19세기 경상도 하양현 육영재(育英齋) 설립과 운영 양상

채광수 ( Chae¸ Gwang-soo ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2021 嶺南學 Vol.0 No.76

이 글은 경상북도 내 유일하게 건물 원형을 간직한 하양 육영재의 설립과 운영을 검토한 것이다. 養士齋의 일종인 육영재는 건축사적 가치도 높지만, 이 글에서는 소장 자료를 바탕으로 생동감 있고 구체적인 양상을 살펴보았다. 먼저 조선후기 하양의 재지사족의 동향을 임난 의병활동, 향안·유안등을 통해 살폈다. 그 결과 하양허씨를 필두로 이른바 ‘임난 창의 8의사’를 배출한 가문과 임난 후 이주한 청도김씨 등 유력 가문이 줄곧 향권을 주도해 갔음을 논증하였다. 또 재지사족의 성장과 문풍 진작은 류치명 문인 배출, 육영재 설립 등으로 이어졌다. 육영재는 1823년 현감 이태승의 주재와 사족들의 협조로 설립이 이루어졌다. 설립된 육영재의 구체적 교육 내용은 지역의 특성에 맞게 작성된 『재규』를 통해 규명할 수 있었다. 교육 활동으로는 거접과 백일장 등이 실시된 사실을 검토하였으며, 강회 참석 후 남긴 시를 통해 교육적 분위기를 엿볼 수 있었다. 또한 육영재는 지역의 사마시 입격자 배출에도 기여한 사실을 수치적으로 확인을 하였다. 경제 규모는 비교적 풍족한 전답 135두락을 보유하였음을 분석하였다. 통상 양사재의 재정은 독립적으로 운용되는데 비해 육영재의 경우 하양향교에 속한 점은 향교와 육영재 참여 세력이 크게 다르지 않기 때문이었다. 기존 유력 가문들에 의해 배타적으로 운영이 되면서 교육 기관으로서 기능을 충실히 수행하였다. 수령의 흥학책 일환으로 설립이 되었고, 지역 유력 사족에 의해 운영이 된 육영재는 19세기 소읍의 관학 실체를 보여주는 한 사례로 중요한 의미가 있는 연구 주제이다. This article has examined the establishment and operation of Hayang Yukyeoungje, the only village school that retains its original form of building structure in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Yukyeoungje, a type of yangsaje, is not only superior in terms of value in architectural history but also is valuable for its collection, based on which this study has examined the vital and concrete aspects. First, the study has explored the trends of provincial noble families in Hayang in the late Joseon Dynasty period through civilian army activities during the Imjin War, Hyangan and Yuanan and found that the families who produced the so-called ‘8 martyrs of Imjin War’ led by Hayang Heo family and other influential families who moved into the village following the Imjin War, including Cheongdo Kim family continued to lead the local authorities. In addition, the growth of provincial noble families and the promotion of learning led to brilliant achievements such as the creation of exceptional scholar Ryu Chi-myeong and the establishment of Yukyeongjae. Yukyeongjae was successfully built in 1823 with the leadership of local governor Lee Tae-seung and the cooperation of scholarly families. The study was able to identify the details of the education conducted at Yukyeongjae through the ‘Jaegyu’ written aligned with the regional characteristics. The educational activities that were carried out include geojeop and essay contest, and the poem left after attending the even gave a glimpse of the educational atmosphere there. The study has also found out based on numerical data that Yukyeongjae contributed to producing local talents who successfully passed the Samasi test. The farmland is found to have been 135 duraks in area, which indicates relative economic well-being. Typically, the yangsaje, the dormitory building for students, has financial and operational independence, but Yukyeongjae belonged to Hayanghyan Confucian School, indicating little difference between the Confucian school and Yukyeongjae in terms of their participatory influence. Operated exclusively by existing influential families, it has fulfilled its role as an educational institution. Established as part of the education promotion policy of the local chief, Yukyeongjae, is a significant research topic that serves as an example of government schools in local villages in the 19th century.

선산 文山書院의 변천과 운영 양상

채광수(Chae Gwang-Soo) 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2021 민족문화논총 Vol.78 No.-

서원의 지식 네트워크 활동의 실제 -상주 도남서원(道南書院)의 시회(詩會)를 중심으로-

채광수 ( Chae Gwang-soo ) 한국서원학회 2021 한국서원학보 Vol.12 No.-

Donam-seowon is a current place where the valuable social data that may confirm the activities of knowledge network and its actuality. First of all, as a result of analyzing the network characteristics of Donam-seowon-led influences, the upper-echelon clans that produced heads of such seowon (a place for scholars to study or holding ritual services) were 6 clans including Burim Hong, Andong Gwon, Jangsu Hwang, Jinyang Jeong, Pungsan Ryu and Heungyang Lee. A series of phenomenon could be confirmed from the following facts: close relationships with politically and economically powerful sectors, appearance of contrasting stance of Namin and Noron (political factions), high ratio of head of seowons in passing minor and major national examinations and working in government positions, and many heads of seowon concurrently serving as the head of seowon for other seowons. This study has taken a look at the activity trends of knowledge network on the foundation of culture and social aspects by ‘Imsulsadan’ that was mainstay in Nakdong-gang River and Donam-seowon and individual scholars on the basis of such personnel structure. The former had been descended from 1607 to 1778 by accommodating Jeokbyeoknori of Su Dong Po (Chinese poet, writer and philosopher), and under this article, it has sought the activities of knowledge network of relationship with Donam-seowon, aspects of constituents, detouring sites of scholars, creative writing for joint poetry and others from 1607 as the starting point of poetry session. As demonstrated on the introductory statement of the joint poetry that was written by Lee Jun, in pertinent part, ‘By writing the brief summary to place in the outline of this book, it is intended to be the pioneer for those who handed down at a later time by placing the same at Donam-seowon’, and thereafter, Donam-seowon came up with the solidarity and bonding through poetry session, followed by its starting point to lead the close network structuring. The later is considered as the seowon where the active study was undertaken in Donam-seowon as the capital of such seowon with its regional feature in advancing numerous famous scholars that were schemed from the influence of the Youngnam academic faction. The attention was paid to the cases of poetry sessions that were harmonized with the studies of Lee Man-bu, Gwon Sang-il and Jeong Jong-ro. After moving to Sangju in 1697, Lee Man-bu experienced literature sessions and encountering of scholars at Donam-seowon, and in 1724, he served led the 『Geunsarok』 study session as the head. Gwon Sang-il who was extremely interested in the seowon education held the 『Simgyeong』 study session as the head of seowon in 1723 and he enjoyed the scholars. In 1816, the Donam-seowon study session of Jeong Jong-ro with the attendance of several hundreds of audience was worth of special attention, and after the study session, he left a piece of poem that is presumed to be his last one. Through such poetry session activities of Donam-seowon, this article displays the knowledge generation, network formation and process of knowledge dispersion by seowon with significant implication to demonstrate the diversified aspects of seowon.

우복학단의 성격과 계보학적 갈래

채광수 ( Chae Gwang-soo ) 한국계보연구회 2020 한국계보연구 Vol.10 No.-

This study examines the establishment and branches of the Ubok Academy, a talent-fostering school led by Ubok Jeong Gyung-se. Jeong Gyung-se is an unquestionable person when it comes to the political and social status of his time with various accomplishments, including flamboyant career as an official, creative activities during the two wars, village rehabilitation work, succession of the principles of Toegye Academy, and social companionship beyond partisan politics. He was a different type of bureaucratic scholar from who classical scholars devoted to Neo-Confucianism without seeking a government position. His effort to foster talents began in earnest in 1600 (33rd year of King Seonjo's reign) when he was dismissed from Yeonghae Busa and built a villa in the west of Mt. Ubuksan in Sangju to spend the rest of his life. His scholarly talent and reputation brought a large number of those who sought to learn from him, which is described in the ‘Ubok Muninnok’. According to the Ubok Muninnok, the characteristics of the Ubok Academy can be summarized in five categories as follows: ①Comprised of literary men of various ages, ② regional coverage limited to the Sangju area, which is within the radius of village life of Jeong Gyeong-se, ③ many literary men with overlapping relationship between teachers and disciples that allows interactive communications with other schools, ④ literary men linked with marriage and relative connections, and ⑤ higher percentage of those who successfully passed the state examinations and secured a government official post, unlike other Yeongnam Muninnok records. The study has examined the Yeongnam Academy and the Giho Academy that are distinctly differentiated from each other in order to understand the branches of the Ubok Academy. The former, which is a majority scholarly group, established the lineage of the Yeungnam Academy involving Yi Hwang, Ryu Seong-ryong, and Jeong Gyeong-se by securing the right to practice fall memorial service and operate Donamseowon Confucian Academy and solidified its position as the foothold educational institute of Ubok Academy. The establishment of the Ubok villa, publishing of annuals, establishment of the Usan Confucian Academy and the establishment of the Ubuksan Suseolso in the late 18th century were another manifestation to ensure the identity and sense of succession as the descendants of Ubok literary men. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of introducing literary men oriented toward Gihohak Study in Yeongnam region is quote uncommon. Despite being in small number, it carries a significant meaning in understanding Jeong Gyeong-se’s tolerant aspect of embracing the Gihohak in a conciliatory manner while inheriting Yeongnamhak. It is also noted that it served as the beginning of establishing the Seoingye faction in Yeongnam.

조선후기 善山 安康盧氏 가문의 족보 발간을 둘러싼 적서 갈등 - 《노상추일기》를 중심으로 -

노용순(Nho, Yong-Soon),채광수(Chae Gwang-Soo) 동아인문학회 2022 동아인문학 Vol.58 No.-

이 글은 조선후기 선산 안강노씨의 종중 특징과 18・19세기 족보 발간을 둘러싼 적서 갈등의 전말을 검토한 것이다. 14세기 후반 선산에 입향한 안강노문은 송당・서애・여헌학파와 學婚으로 연계되어 지역의 주요 사족일원으로 안착한다. 그러나 중흥조 노수함의 장자 노경준이 적자 없이 사망하자 義母 인동장씨는 ‘총부권’을 활용해 형망제급으로 3자 노경필을 봉사자로 지명했다. 안강노문은 장손계열이 아닌 차남계열에서 종통이 계승되었고, 18세 이후 처사공서자동령파・찰방공파・장사랑공파・교리공파 4개 파로 분파가 이루어졌다. 그리고 이 시기 병마절도사에 오르는 노계정 이래 문한가에서 무반가로 전환이 되었다. 종중 내 위상이 남달랐던 노계정과 그 가계에 의해 종권과 종론이 주도해 나갔다. 흔히 조선시대 종권은 고정적이라고 인식되지만, 실제로는 각 가문의 환경에 따라 유기적으로 작동되었음을 알려준다. 조선후기 개별 종중은 자신들만의 정체성을 정립하고 차별화하기 위해 족보 편찬이 유행하며 그 중요성도 강조되었다. 노계정이 만든 《안강노씨초보》에는 ‘庶’를 명기해 적서의 엄격한 구별을 두었다. 그런데 종중 내 경제적으로 성장한 盧洙는 신분 상승을 위해 족보에 자신의 이름 위에 ‘庶’자를 삭제 의견을 제기하여 수용이 되었다. 그러나 의도와 달리 다른 서족들의 반발로 ‘庶’자 전체가 삭제된 족보가 출간되기에 이른다. 그 과정에서 서파가 적파의 소목으로 편입되는 奪宗으로 비화가 되었다. 즉 선산 안강노문의 대종손이 약 150년 만에 노세효에서 서자 노동령으로 둔갑하는 순간이었다. 이에 노상추는 32년이 지났음에도 소송을 통해 인동장씨가 수립한 종통을 재정립하고, 위보를 전량 소각하는데 성공을 하였다. 종중의 주도 계파인 노상추의 家勢가 종통 유지와 불가분의 관계를 가지고 있었음을 확인시켜준 사건이었다. This study examines the characteristics of the families of Seonsan Angang Rho’s clan in late Chosun and the details of conflict between legitimate and illegitimate children around the publication of genealogies in the 18th and 19th century. Angang Rho’s family that entered seonsan at home in the late 14th century settled down as a member of major sajok in the region connected to Songdang, Seoae, and Yeoheon Schools through hakhon (學婚). When Jungheungjo Rho Su-ham’s eldest son, Rho Gyeong-jun, died without any legitimate child, however, his stepmother from Indong Jang’s family utilized ‘Chongbugwon’ and appointed the third son, Rho Gyeong-pil, as Bongsaja through Hyeongmanhjegeup. Angang Rho’s family succeeded to the clan in the line of the second son, not the first one, and after the age of 18, faction division was done to Cheosagongseojadongryeongpa, Chalbanggongpa, Jangsaranggongpa, and Gyorigongpa. In that period, on account of Rho Gye-jeong who held the position of Byeongmajeoldosa, it was changed from Munhanga to Mubanga. Rho Gye-jeong and the family whose statuses were different in the clan led Jonggwon and Jongron. This tells us that Jonggwon in Chosun is often regarded to be static, but in fact, it worked organically according to the environment of each clan then. In late Chosun, each individual clan tried to establish and differentiate their own identity, so publishing genealogies was popular and the importance of them was stressed. 《Chobo of Angang Rho’s Family》 added ‘seo (庶)’ clearly to distinguish legitimate children from illegitimate ones strictly. Yet, to elevate his status, Rho Su who was financially rich suggested the omission of ‘seo (庶)’ on his name in the genealogies, and it was accepted. Contrary to his intention, genealogies omitting every ‘seo (庶)’ in them came to be published for the resistance of other seojok. In that process, an event of taljong (奪宗) took place as seopa was affiliated as a subcategory of jeokpa. In other words, it was the moment that the heir to Seonsan Angang Rho’s head family was disguised from Rho Se-hyo into illegitimate child Rho Dong-ryeong about 150 years later. Reacting to it, Rho Sang-chu filed a lawsuit even after 32 years to reestablish the clan established by Indong Jang’s woman and succeeded in burning all the faulty genealogies. It was an incident that lets us realize the power of Rho Sang-chu’s family, the leading faction of the clan, was inseparably associated with the maintenance of the clan.