residues in the ZP of pig oocytes matured in vitro and the ability of spermatozoa to bind to ZP and in vitro penetration in oocytes treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled lectins. Materials and Methods: The lectins of Banderiaea simplicifolia (BS-II, bind to $\beta$-D-N-acetylglucosamine), Canavalin ensiformis (Con A, bind to $\alpha$-D-Mannose), Lens culinaris (LCA, bind to a-D-Mannose), Ricinus communis (RCA-I, bind to $\beta$-D-Galactose) and Ulex europaeus (UEA-I, bind to $\alpha$-L-Fucose) were examined for spermatozoa penetration, binding capacity to ZP and distribution of lectins. Results: The penetration rates were significantry (p<0.05) higher in control oocytes (63%) than those treated with all lectins, but penetration rates ($40{\sim}49%$) were simililar in group treated with lectins. The incidence of monospermy was similar in oocytes untreated and UEA-I, but it was higher in oocytes treated with BS-II, Con A, RCA-I and LCA. The porcine oocytes cultured for 48 h in TC-199 medium were freed from cumulus cells and treated for 30 min with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled lectins. When examined under fluorescein illumination, higher (p<0.001) proportions of oocytes showed fluorescein of zona pellucida after treatment with Con A (93%), LCA (93%) and RCA-I (100%) than BS-II (37%) and UEA-I (50%). All of the oocytes treated with RCA-I exhibited strong fluorescein in the outer region of the zona pellucida while those treated with LCA exhibited strong fluorescein throughout the zona pellucida. BS-II bounded mainly to the outer region and UEA-I bounded mainly to the inner region of the zona pellucida, with either strong or weak fluorescein. At 120 min after insemination in vitro, fewer spermatozoa were bound to the zona pellucida of the oocytes treated with BS-II, Con-A and RCA-I. Of the lectins, Con A most inhibited sperm binding. Conclusions: These results suggest that $\beta$-D-Galactose residues in the porcine zona pellucida may act as primary sperm receptors and inducers of the sperm acrosome reaction and these sugar residues may be involved in the block to polyspermy.

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