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See How I Eat My Greens—Autophagy in Plant Cells
정태준 한국식물학회 2011 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.54 No.6
Eukaryotic cells have two conserved pathways for degrading polypeptides. One is the highly selective ubiquitin–proteasome system, and the other is autophagy,a bulk degradation pathway to a lytic compartment. Autophagy in plant cells has important roles in development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Furthermore, plant autophagy has been implicated in vacuole biogenesis and Golgi-independent targeting of cytoplasmic materials to vacuoles. Here I present four questions that are frequently asked by plant scientists interested in autophagy. The first question relating to tools for plant autophagy research is relatively easy to answer, while the others are open questions about regulation of autophagy, autophagic cargoes, and potential differences of plant autophagic routes from corresponding metazoan pathways. This review will discuss recent progress that may provide the answers for the latter questions.
정태준 한양대학교 의과대학 1997 한양의대 학술지 Vol.17 No.2
AIDS is a global epidemic with virtually every country in t4he world reporting cases. In addition to the United States, areas of the world with the highest incidence include western Europe, central Africa, South America, and Asia. The clinical consequences of HIV infection form a spectrum ranging from the asymptomatic state to severe disease. The majority of individuals experience no recognizable symptoms or signs at the time of initial infection, but some patients develop an acute illness approximately 3 to 6 weeks following primary infection. It is characterized by nonspecific signs and symptoms including fevers, rigors, arthralgias, maculopapular rash, diarrhea, and aseptic meningitis. The syndrome lasts 2 to 3 weeks and resolves spontaneously. Seroconversion usually occurs 8 to 12 weeks after presumed exposure. The most common clinical manifestation of AIDS is opportunistic infection. It is not unusual for an AIDS patient to have more than one opportunistic infection simultaneously. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common opportunistic infection, occurring in approximately 80% of patients at some point during the course of their illness. However, neurologic diseases, Koposi's sarcoma, certain lymphoid neoplasms, and second malignancis impose another clinical obstacles to overcome. The development of a vaccine to prevent infection and disease with HIV will be an important tool in the strategy for world-wide containment of the AIDS epidemic. Several candidate vaccines are undergoing clinical trials in humans. These studies lend optimism to the feasibility of developing a safe and effective vaccine for HIV in the future.
정태준 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2022 퇴계학논총 Vol.40 No.-
we have long revered Confucius more than China among the various schools of the Spring and Autumn period. In addition, China and Japan widely embraced anti-Confucian old ideas and Yangmyonghak. However, Joseon tends to blindly value the original or the interpretation of the scripture, dismissing old-fashioned ideas or Yangmyeongology as people who engage in activities that disrupt the doctrine. In East Asia, such Confucianism was written off as a conservative ideology of the past, which became the dominant means of rulers after modern times, and an idea that should be abandoned. Meanwhile, Eastern Christian culture, which values not only humans but also all matters of heaven and nature and values harmony and tolerance, has recently emerged as a spiritual pillar to lead East Asian culture along with the Seowon's listing as a World Heritage. Based on this change in Confucian culture, we hope that Confucian ideas will be reborn as an alternative culture of modern goldenism, and in this paper, we will examine Confucianism by presenting positive aspects and negative aspects of Confucius Confucianism. Specifically, starting with criticism of Confucianism as a civilization, we intend to examine the early meaning of Confucius, the birth and status of Confucius, and the ideas established by Confucius in depth. 조선은 오랫동안 중국 춘추전국시대의 여러 학파인 諸子百家 중에서 공자를 중국보다 더 추앙하였다. 또 중국과 일본이 반 유교적인 노장사상이나 양명학을 널리 수용했다. 그러나 조선에서는 경전의 원전이나 주자가 내린 해석을 맹목적으로 중시하면서 노장사상이나 양명학을 虛學 혹은 교리를 어지럽히는 행위를 하는 사람들이라는 斯文亂賊으로 치부한 경향이 있었다. 이러한 유교를 동아시아에서는 근대 이후 통치자의 지배 수단화된 과거의 보수 이데올로기이자 버려야 할 剝製化 된 사상으로 치부한 적도 있다. 한편 인간뿐만 아니라 천지자연의 모든 事物까지도 중시하며 조화와 관용을 중시하는 동양의 儒 문화가 최근 서원의 세계 문화유산 등재와 함께 유교의 仁義나 효의 가치관 등이 동아시아 문화를 리드할 정신적 지주로 등장하고 있다. 이러한 변화의 흐름을 바탕으로 유교 사상이 현대의 황금만능주의 대안의 溫故知新 문화로 거듭날 것으로 기대한다. 본 논문에서는 공자 유교의 긍정적인 면과 언급을 꺼리는 부정적인 측면도 제시하면서 儒를 해부해보고자 한다. 구체적으로는 文治 교화로서 유교에 대한 비판을 시작으로 儒의 초기 의미와 공자의 출생과 신분, 공자에 의해 정립된 儒者와 그 사상을 심층적으로 고찰하였다.