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항만시설사용허가 대리신청인에 대한 사용료 부과의 문제점과 개선방안
장정원(Jang, Jeong-Won),이향숙(Lee, Hyang-Sook) 한국물류학회 2021 물류학회지 Vol.31 No.4
선주나 화주는 항만을 이용하여 선박을 입출항하고, 화물을 옮기는 과정에서 항만시설을 사용하게 되는데 이 경우 항만시설을관리하는 자에게 사용 허가를 받아야 하고, 사용의 대가로 항만시설사용료를 납부하여야 한다. 다만, 항만시설사용 허가 신청을선주나 화주가 직접 수행하지 않고 항만하역사업자나 해운대리점이 대리하는 경우가 있는데, 이 경우 항만시설에 대한 사용허가신청을 한 자와 실제 항만시설을 사용한 자가 다르다는 점에서 신청인과 사용인 중 누가 항만시설사용료 납부의무자인지에 대한다툼이 있어왔다. 이에 대하여 해양수산부는 선주나 화주, 항만하역사업자와 해운대리점 모두 항만시설사용료를 납부할 의무가있다고 인정하고, 실제로 대리인인 항만하역사업자와 해운대리점에게 항만시설사용료를 부과하고 있으나, 우리나라 법원은 1996 년, 2001년의 판결을 통하여 항만시설사용료를 납부할 의무자는 항만시설사용으로 인해 실질적인 편익을 얻는 선주나 화주에 한정되고, 항만하역사업자와 해운대리점은 단순히 허가 신청 절차를 대리하는 자에 불과하므로 허가 신청 절차를 대리하면서 수수료를 얻는 등의 이익을 얻고 있다고 하더라도 항만시설사용료를 납부할 의무는 없다고 판단하였다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 항만시설사용료 납부의무자에 대한 해양수산부의 태도와 법원의 판결을 소개하고, 항만시설사용료의 납부의무자에 대한 확립된 법리에따라 항만하역사업자와 해운대리점에 대한 부당한 사용료 청구 지양 및 실제 항만시설사용자인 선주나 화주에 대한 사용료 징수를 위한 항만시설사용 허가 신청 방식 변경을 제안하였다. Shipowners and shippers use port facilities in the process of their vessels entering and leaving the port and transporting cargo. For this purpose, a permit to use the port facility must be obtained from the person who manages the port facility, and a usage fee must be paid. However, there are cases where the shipowners or shippers do not directly apply for a permit to use the port facilities but have a port cargo handler or a shipping agency act on their behalf. It has been disputed whether the agent or the user is obliged to pay for the usage fee, given that the person who applied for the port facility use permit is different from the person who actually used the facility. In response, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries recognizes that shipowners and shippers, port cargo handlers and shipping agencies are all obligated to pay the port facility usage fees, and indeed imposes the fees on their agents, who are the port cargo handlers and shipping agencies. However, according to the court rulings in 1996 and 2001, the duty to pay the port facility usage fee is limited to the shipowner or shipper who obtains substantial benefits from using the port facility, since the port cargo handlers and the shipping agencies are merely proxy applicants for the permit application process, and it was judged that there is no obligation for port cargo handlers and shipping agencies to pay the fees even if profits in the form of commissions are accrued to them while acting as agencies for the permit application process. Therefore, in this study, the viewpoints of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries about those obligated to pay port facility usage fees and the court rulings are reviewed. Given that it is necessary to avoid unreasonable charges for port cargo handlers and shipping agencies in accordance with the established legal principles on payment of port facility usage fees, this study proposes changes in the practice of applying for port facility usage permit to collect usage fees from the shipowners or shippers who are the de facto port facility users.
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면역억제제 혹은 항암 치료가 필요한 B형간염 환자의 치료
장정원 ( Jeong Won Jang ) 대한내과학회 2012 대한내과학회지 Vol.82 No.2
Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been well documented as a complication in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers who receive cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy. With the recent introduction of newer agents with a high level of immunosuppressive effect, this unfavorable event often occurs in patients with HBsAg-negative and/or occult HBV infection. The first step in HBV reactivation management is the identification of the patients at risk of viral reactivation by testing for HBV serology prior to commencing immunosuppressive treatment or chemotherapy. Multiple publications have consistently indicated the benefit of prophylactic or preemptive antiviral therapy in this setting, and justified such approach before the start of cytotoxic therapy. Unresolved issues concerning such prophylactic approach remain in the situations of HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive or negative status, which presumably consists of a large number of occult HBV infection cases. This topic review will summarize clinical issues related to HBV reactivation, focusing clinical manifestations, risk factors associated with HBV reactivation, and a growing body of evidence supporting preventive antiviral therapy in high-risk patients. (Korean J Med 2012;82:149-158)
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간세포암종 진단 및 예후예측에서의 CTC 및 Exosomal miRNA의 유용성
장정원 ( Jeong Won Jang ) 대한간학회 2021 임상연구방법론워크숍 Vol.2021 No.1
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The etiology of HCC IS varied with a range of different presentations and natural histories. Despite the recent advances in treat ments, the overall prognosis of HCC still remains unsatisfactory. Especially, patients with ad vanced-stage HCCs suffer from poor survival rates and this requires the discovery of novel, effi cient Diomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, identifying risk factors, distinguish ing HCC from non-HCC liver diseases, and assessment of treatment response. Liquid biopsy has emerged as a novel minimally invasive approach to enable early diagnosis and monitoring tu mor progression, metastasis, and recurrence of HCC. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) tech nologies provide accurate and comprehensive gene expression and mutational profiling of liq uid biopsies including cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and genomic components of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including micro-RNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) and circular RNAs(circRNAs). HCC Is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, patients with HCC can display various genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic patterns and exhibit varying sensitivity to treatment options. Identification of individual varia bilities in genomic signatures in liquid biopsy has the potential to greatly enhance precision on cology capabilities. Herein, the short summary will provide a brief review of commonly used liq uid biopsies, such as CTCs and miRNAs, in HCC and discuss the latest progress in their applica tion for advancing HCC personalized medicine.
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