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유럽인권조약상 교육을 받을 권리: 유럽인권재판소 판결을 중심으로
이형석 국회입법조사처 2014 입법과 정책 Vol.6 No.2
The European Court of Human Rights is an organization to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedom, which is the basis goal of a convention on human rights. This could be called an unprecedented court that makes a judicial judgment of people’s basis rights that are guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. The activities of this court are so extensive that every region of Europe is under the jurisdiction of this court in association with lawsuits by European people against human-rights violation done by their countries. In a legal perspective, the most important characteristic of this court is that it is a court which has a far-reaching jurisdiction over the basic rights. Also, this is essentially a court of justice that deals with the basic rights on the basis of the international law titled the European Convention on Human Rights. A judgment by this court could bring a change to the guarantee of individual people’s basic rights and to the legal system of treaty powers, and how to construe the European Convention on Human Rights is consequently important in that this convention is the ground of its judgment. Teleological interpretation is the primary method of the court to interpret the convention, and effective interpretation, evolutive interpretation and autonomous interpretation are also adopted to effectively achieve the goal of the realization of human rights. The purpose of this study was to examine the decision of the Court of Human Rights for the guarantee of the right to education in Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention on Human Rights in an effort to shed light on the development process of human-rights guarantee and the right to education in the region of Europe. 유럽인권재판소는 유럽인권조약의 근본적 제정 목적인 인권 및 기본적 자유의 보호와 촉진이라는 목적을 실효적으로 보장하는 기관이다. 유럽인권재판소의 판결은 개인의 기본적인 권리 보장 및 체약국의 법적 체계에 변화를 줄 수 있기 때문에 유럽인권재판소의 판결의 근거규범이 되는 유럽인권조약에 대한 해석방법은 중요하다. 교육을 받을 권리는 미래세대의 육성을 위한 사회권적 기본권으로서 국가별로 그 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 유럽인권조약은 교육을 받을 권리를 실효적으로 보장하기 위하여 제1의정서 제2조의 교육을 받을 권리를 규정하고 있다. 유럽지역은 교육을 받을 권리를 국내적인 권리로 보장하기 보다는 지역적 인권조약상 중요한 권리로 인식하고 있다. 유럽인권재판소는 교육을 받을 권리에 대한 판단을 하면서 조약의 해석방법을 단순히 문헌적으로만 판단하지 않고, 시대와 세대에 필요한 발전적 해석을 통하여 쟁점의 해결뿐만 아니라 권리의 근본적 보장을 추구하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 유럽인권재판소의 조약해석과 판결을 통하여 유럽인권조약상 교육을 받을 권리에 대하여 고찰하고, 현재 아시아 지역에서 논의되고 있는 아시아인권재판소의 설립과 이유에 대하여 제언하고자 한다.
이형석,송영림,김좌경,Narae Joo,Cheolsu Kim,김형직,김성균 대한신장학회 2019 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.38 No.3
Background: Controversies exist whether arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement is preferred over arteriovenous graft (AVG) for elderly patients. Current guidelines did not offer specific recommendations. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the all-cause mortality and primary patency associated with various vascular access (VA) types according to age group. Methods: This retrospective observational study investigated the Korean insurance claims data of chronic kidney disease patients who began hemodialysis between January 2008 and December 2016. We investigated all-cause mortality associated with initial VA in incident hemodialysis patients and primary patency between AVF and AVG according to age group. Results: The proportion of patients with a tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC) that was first placed for VA increased from 18.4% in 2008 to 52.3% in 2016. Incident hemodialysis patients with a TDC or AVG for the initial VA had significantly higher mortality risk than patients with an AVF, except for patients over 85 years, who showed no significant difference in all-cause mortality regardless of VA type. In the patency analysis on initial AV access, AVG had significantly poorer primary patency than AVF in all age groups. Conclusion: AVF had better patency than AVG in all age groups; however, the benefit of AVF attenuated in the older age groups. The mortality rate between AVF and AVG was not significantly different in patients over 85 years. Therefore, a “patient-first” approach should be emphasized over a “fistula-first” approach in AV access creation for incident hemodialysis patients older than 85 years.
프랑스 헌법상 공용어주의와 지역어 보장에관한 연구 - 프랑스 헌법재판소 결정례를 중심으로 -
이형석 전북대학교 부설법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.58 No.-
France defined ‘the republic's language as French’ in Article 2, Clause 1 of the constitutional law in 1992, thereby having adopted the official language policy. The official language policy is what forces people to use official language in the public sphere while a country prescribes one language as official language. Even in France that chose the official language policy, the problems are being raised in relation to a rise in refugees according to the intensification of civil war in the Middle East, to the influx of immigration on financial grounds, and to the regional language users. To bring forward directionality of solving these issues, there was an attempt to resolve problems relevant to language as the revision of the Constitution in 2008 was stipulated the regional language in Article 75 of the constitutional law. A change in the official language policy of France is related to the republic, to the people's unity, and to the equality before the law, which are the basic principles in light of the French Constitution. In this study, first, the aim is to analyze the official language regulation in Article 2 of the French Constitution, and the regional language, which was prescribed in Article 75. Second, the objective is to analyze a significance of the official language policy in light of the French Constitution focusing on the decisions of the Constitutional Court. Especially, the aim is to intensively analyze the decisions of the Constitutional Court pertinent to the Toubon law, which specifically guaranteed the official language policy, andto the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Third, the objective is to analyze a specific realization plan for protecting regional language in terms of the language rights relevant to an individual's identity based on this analysis. 프랑스는 1992년 헌법 제2조 제1항에서 ‘공화국의 언어는 프랑스어이다’고 규정하여 공용어주의를 채택하였다. 공용어주의는 국가가 하나의 언어를 공용어로 규정하고 공적영역에서는 공용어 사용을 국민에게 강제하는 것이다. 공용어주의를 채택한 프랑스에서도 중동내전의격화에 따른 난민의 증가, 경제적 이유로 인한 이민의 유입, 지역어 사용자에 관련된 문제가 제기되고 있다. 이러한 문제해결의 방향성을 제기하기 위하여 2008년 헌법 개정에서는 헌법 제75조에 지역어를 규정함에 따라 언어에 관한 문제를 해결을 시도하고자 하였다. 프랑스 공용어주의의 변화는 프랑스 헌법상 기본원리인 공화정, 국민의 단일성, 법 앞의 평등과 관련성이있다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, 프랑스 헌법 제2조의 공용어규정과 제75조에 규정된 지역어에 관하여 분석하고자 한다. 둘째, 프랑스의 헌법상 공용어주의의 의의를 헌법재판소 결정례를 중심으로 분석하고자 한다. 특히 공용어주의를 구체적으로 보장한 Toubon법과 특히 유럽지역・소수언어헌장에 관한 헌법재판소의 결정례를 집중적으로 분석하고자 한다. 셋째, 이러한 분석을 근거로 프랑스에서 지역어의 보호에 대한 구체적 실현방안에 대하여 분석하고자 한다.
Broadband Wavelength-swept Raman Laserfor Fourier-domain Mode Locked Swept-source OCT
이형석,정은주,정명영,김창석 한국광학회 2009 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.13 No.3
A novel broadband wavelength-swept Raman laser was used to implement Fourier-domain mode locked (FDML) swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Instead of a conventional semiconductor optical amplifier, this study used broadband optical fiber Raman amplification, over 50 nm centered around 1545 nm, using a multi-wavelength optical pumping scheme, which was implemented with the four laser diodes at the center wavelengths of 1425, 1435, 1455 and 1465 nm, respectively, and the maximum operating power of 150 mW each. The operating swept frequency of the laser was determined to 16.7 kHz from the FDML condition of 12 km optical fiber in the ring cavity. The OCT images were obtained using the novel broadband wavelength-swept Raman laser source.