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李賢澤 中央醫學社 1967 中央醫學 Vol.12 No.3
The author has investigated the effect of phage dose on phage hemagglutination. For this experiments, the klebsiella pneumoniae type 2, klebsiella phage and goat red cells were used and obtained the following results. For producing of the cold and warm phage hemagglutination, the more phage dose, in adsorption tube, than 106/ml and 108/ml was necessary respectively and, in the less dose of phage than that, phage hemagglutination was not produced even though higher concentration of serum was used. For producing of phage hemagglutination in the presence of 1:800 of stock serum of which K value is about 190min.-1, the more adsorbed phage particles, per sensitized red cell, than average 100 were necessary.
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慶北大學校 Campus 內 Bench 設値現況 및 利用實態分析
李鉉澤,鄭聖寬,林元炫,鄭東煥 慶北大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.46 No.-
This study was to establish a basic theory of facilities. In this study, establishment status, users' actual conditions' senses were investigated about bench in KPNU. The main results of this study were as follows: 1) The bench type was classified 6 types. They were named as bench shape.. Rentangle (87.0%) was established the highest. And concrete(47.0%) was the highest in case of materials. Backboard was all much the same number in case of established(46.5%) and unestablished(53.5%). 2) There was not bench size standard and most of benches were unfit to the humanscale. It indicated that bench, design and construction must consider the humanscale. 3) Bench was used for rest and talks(85.0%). Arrangement direction of bench was considers and more bench for rest was constructed in the future. 4) 2-3 persons (76.0%) was the highest in bench users and 3-4 persons (50.0%) who use the other places was the highest in case of user group. It suggested that bench for 2-4 persons was needed for bench users. 5) In the post-occupancy evaluation, design, color, and number of bench were evaluated below the normal. Especially, concrete bench (non backboard) was evaluated negatively in convenience, harmony with surroundings, design, and quality of material. More benches were needed and design, color, convenience, quality of material, and harmony with surroundings were considered convenience, quality of material, and harmony with surroundings were considered in bench construction. In conclusion, this study was researched only one facilities, but study with various facilities in various sites (school, park, amusement park, street, and parking area) were needed in the future.
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도시 고층아파트단지 주거민의 외부공간 이용행태 및 만족요인 분석
이현택,이철희 한국조경학회 1990 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.18 No.2
The purpose of this study is to establish better residential environment in APT. complex. In this study, the actual conditions of exterior space, user behavior and degree of satisfaction are investigated and analyzed on the 5 high-rise story APT complex in Taegu city. The results of this study were as follow ; The size and arrangement of organizational elemnnt to exterior space in APT. complex have been regulated by law and regulations as the buildings coverage and floor space index, but housinghold and accessibility to the racility will be simultaneously considered to raise Quality of the residential environoment. The main user behavior to exterior space in APT. complex was practical activity and the user behavior pattern by week and among APT. complex were found similiarly. In the ratio of use to exterior space in APT. Complex, that of high-rise residents were lower than that of lowrise residents. In the degree of satisfaction by property of variables to exterior environment In APT. comples, physical of buildings, social - psychologic, managerial economical, physical property of exterior space were estimated positively, but properly of facility were estimated negatively. The degee of satisfaction to exterior environment in APT. complex was highly Influenced by green space, site size. As a result of ractor analysis, the four factors were drawn out from exterior environment in APT. complex. and the factors that have an effect on the degree of residents' satisfaction by factorscore were found in the order of importance as fallow ; managemental, physical, environmental, organizalional factor. Therefore, devilopment of APT. complex should be considered in a view of environmental psychology according to physical organization for used in the future. It is recommended that this problems should be necessitated to be more deeply studies in the future.
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WTO 상소기구 GATT 제XX조 두문 해석의 비판적 고찰
이현택 (사)한국국제경제법학회 2022 국제경제법연구 Vol.20 No.2
WTO recognizes the importance of reconciling the goal of free trade and market access with other societal values and legitimate public policy goals such as environment protection and public morals. The general exceptions under GATT Article XX reflects and represents the conscious efforts to reconcile the sovereign rights of WTO Members to implement such legitimate public policy measures with the rules of the multilateral trade regime. To wit, the trade restrictive measures that fall under one of categories set forth from subparagraphs (a) through (j) of GATT Article XX will be exempted from GATT obligations, subject to the requirement of the chapeau, namely, “that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade”. The significance of GATT Article XX has been particularly highlighted with respect to trade restrictive measures for environment protection purposes, as subparagraphs (b) and (g) have been regarded as the avenues through which such environmental measures can be reconciled with WTO rules. The WTO Appellate Body’s flexible and ‘environment friendly’ approach to interpretation of GATT Article XX – with respect to ‘necessary’ in subparagraph (b) or ‘exhaustible natural resources’ in subparagraph (g), for instance - has contributed to the possibility of such reconciliation. However, it is often overlooked that the Appellate Body’s interpretation of the chapeau requirement of GATT Article XX has been unclear and often overly strict. In a number of WTO disputes, the challenged measure for seemingly legitimate policy purpose was found to meet the requirements of a subparagraph of GATT Article XX, only to be struck down under the chapeau requirement. The Appellate Body have failed to present clear and consistent definition and standard of review for the key elements of the chapeau requirements, “arbitrary discrimination”, “unjustifiable discrimination”, and “disguised restriction on trade”. Further, the Appellate Body’s findings of “arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination” in the cases such as US – Shrimp Turtle, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, and EC – Seals can be criticized for their lack of textual basis in GATT Article XX and sound reasoning. Such approach of the Appellate Body towards the interpretation of the chapeau is at odds with the purpose and function of the chapeau that the Appellate Body itself has propounded : prevention of abuse of rights in the application of measures in pursuance the general exceptions. In light of the meaning of ‘abuse of rights’ or the principle of good faith in the international law, the more appropriate interpretative approach to the chapeau should focus on the question of whether the measure has been taken for an improper purpose such as protectionist policy, and whether the measure has been applied ‘reasonably’. In the same vein, the reversal of burden of proof regarding the chapeau requirements should be considered. The language of the chapeau of GATT Article XX has been widely accepted as a legal formula to safeguard against abuse of trade restrictive measures for protectionist motive. Therefore, clarifying an appropriate and clear interpretative approach to the chapeau is highly important for the reconciliation of WTO with other regimes of the international law. WTO는 WTO설립을 위한 마라케쉬 협정의 서문에서 밝히듯, 무역자유화의 가치 뿐만 아니라, 환경보호, 공중도덕 등의 사회적 가치들과 공공정책의 중요성과 필요성을 인식하고 있다. GATT 제XX조의 일반적예외는 WTO 체제 하의 다자무역질서의 규범과 각 회원국이 정당한 정책적 목표를 추구하기 위한 조치들을 취할 주권적 권리를 조화시키기 위한 노력을 반영한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉, GATT 제XX조는 GATT의 여러 규정들에 대한 예외조항으로서 기능하여, GATT 제XX조의 (a)호부터 (j)호까지의 세부항목에 열거된 일정한 조치들은 GATT 규정의 의무에서 면제되게 된다. GATT 제XX조는 특히 환경보호를 목적으로 하는 무역제한조치들을 WTO협정과 조화시킬 수 있는 통로로 주목받아왔는데, (b)호의 ‘인간, 동식물의 생명과 건강을 보호하기 위해 필요한 조치’와 (g)항의 ‘고갈가능한 천연자원의 보존과 관련된 조치’가 환경보호 목적의 조치에 적용될 수 있다고 이해되었기 때문이다. WTO 상소기구는 (b)호의 ‘필요성’ 요건과 (g)호의 ‘고갈가능한 천연자원’의 범위 등에 대해서 유연한 해석을 채택함으로써, 환경보호 목적의 무역제한조치가 (b)호 및 (g)호의 적용대상이 될 수 있는 가능성을 넓혀 놓았다. 그러나 GATT 제XX조의 예외는, 각 세부항목의 요건뿐만 아니라, “동일한 여건이 지배적인 국가 간에 자의적이거나 정당화할 수 없는 차별의 수단을 구성하거나 국제무역에 대한 위장된 제한을 구성하는 방식으로 적용되지 아니한다”는 GATT 제XX조의 소위 ‘두문(chapeau)’의 요건을 충족한 경우에만 적용될 수 있는, ‘조건부 예외’이다. 그런데 이 두문의 요건에 대해서 상소기구가 모호하고도 엄격한 해석기준을 적용함으로써, 환경보호 목적 등 회원국들의 정당한 공공정책을 위한 조치가 GATT 일반적 예외를 통해 정당화되는데 있어서 장애가 되고 있다는 사실은 간과되는 경우가 많다. 상소기구는 두문의 각 요건, 즉 ‘자의적 차별’, ‘정당화될 수 없는 차별’, ‘국제무역에 대한 위장된 제한’ 등에 대해서 명확한 정의나 구체적이고 일관된 판단기준과 방법론을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, US – Shrimp Turtle, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, EC – Seals과 같은 분쟁사건들에서 두문의 문언에서 근거를 찾을 수 없는 기준들과 요소들을 적용하여, 분쟁대상 조치가 ‘자의적이거나 정당화할 수 없는 차별’이라고 판단하였다. 이와 같은 상소기구의 태도는 상소기구가 스스로 밝힌 두문의 목적과 취지, 국제법상의 권리남용 금지의 원칙이나 신의성실의 원칙과 합치하지 않는 것으로 보인다. 즉, WTO 회원국이 부적절한 목적으로 GATT 제XX조 예외조항을 남용하여 GATT 제XX조 세부항목하에서 정당화되는 조치를 실시하는 것을 방지하는 것이 두문의 의의이므로, 두문의 요건 해석과 적용에 있어서는, 회원국의 조치 실시에 있어 보호무역의 의도가 있는지 여부를 밝히는 것에 초점을 두고, 분쟁대상인 조치 실시에 있어서 피소국의 권리행사가 ‘합리적’이었는지 여부를 따져야 한다. 또한, 이러한 두문의 취지에 맞게, GATT 제XX조의 세부항목에 대해서는 일반예외의 적용을 주장하는 피소국이 입증하나, 두문에 대해서는 입증책임을 전환하여 제소국이 대상조치의 두문 요건 위반을 입증하도록 하는 것을 검토할 필요가 있다. GATT 제XX조 두문에 대한 적절한 해석기준을 정립하는 것은, WTO 및 다자무역질서와 국제환경 ...
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