Involvement of Serotonergic Mechanism in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius for the Regulation of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Rats

이용규,홍기환,윤재순,Lee, Yong-Kyu,Hong, Ki-Whan,Yoon, Jae-Soon The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1989 대한약리학잡지 Vol.25 No.1

혈압 및 심박동수 조절에 대한 serotonin성 기전의 역할을 흰쥐 뇌의 NTS에서 검토하고 catecholamine성 기전과 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 5-HT를 NTS에 주사시 혈압 및 심박동수는 감소되었고, 5-HT 300 pmol을 NTS에 주사하였을 때 가장 현저하게 하강하였다. ${\alpha}-MNE$과 clonidine도 마찬가지로 혈압과 심박동수의 감소를 일으켰다. 5-HT의 효과는 5-HT 수용체 길항제인 ritanserin, methysergide 및 ketanserin의 전처치에 의하여 봉쇄되었다. 2) Reserpine과 6-OHDA를 전처치하였을 때는 5-HT에 의한 혈압 및 심박동수 감소가 현저하게 약화되었다. 3) 5,7-DHT 전처치 후에는 5-HT에 의한 혈압 및 심박동수 감소는 증가하였다. 한편 6-OHDA 전처치에 의하여서도 clonidine의 혈압 및 심박동수 감소 현상은 항진하였다. 4) 5,7-DHT와 6-OHDA를 i.c.v.로 전처치하였을 때 phenylephrine과 sodium nitropursside에 의한 압반사 감수성은 현저히 저하하였고, 이들을 NTS로 주사시도 압반사 감수성이 손상되었다. 5) Immunohistochemistry에 의해 NTS에서 catecholamine성 세포체, 신경축색 말단과 serotonin성 신경축색 말단을 관찰하였고, 6-OHDA 주사후에 catecholamine성 신경축색 말단의 varicosity는 현저히 감소하였다. 한편 5,7-DHT처치에 의하여서는 serotonin성 신경축색 말단의 varicosity가 현저히 감소하였다. 이상의 실험 결과, NTS에 있는 serotonin성 수용체의 활성에 의하여 (1) 혈압 및 심박동수 감소가 일어나며, (2) 이는 catecholamine성 신경계와 관련되어 야기되며, (3) serotonin과 catecholamine성 수용체는 NTS의 postsynaptic site에 존재하고, (4) serotonin과 catecholamine성 신경세포는 압반사 조절에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 사료된다. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the role of serotonergic neurotransmission in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) for the central regulation of blood pressure and heart rate and its involvement in baroreceptor reflex activation in rats. A microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the NTS produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Maximal decreases were $34.4{\pm}1.6$ mmHg and $41.7{\pm}10.2$ beats per min by 300 pmol of 5-HT. Microinjections of ${\alpha}-methylnor-adrenaline$ $({\alpha}-MNE)$ and clonidine manifested similar decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. The hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT were blocked by previous applications of 5-HT antagonists, ritanserin, methysergide and ketanserin into the NTS, respectively. By pretreatment with reserpine and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, i.c.v.), both hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT were significantly attenuated. Pretreatment with 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, i.c.v.) enhanced the hypotensive and bradycardial effects of 5-HT. Similarly, following pretreatment with 6-OHDA, the effects of clonidine were increased. Pretreatment either with 5,7-DHT or 6-OHDA significantly attenuated the sensitivity of baroreflex produced either by phenylephrine or by sodium nitroprusside. When either 5,7-DHT or 6-OHDA was injected into the NTS $(5,7-DHT;\;8{\mu}g\;6-OHDA;\;10{\mu}g)$, both of the baroreflex sensitivities were impaired. In the immunohistochemical study, the injection of 6-OHDA into the the NTS led to reduction of axon terminal varicosity, however, the injection did not reduce the numbers of catecholaminergic cell bodies. Likewise, when 5,7-DHT was injected into the NTS, the varicosity of serotonergic axon terminals was markedly reduced. Based on these results, it is suggested that (1) stimulation of serotonergic receptors in the NTS leads to decreases in blood pressure and heart rate as observed with the stimulation of catecholaminergic system, (2) both serotonergic and catecholaminergic receptors may be located postsynaptically, and (3) the serotonergic neurons as well as catecholaminergic neurons may have a close relevance for the activation of baroreflex.

수질 정화제로 개발한 Ag-Os의 변이원성 시험

이용규,백남진,신순환,Lee, Yong-Kyu,Baek, Nam-Jin,Shin, Choon-Whan 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 1998 한국환경성돌연변이·발암원학회지 Vol.18 No.1

In order to evaluated the mutagenic potential of Ag-Os produced by receiving Ag ion at the carrier, 2 types of mutagenecity tests were performed. No mutagenic potential was shown in bacterial reverse multation test using Salmonella typhimurim TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100. No DNA-damaging property was shown in Rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis(Rec+) and Bacillus subtilis (Rec-). These results indicate that the Ag-Os does not cause reverse mutation and DNA-damaging property

웹에서의 XML 문서 접근 제어 시스템의 설계 및 구현

이용규(Yong Kyu Lee) 한국정보처리학회 2000 정보처리학회논문지 Vol.7 No.11

Until now the XML document is allowed users to access the whole content of it. However, for some applications such as those in the field of electronic commerce, there are cases that the whole content should not be delivered. Therefore, access authorization is required for XML documents in order to protect illegal accesses to some critical parts of them. In this paper, we design and implement a system which authorizes users to XML documents and controls access to them based on the access rights. We set the user group as a basic unit of the authorization subject and the element of an XML document as a basic unit of authorization object. The owner of a document authorizes user groups to access the elements of it. When an XML document is accessed, the access rights of the requester are checked using an access control list and only the authorized parts are delivered. As the result, we can authorize XML documents, which has been previously impossible.

도공층 구조 및 도공지의 인쇄적성에 관한 연구 (Ⅰ) - 이온성 단량체가 도공용 라텍스의 물성에 미치는 영향

이용규 ( Yong Kyu Lee ) 한국목재공학회 1997 목재공학 Vol.25 No.3

깊은신경망을 이용한 회전객체 분류 연구

이용규(Yong-Kyu Lee),이일병(Yill-Byung Lee) 한국지능시스템학회 2015 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.25 No.5

본 논문은 딥러닝 알고리즘을 적용한 깊은신경망을 이용하여 회전 객체의 분류 효율성을 높이기 위한 연구이다. 회전객체의 분류 실험을 위하여 데이터는 COIL-20을 사용하며 객체의 2/3영역을 학습시키고 1/3영역을 유추하여 분류한다. 연구에 이용된 3가지 분류기는 주성분 분석법을 이용해 데이터의 차원을 축소하면서 특징값을 추출하고 유클리디안 거리를 이용하여 분류하는 PCA분류기와 오류역전파 알고리즘을 이용하여 오류 에너지를 줄여가는 방식의 MLP분류기, 마지막으로 pre-training을 통하여 학습데이터의 관찰될 확률을 높여주고 fine-tuning으로 오류에너지를 줄여가는 방식의 딥러닝을 적용한 DBN분류기이다. 깊은신경망의 구조별 오류율을 확인하기 위하여 은닉층의 개수와 은닉뉴런의 개수를 변경해가며 실험하고 실제로 가장 낮은 오류율을 나타내는 구조를 기술한다. 가장 낮은 오류율을 보였던 분류기는 DBN을 이용한 분류기이다. 은닉층을 2개 갖는 깊은신경망의 구조로 매개 변수들을 인식에 도움이 되는 곳으로 이동 시켜 높은 인식률을 보여줬다. This paper is a study to improve the classification efficiency of rotating objects by using deep neural networks to which a deep learning algorithm was applied. For the classification experiment of rotating objects, COIL-20 is used as data and total 3 types of classifiers are compared and analyzed. 3 types of classifiers used in the study include PCA classifier to derive a feature value while reducing the dimension of data by using Principal Component Analysis and classify by using euclidean distance, MLP classifier of the way of reducing the error energy by using error back-propagation algorithm and finally, deep learning applied DBN classifier of the way of increasing the probability of observing learning data through pre-training and reducing the error energy through fine-tuning. In order to identify the structure-specific error rate of the deep neural networks, the experiment is carried out while changing the number of hidden layers and number of hidden neurons. The classifier using DBN showed the lowest error rate. Its structure of deep neural networks with 2 hidden layers showed a high recognition rate by moving parameters to a location helpful for recognition.

도공층 구조 및 도공지의 인쇄적성에 관한 연구 (Ⅱ) - 라텍스 이온기가 도공층 구조에 미치는 영향 -

이용규 ( Yong Kyu Lee ),박규재 ( Kyu Jae Park ) 한국목재공학회 1997 목재공학 Vol.25 No.4

도공액의 유동성 및 표면물성 개선에 관한 연구(제1보)

이용규(Yong-Kyu Lee),원종명(Jong-Myoung Won) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2017 펄프.종이技術 Vol.49 No.2

In this study, the effects of various pigment blending and substitution of SB latex with biobased latex in precoating color on the surface properties and the printability of coated board were evaluated. As the particle size of pigment was smaller, the surface roughness of the coated board was improved and the importance of pigment particle size was confirmed. The roughness of the coated board was also affected by the pigment characteristics. In addition, the use of a biobased latex instead of SB latex resulted in poor film forming ability due to its rheology, resulting in poor surface roughness, but print mottle was decreased. From the results of this study, it was confirmed that the characteristics of the precoat layer affected the surface properties and printability of coated board.

안셀름, 바르트 및 판넨베르크의 유비 개념에 대한 비판적 고찰 -존재유비와 신앙유비를 중심으로

이용규 ( Yong-kyu Lee ),정찬도 ( Chando Chung ),이신열(부교수) ( Samuel Y Lee ) 한국조직신학회 2016 한국조직신학논총 Vol.44 No.-

Anselm of Canterbury utilizes analogy of faith (analogia fidei) in order to overcome the limits imposed by reason and analogy of being (analogia entis) in an attempt to prove the existence of God. Analogy of faith, in Anselm’s mind, is an instrument to assist and maximize the function of reason in an attempt to prove the very existence of God and his truth. In his deep appreciation of Anselm’s concept of analogy, Barth rejects analogy of being while accepting analogy of faith in his appreciation of the self-revelation of God. Regarding Barth’s rejection of analogy of being, we are reminded of his refusal of the existence and efficacy of general revelation rooted in Scholasticism. Despite of his refusal of analogy of faith, it is true that Barth remains within the framework of the concept of analogy established by Anselm. In contrast to Anselm and Barth, however, Pannenberg strongly denies the legitimacy of the Scholastic concept of analogy torn between univocity and equivocity. Analogy of resurrection cannot be held valid since it contains a univocal element. For this reason, the resurrection of Jesus should be recognized as an objective and historical event supported by tradition of the empty tomb and the appearance of the risen Lord. His resurrection results into confession of faith in him and thus doxology for him. The role and efficacy of analogy is radically minimized and denied in Pannenberg’s theology. Thoughts of these three theologians regarding analogy can be summarized and put into comparison in following way. Since Anselm recognizes the limits of analogy of being in our attempt to attain the knowledge of God, he emphasizes an instrumental necessity of analogy of faith rooted in divine revelation. Barth, on the other hand, strongly affirms the importance of analogy of faith at the cost of analogy of being. Indeed, the latter is eliminated from his understanding of analogy. Finally, Pannenberg denies both analogies of being and faith are denied and replaces them by doxology. He is now able to distinguish himself from both Anselm and Barth in establishing his theological framework not only by making doxology a starting point of his theology but also by denying analogy of faith due to his negative evaluation of analogy of resurrection.

Oral Delivery of Parathyroid Hormone Using a Triple-Padlock Nanocarrier for Osteoporosis

Yong-kyu Lee(이용규),안정만 한국고분자학회 2021 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.46 No.2

Herein, a triple padlock nanocarrier prepared by a modified chondroitin sulfate A (TCSA) is designed to develop an oral dosage form of recombinant human teriparatide (rhPTH). We developed a TCA-conjugated CSA (TCSA) nanocarrier as a triple padlock system for oral delivery of recombinant human teriparatide [rhPTH (1–34)] against osteoporosis. In this research, we showed that the TCSA-triple padlock system facilitates protection of encapsulated rhPTH (1–34) from gastric or enzymatic degradation in the GIT and ASBAT- or OST α/β-mediated reabsorption of the TCSA/rhPTH nanocomplex, along with the prolonged t1/2, stimulates new bone formation, and reduces osteoporotic fracture by delivering the rhPTH to the type-1 PTH receptor (PTHr-1) through the intestinal portal system. This triple padlock oral delivery platform overcame the current barriers associated with teriparatide administration and exhibited a promising therapeutic effect against osteoporosis.

beta - Galactosidase의 고정화 및 응용에 관한 연구 - 제1보 : Aspergillus niger CAD 1의 효소생산 조건 및 효소학적 성질

이용규(Yong-Kyu Lee),전순배(Soon-Bae Chun),최원기(Won-Ki Choi),정기철(Ki-Chul Chung),배석(Suk Bae),김관천(Kwan-Chun Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 1986 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.15 No.4

토양에서 분리한 여러가지 곰팡이류 가운데 beta-galactosidase 생성력이 가장 좋은 Aspergillus niger CAD 1을 효소 생산 균주로 선정하였다. 이 균주의 효소 생산 최적 배양조건은 밀기울에 0.5% 탈지 분유를 첨가한 배지를 30℃에서 72시간 정치배양하는 것이었다. 아세톤으로 침전시킨 조효소(crude enzyme)는 일차로 DEAE-cellulose, 2차로 Sephadex G-100 gel filtration에 의하여 1,387배로 정제되었고 이때의 수율은 6.2%이었다. 정제된 효소의 최적 온도는 45℃, 최적 pH는 4.5이었으며, 기질로서 ONPG와 유당에 대한 Km값은 각각 3.57×10^(-3)M과 83.3×10^(-3)M, Vmax값은 각각 33.0 unit/㎎ protein과 15.38 unit/㎎ protein이었다. 활성화 에너지는 9,900㎈/㏖이었으며 효소활성 및 안정제로 금속이온을 필요로 하지 않았다. 50㎖의 탈지유, 4.8% 유당 용액, 유청용액에 효소 5㎖(182 unit/㎖)를 침가하여 45℃에서 10시간 반응시켰을 때의 유당 분해율은 각각 65%, 70%, 78%를 타타내었다. A strain of Aspergillus niger CAD 1 which produces considarable amount of beta-galactosidase was selected from extracellular beta-galetaosidase producing fungi isolated from soil. Optimal conditions for the enzyme from Aspergillus niger CAD 1 were the growth in wheat bran supplemented with 0.5% skim milk powder at 30℃ for 72 hrs. The crude enzyme was purified 1.387 fold through DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography and its recovery was 6.2%. The optimal pH and temperature for the purified enzyme were pH 4.5 and 45℃, respectively. The Km and Vmax on ONPG were 3.57 × 10^(-3)M and 33.0 unit/㎎ protein, whereas those on lacose were 83.3 × 10^(-3)M and 15.33 unit/㎎ protein, respectively. The activation energy for the enzyme was 9,900 ㎈/㏖ and the enzyme had no metal ion requirement for its activity and stability. The hydrolysis of lactose in skim milk, 4.8% lactose solution and acidic whey were 65%, 70% and 78% after 10 hrs incubation at 45℃, when 182 units of the enzyme were used 50㎖ of the substrate solutions.