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전치중,김희석,김용덕,홍현선,김선진,이경섭,Jeon, Chi-Jung,Kim, Hee-Suk,Kim, Yong-Deok,Hong, Hyun-Seon,Kim, Seon-Jin,Lee, Kyung-Sub 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.6
Zr-Si의 2원계 합금에서 Si함량 변화가 Zr의 부식특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 Si 함량을 0.01-0.1wt.%로 조절하여 Zr-Si 2원계 합금을 제조하고 $360^{\circ}C$, 2660psi 물 분위기의 autoclave에서 100일동안 부식 실험을 수행하였다. 0.01wt.%, 0.05wt.%의 Si 첨가에서는 검은색의 균일한 산화막이 생성되었고, 부식속도의 천이는 발생하지 않았다. 그러나 0.01wt.%에서는 흰색의 산화막이 생성되었고, 70일에서 부식속도 천이가 발생하였다. Sigkafid이 0.01에서 0.01wt.%로 증가할수록 무게증가량은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Si 첨가량 변화에 따라 산화막구조의 변화는 나타나지 않았지만, 산화막의 전기적 성질에 많은 영향을 주었다. Si 첨가량 변화에 따라 산화막구조의 변화는 나타나지 않았지만, 산화막의 전기적 성질에 많은 영향을 주었다. Zr-Si 2원계 합금에서 Si은 tetragonal 구조의 $Zr_{3}$Si로 석출되었으며, Si 함량이 증가할수록 석출물의 크기와 부피분율이 증가하였고, 석출물의 크기와 부피분율 증가에 따라 석출물의 short-circuit 효과 때문에 무게증가량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Zr-Si binary alloys containing 0.01 to O.lwt.%Si were prepared to investigate the effect of Si on the corrosion behavior of Zr. Corrosion test was performed in pure water at 36$0^{\circ}C$ under a pressure of 2660psi for 100days. The alloys containing 0.01 wt. % and 0.05wt. %Si had the black and uniform oxide film and didn't show the transition of corrosion rate. However. the alloys containing O.lwt.%Si had white oxide film and showed the trasition of corrosion rate at 70 days corrosion test. The weight gain increased with the increasing Si content from 0.01 to 0.1 wt.%. The variation of Si contents had no effect on changing the oxide structure but had significant effect on the electrical resistivity of oxide. The electrical resistivity decreased with increasing Si content. The fraction of precipitates in the Zr-Si binary alloys. identified as tetragonal $Zr_{3}$Si increased with increasing Si content. The increase of the volume fraction of precipitates is thought to be responsible for the increase of weight gain due to short circuit effect of precipitate.
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Study on Corrosion Characteristics of Zr-Sn and Zr-Nb-Sn Alloys
전치중,정용환,김선진,Jeon, Chi-Jung,Jeong, Yong-Hwan,Kim, Seon-Jin Materials Research Society of Korea 1999 한국재료학회지 Vol.9 No.4
핵 연료 피복관 재료로 샤용되고 었는 Zr 합금의 부식특성을 개선하기 위하여 Zn-xSn 2원계 합금과 Zr-0.4Nb-xSn 3원계 합금을 제조하여 부식특성을 평가하였다. 부식 실험은 $360^{\circ}C$ 물 분위기의 mini-autoclave에서 수행하였다. 2원계 합금의 경우 Sn이 0.5, 0.8, 1.5wt.% 첨가된 합금에서는 15일에서 속도천이가 발생한 후 급격한 부식 가속 현상이 나타녔으나, 2.0wt.% 가 첨가된 합금의 경우 80일까지의 부식 실험에서도 천이 현상을 보이지 않는 매우 높은 부식 저항성을 보였다. 3원계 합금에서는 Sn 함량이 증가할수록 부식이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 경향은 2원계 합금과 3원계 합금에서 Sn의 고용도 차, 미량 첨가된 Nb의 영향 및 석출물의 특성과 관련이 잇는 것으로 생각된다. 또한 Zr-xSn, Zr-O.4Nb-xSn 합금의 부식은 tetragonal-$ZrO_2$의 분율과 수소 흡수율에 의해서 제어될 수도 있다. To evaluate the effect of Sn on the corrosion behavior of Zr alloys for nuclear fuel claddings, the corrosion tests on the binary Zr-xSn and the ternary Zr-0.4Nb-xSn alloys were performed in water at $360^{\circ}C$. The binary alloys containing 0.5, 0.8 and 1.5wt.% Sn showed the transition corrosion rate at 15 days. On the other hand, the binary alloy containing 2.0wt.% Sn showed a good corrosion resistance without the transition of corrosion rate up to 80 days. The corrosion rate of the ternary alloy increased with increasing Sn content. The difference of corrosion behaviors between binary and ternary alloys is considered due to the different solubility of Sn, Nb content and precipitates. The corrosions of Zr-xSn and Zr-0.4Nb-xSn alloys would be controlled by the fraction of tetragonal-$ZrO_2$and the amount of hydrogen pick-up.
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핵연료 피복관용 Zr합금의 부식거동 및 석출물 특성에 미치는 V, Sb 첨가의 영향
전치중,김선진,정용환,Jeon, Chi-Jung,Kim, Seon-Jin,Jeong, Yong-Hwan 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.12
Zr합금에서 V, Sb의 함랗 변화가 Zr 합금의 부식 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 V, Sb함량을 각각 0.1, 0.2, 0.4wt.% 변화시킨 6종의 합금을 제조하고$ 360^{\circ}C$ 물 분위기에서 100일 동안 부식실험을 수행하였다. V이 0.2, 0.4wt% 첨가시편에서는 부식 속도의 천이 현상이 관찰되지 않았으나 0.1wt.% V 첨가 시편의 경우 10일 이후부터 무게증가량이 급격히 증가하는 부식 속도 가속 현상이 발생하였다. V 첨가량이 증가할수록 내식성이 증가하였으며 0.4wt.%V 첨가 합금이 가장 우수한 내식성을 보였다. Sb가 첨가된 삼원계 합금에서는 0.1, 0.4wt.%Sb 첨가 시편의 경우 초기부터 급격히 부식이 가속되는 현상이 발생하였으며 Sb 첨가량이 증가할수록 무게증가량이 감소하다가 다시 증가하여 0.2wt.% Sb 첨가에서 최소 무게증가량을 보였다. V, Sb함량이 증가할수록 석출물의 크기와 석출물의 부피 분율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 석출물의 크기가 0.11-0.13$\mu\textrm{m}$의 석출물 크기를 가질 때 가장 우수한 내식성을 보였다. 부식특성과 석출물 크기와의 관계로부터 적절한 크기의 석출물은 음극반응에서 전자의 전도를 제어하고 안정한 산화막 미세구조를 유지하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 사료된다. To investigate the effect of V and Sb on the corrosion behavior of Zr- based alloys, corrosion tests were performed on 6 kinds of Zr alloys in an autoclave at $360^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. The transition of the corrosion rate occurred in the sample containing 0.1wt.%V after 10 days but did not occur in the samples containing 0.2wt.%V and 0.4wt.%V. The corrosion resistance of V containing alloys increased with increasing V contents from 0.1 to 0.4wt.% and the alloys containing 0.4wt.%V showed the best corrosion resistance. In the ternary alloys containing 0.1wt.%Sb and 0.4wt.%Sb, the corrosion rate increased significantly from the short exposure time. It was observed that the optimal Sb content for corrosion resistance was 0.2wt.%. The size and volume fraction of precipitates increased with increasing V and Sb contents. The superior corrosion resistance was observed in the Zr alloy having precipitate size of 0.11-0.13$\mu\textrm{m}$. From the result of corrosion behavior and the obserbation of precipitates, the optimal size of the precipitate appear to control the electron conduction in the cathodic reaction and play an important role in maintaining a stable oxide microstructure.
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저온 균일침전법으로 $TiOCl_2$ 수용액에서 얻은 $TiO_2$ 초미분체의 형성기구
김선재,이희균,박순동,전치중,이창규,김흥회,이은구 한국세라믹학회 2000 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.37 No.5
The TiO2 powder with the values of the large specific surface area more than 150$m^2$/g has been prepared with the homogeneous precipitation process below 5$0^{\circ}C$ and its formation mechanism was investigated using the SEM, TEM and Raman Spectroscopy. With the spontaneous hydrolysis of aqueous TiOCl2 solutions, all the precipitates were fully and homogeneously crystallized with the rutile TiO2 phase simply by heating, which as transformed to the anatase TiO2 phase as increasing the addition of SO42- ions to the aqueous TiOCl2 solution. The precipitates were formed with spherical secondary particles which consisted of acicular, spherical and mixed primary particles corresponding to the rutile, anatase and mixed phases, respectively. It can be thought that the formation and phase determination of crystalline TiO2 powders even at ambient temperature would be related with the existence of the capillary force. This force might be varied depending on the shape change of the primary particles.
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Zr 합금의 부식특성에 미치는 Cu 첨가의 영향에 관한 연구
이경섭,김희석,김선진,홍현선,전치중 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1998 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.36 No.9
Zr-Cu binary alloys for nuclear fuel cladding were prepared by changing Cu content from 0.1wt.% to 0.8wt.% to investigate the effect of Cu on the corrosion behavior in water at 360℃ under a pressure of 2660 psi. Specimens containing 0.1∼0.5wt.%Cu had the black and uniform oxide film and the transition of corrosion rate didn't occur during 50 day corrosion test. However, 0.8wt.%Cu specimen had the white oxide film and the transition of corrosion rate occurred at the 10 day corrosion test. The weight gain in pre-transition regime generally decreased with the decreasing Cu content from 0.8 to 0.2wt.% though 0.1wt.%Cu specimen showed higher weight gain than 0.2wt.%Cu specimen. Cu content had no effect on changing the oxide structure formed in pre-transition regime but decreased electrical resistivity of the oxide due to short-circuit effect of precipitate. The fraction of precipitates in the Zr-Cu binary alloys, identified as tetragonal Zr₂Cu increased with increasing Cu content. Increase in the fraction of precipitates is thought to be responsible for the increase in weight gain.
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초음파분무 연소법에 의한 나노결정 ZnO 초미분체 제조
김광수,황두선,구숙경,이강,전치중,이은구,김선재,Kim, Kwang-Su,Hwang, Du-Sun,Ku, Suk-Kyeon,Lee, Kang,Jeon, Chi-Jung,Lee, Eun-Gu,Kim, Sun-Jae 한국재료학회 2002 한국재료학회지 Vol.12 No.10
For mass product of nanocrystalline ZnO ultrafine powders, self-sustaining combustion process(SCP) and ultrasonic spray combustion method(USCM) were applied at the same time. Ultrasonic spray gun was attached on top of the vertical type furnace. The droplet was sprayed into reaction zone of the furnace to form SCP which produces spherical shape with soft agglomerate crystalline ZnO particles. To characterize formed particles, fuel and oxidizing agent for SCP were used glycine and zinc nitrate or zinc hydroxide. Respectively, with changing combustion temperature and mixture ratio of oxidizing agent and fuel, the best ultrasonic spray conditions were obtained. To observe ultrasonic spray effect, two types of powder synthesis processes were compared. One was directly sprayed into furnace from the precursor solution (Type A), the other directly was heated on the hot plate without using spray gun (Type B). Powder obtained by type A was porous sponge shape with heavy agglomeration, but powder obtained using type B was finer primary particle size, spherical shape with weak agglomeration and bigger value of specific surface area. 9/ This can be due to much lower reaction temperature of type B at ignition time than type A. Synthesized nanocrystalline ZnO powders at the best ultrasonic spray conditions have primary particle size in range 20~30nm and specific surface area is about 20m$^2$/g.
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