뒷날개흰밤나방(Aedia leucomelas)의 형태적 특징, 온도별 발육기간, 발생소장 및 고구마 섭식량

이건휘,백채운,김두호,최만영,나승용,김상수 한국응용곤충학회 2003 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.42 No.1

고구마를 가해하는 됫날개흰밤나방(Aedia leucomelas)의 형태적 특징과 온도에 따른 발육특성 그리고 발생소장 및 고구마 가해양상을 1999부터 2000년까지 실내와 고구마포장에서 조사하였다. 성충은 흑갈색으로 체장은 암컷이 20.2mm,수컷이 18.9mm이었고, 날개 편 길이는 각각 33.7mm, 29.4mm이었다. 난은 납작한 원형이며, 유충은 엷은 황녹색-짙은 회색으로 체장은 3.3-53.5 mm이고, 번데기는 진한 갈색으로 체장은 15.1 mm이었다. 난부터 우화까지의 평균발육기 간은 15, 20, 25, 3$0^{\circ}C$ (60$\pm$5% RH, 16L : 8D)에서 각각 108.5, 70:7, 40.2, 29.1일로 온도가 증가할수록 발육기간이 짧아졌다. 각 태별 발육영점온도와 유효적산온도는 난은 10.7$^{\circ}$C와 67.5일도, 유충은 11.0$^{\circ}$C와 275.1일도, 번데기는 9.3$^{\circ}$C와 244.6일도 이었다. 암컷의 수명은 위 조사온도에서 각각 14.6, 12.8, 11.1, 10.3일이었고, 산란수는 각각 43, 189,244,265개로 성충수명은 고온일수록 짧아졌지만 산란수는 증가하였다. 됫날개흰밤나방 유충은 고구마 포장에서 6월 중순부터 10월까지 발생되었는데 9월 상-중순에 발생량이 가장 많았다. 유충의 섭식량은 20-$25^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많았고, 25$^{\circ}$C에서 1령, 2령, 3령, 4령, 5령 유충의 1일 섭식량은 각각 0.4, 3.6, 19.6, 40.7, 78.9$\textrm{cm}^2$ 였다. Morphological characteristics, developmental period, and seasonal occurrence of Adeia leucomelas (L.) were investigated from 1999 to 2000. In addition, consumption of sweetpotato as food was also examined. Adults of A. leucomelas were dark-brown and body lengths of females and males were 20.2 mm and 18.9 mm, respectively, Wing expanse of female and male was 33.7 mm and 29.4mm, respectively. Egg was flat round-shape. Larva was light yellow-green to dark-brown with 3.3-53.5 mm. Pupa was deep-brown and 15.1 mm in length. Developmental periods of A. leucomelas from egg to adult emergence at different temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30$^{\circ}$C were 108.5, 70.7, 40.2, and 29.1 days, respectively, Developmental threshold (DT) and effective accumulative temperatures were estimated as 10.7$^{\circ}$C and 67.5 DD in egg stage, 11.0$^{\circ}$C and 275.1 DD in larval stage and 9.3$^{\circ}$C and 244.6 DD in pupal stage, respectively. The longevity of adult female was shortened with increment of temperature, whereas the total numbers of eggs laid by a female were increased. The larvae of A.leucomelas occurred from mid-June to early October, and population reached its peak during early to mid-September in Jeonbuk province. Food consumption of A. leucomelas was highest at 20-25$^{\circ}$C. Food consumption of 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th larvae of A. leucomelas per day at 25$^{\circ}$C was 0.4, 3.6, 19.6, 40.7, and 78.9 $\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively.

콩 담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura)의 경제적 피해수준

이건휘,배순도,김현주,박성태,최만영,Lee, Geon-Hwi,Bae, Soon-Do,Kim, Hyun-Joo,Park, Sung-Tae,Choi, Man-Young 한국응용곤충학회 2006 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.45 No.3

담배거세미나방에(Spodoptera litura)에 의한 콩의 피해해석을 하고자 콩 생육기 및 담배거세미나방 유충 밀도를 달리하여 조사한 결과 콩 생육시기별 유충 밀도에 따른 수량감소율과의 관계식은 개화기에는 (1) Y = 1.655X - 6.025 ($R^{2}=0.952$), 착협기에는 (2) Y = 0.725X - 0.475 ($R^{2}=0.986$), 립비대기에는 (3) Y = 0.635X - 1.325 ($R^{2}=0.986$)였다. 이 관계식을 근거로 하여 콩 생육시기별 피해허용수준(수량감소 5% 기준)을 산출한 결과, 주당 2-3령 유충의 밀도는 개화기6.7 마리, 착협기 7.5마리, 립비대기는 10.0마리였다. $28^{\circ}C$에서 1령, 2령, 3령, 4령, 5령 및 6령 유충의 1일 섭식량은 0.3, 0.7, 2.6, 4.0, 20.1 및 $55.8\;cm^{2}$ 이었다. The damage aspects of soybean by common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different larval density and different growth stage of soybean were studied in soybean field. The percent yield reduction(Y) of soybean infested by different densities of S. litura (X, no. of larvae/plant) under outdoor conditions for a three week period were estimated by the following equations: (1) Y = 1.655X - 6.025 ($R^{2}=0.952$) for the R1 (flowering stage); (2) Y = 0.725X - 0.475 ($R^{2}=0.986$) for the R3 (beginning pod stage); and (3) Y = 0.635X - 1.325 ($R^{2}=0.986$) for the R5 (beginning seed stage). Based on the relationships between the densities of S. litura larvae and the yield index of soybean, the number of larvae (2nd-3rd instar) which caused 5% loss of yield (Tolerable injury level) was estimated to as approximately 6.7 for the R1, 7.5 for the R5, and 10.0 per plant for the R5, respectively. Average soybean leaf areas consumed by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th larvae of Spodoptera litura during 24 hr at $28^{\circ}C$ was 0.3, 0.7, 2.6, 4.0, 20.1, and $55.8\;cm^{2}$, respectively.

칠성풀잠자리붙이의 발육에 미치는 온도 영향 및 계절적 발생소장

이건휘,최만영,이승찬,박형만 한국응용곤충학회 2000 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.39 No.4

진딧물류의 포식성 천적인 칠성풀잠자리붙이의 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향 및 계절적 발생소장을 조사하였다. 난부터 우화가지의 평균발육기간은 17, 22, 27, $32^{\circ}C$(75%RH, 16L:8D)에 서 각각 39.5, 32.0, 25.0, 19.8일로 온도가 증가할수록 발육기간이 단축되었다. 암컷의 수명은 위 조사 온도에서 각각 84.7, 79.6, 77.7, 69.8일이었고 산란수는 각각 973, 1085, 1637, 1735개로 고온일수록 수명은 짧았지만 산란수는 많아졌다. 또한 부화율은 84.1~95.9%이었고 우화율은 67.6~86.3%로 온도가 높을수록 높았으며, 성비는 대략 1:1이었다. 35, 55, 75%습도조건($27^{\circ}C$)에서 발육기간(난-우화)은 각각 26, 24, 22.9일 이었고 산란수는 1042.8, 1526.5, 1640개 였다. 칠성풀잠자 리붙이 성충은 $27^{\circ}C$에서 우화 5~6일 후부터 산란하기 시작하여 1일 평균 30~40개 정도 산란하며, 우화 후 22~28일 사이에 산란을 가장 많이 하였는데 이때에 1일 최고 산란수는 80~90개였다. 복숭아혹진딧물과 목화진딧물은 5월 하순~6월 중순에 발생 Peak를 보인 후 7~8월에는 밀도가 급격히 감소하다가 9월 상~중순경에 다시 증가하였다. 칠성풀잠자리붙이는 7월 중~하순에 1차 발생 Peak를 보였으며, 그 이후 밀도가 감소하다 9월 중~하순에 다시 2차 발생 Peak가 나타났다. These studies were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the development and seasonal occurrence of Chrysopa pallens Ramber, a predator of aphids. Mean developmental periods of C. pallens from egg to adult emergence at four different temperatures of 17, 22, 27, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 39.5, 32.0,25.0, and 19.8 days, respectively. The longevities of adult females of C. pallens at the four temperatures were 84.7, 79.6, 77.7, and 69.8 days, respectively, whereas the total numbers of eggs laid by a female were 973, 1085, 1637, and 1735, respectively. Egg hatchability, rate of adult emergence, and sex ratio of C. pallets were slighty higher with increased temperature with 84.1~95.9%, 67.6~86.3%, and 1:1. Under three humidity conditions of 35, 55 and 75% RH, the mean developmental periods of C. pallets from egg to adult emergence at the $27^{\circ}C$ were 26, 24, and 22.9 days, respectively, while the number of eggs laid by a female were 1042.8, 1526.5, and 1640.0, respectively. Oviposition of C. pallets usually began 5~6 days after the emergence at $27^{\circ}C$. Then females laid ca. 30~40 eggs a day, reaching a peak of 80~90 eggs a day about 22~28 days after the emergence. Population fluctuation of M. persicae and A. gossypii showed the highest peak in late May through the mid-June, and the second peak appeared in early~mid-September. The adult occurrence of C. pallens by the light trap record started from mid-May, and show two peaks, in mid-late July and mid-late September in Chonbuk area.

가스 스프링내 유동 및 열전달에 관한 수치해석적 연구

이건휘 圓光大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.30 No.2

Helium으로 체워진 가스 스프링내 유동과 열전달을 유한차분법(control-volume finite differece method)으로 분석하였으며, 가스 스프링내 유체가 층류와 난류의 영역에 걸친 속도로 작동하는 경우를 모형으로 simulation 한 것이다. 난류 점성은 Subgrid Scale 모형을 사용하였고, 고체 벽면에서의 열전달과 전단응력(shear stress)는 Cloutman등이 제안한 벽면 법칙을 사용해 계산하였다. 저속인 경우는 난류 모형이 필요하지 않고, 유체 질량, 운동량과 에너지 보존에 대한 정확한 조화 평균방정식(ensemble average equation)을 풀었다. Crank 속도가 10과 500ppm인 경우에 대해 속도, 온도 및 난류장을 검토하였는데 이 두 경우는 각각 층류 및 난류장을 대표한다. 두 속도에서 유동장은 피스턴의 이동방향이 변화하는 상사전과 하사점 부근에서 재순환 형태의 유동이 생성되어 연속되는 피스톤 행정에 의해 소멸되고, 이 재순환 유동은 온동장에 영향을 미친다. 중간 속도에서 계산된 히스테리시스 손실(hysteresis loss)은 보다 큰 속도나 보다 작은 속도에서의 히스테리시스 손실보다 크게 나타났다. Flow and heat transfer inside a Helliun-filled gas spring are analyzed witha control volume finite difference method. The model is used to simulate operation of a gas spring over a range of speeds spanning the laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent viscosity is to be determined by the Subgrid Scale model. For calculating the velocity and temperature at the grid points adjacent to the wall, the law of wall developed by Cloutman et al. is chosen. At low speeds no turbulence model is needed, and the exact ensemble averaged equations for the fluid mass, momentum, and energy conservation solved. Details of the velocity, temperature are presented at crank speeds of 10 and 500rpm, which are representative of laminar and turbulent flow, respectively. Near top dead center and bottom dead center where changes in the moving direction of piston, the flow field creates recirculating flow patterns and the recirculating zones are annihilated by the subsequent piston acceleration in the opposite direction. The temperature field is affected by the appearence of the recirculating zone. At middle speeds the calculated hysteresis losses are higer than those at very high and low speeds.

원형단면의 곡관에서의 난류유동 측정

이건휘,Lee, Geon-Hwi 대한기계학회 1998 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.22 No.7

Hot-wire measurement of the longitudinal and radial velocity components and Reynolds stresses are reported for developing turbulent flow in a strongly curved 180 deg. pipe and its tangents. Slanted wire is rotated to 6 directions and the voltage outputs of them are combined to obtain the mean velocities and Reynolds stresses. Significant double maxima in the longitudinal velocity component appear in the bend. V-profiles reveal the development of a strong secondary flow. This secondary flow is induced by the transverse pressure gradient set up between the outer(r$\sub$o/) and inner(r$\sub$i/) wall region of the bend. Another second cross-stream flow develops after .theta.=135 deg. and its direction is opposed to that of main second flow.

격병구(隔餠灸)(부자구(附子灸),호초구(胡椒灸))의 연소특성(燃燒特性)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)

이건휘,이건목,국우석,Lee, Geon-hui,Lee, Geon-mok,Guk, Uo-suk 대한침구의학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.6

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism and effect of moxibustion with monkshood cake, slice & black pepper cake. objectively, to be used as the quantitative data through the measurement of temperatqre, and to grasp the thermodynamic characteristics of moxibustion with monkshood cake, slice & black pepper cake. Methods : We have selected of the moxibustion with monkshood cake, slice & black pepper cake. indirect moxibustion. We make a comparative study of the thermodynamic characteristics of moxibustion with monkshood cake, slice & black pepper cake. We examined combustion times, temperatures, temperature gradients in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results & Conclusions : 1. We can design the moxibustion with monkshood cake that it has thermodynamic characteristics of 173sec effective combustion time, $44^{\circ}C$ maximum temperature, $0.22^{\circ}C/sec$ ascending maximum temperature, if we use 3mm thickness or 3mm and below of monkshood cake and the moxa cone is formed the conical shape that the base diameter was 8mm, the height was 10mm, the density was $600mg/cm^3$. 2. We can design the moxibustion with monkshood cake that it has thermodynamic characteristics of 205~271sec effective combustion period time, $44.6{\sim}46.1^{\circ}C$ maximum temperature, $0.18{\sim}0.24^{\circ}C/sec$ ascending maximum temperature, if we use 3mm thickness of monkshood cake and the moxa cone is formed the conical shape that the base diameter was 8mm, the height was 10mm, the density was $480{\sim}720mg/cm^3$.

회전이 있는 90。 정사각형 곡관내의 유동 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

이건휘,최영돈 대한기계학회 1991 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.- No.-

상용 소형 쑥뜸의 열역학적 특성에 대한 실험적 연구

이건휘,이건목,황유진 대한침구학회 2001 대한침구의학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Objective : Moxibustion has been proved efficacious for many diseases, but isn't widespread in the clinics due to a danger of skin burning, the smoke produced while burning a moxa combustion and so on. Therefore, another type of moxa that can be resolved these troubles is required. To improve the effect of moxibustion and develop the new thermal stimulating treatment, the performance of commercial moxibustion widely used are studied systematically and found out quantitatively. Methods : We have selected two types (small-size moxa A(sMA), small-size moxa B (sMB)) among small-size moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion time, various temperatures, temperature gradient in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period appeared somewhat longer in sMA than in sMB. 2, The combustion time in the heating period appeared longer in sMA by 26% than in sMB. 3. The average temperature in the heating period was 37.6∼37.8℃ in sMA and 36.2∼36.8℃ in sMB and the maximum temperature measured at a center of contact surface in sMA was 48.6℃, higher by over 2.8℃ than that of sMB moxibustion. 4. The average ascending temperature gradient in the heating period was 0.08∼0.1℃/sec in both moxaes, and the average ascending temperature gradient of heating period in sMB appeared larger. The maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared higher in sMB, and the time reaching maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared much earlier in sMA than in sMB. 5. The combustion time in the retaining period was around 100 sec in sMA and around 275 sec in sMB, 6. The average temperature in the retaining period was 42.2∼46.0℃ in sMA and 39.3∼41.4℃ in sMB. The minimum temperature in the retaining period was over 38.80 in sMA but just 34.7℃ in sMB. 7. The average descending temperature gradient in sMA was -0.050∼0.067℃/sec and in sMB was-0.030∼0.037℃/sec. 8. The combustion time in the cooling period appeared longer over two times in sMA than in sMB, and the time which the cooling period (minimum temperature) finished at appeared later in sMB by 55 sec. 9. We classified the combustion process that the measured temperature rose over body heat(37℃) into the effective combustion period. The effective combustion time was 233.3 sec in sMA and 300.4 sec in sMB respectively, and was longer by about 29% in sMB. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the effective combustion time appeared higher in sMA. The time taken until the maximum temperature was reached was 225.1 sec in sMA and 244.5 sec in sMB, faster by about 20 sec in sMA. The maximum ascending temperature gradient during the effective combustion period appeared larger about 1.4 times in sMB, but the time when the maximum ascending temperature gradient happened was faster in sMA. Conclusion : It appears that sMB, compared with sMA, is proper if necessary to apply the long time and weak stimulus, because of the gentle stimulus during the relatively longer time. In contrast, sMA that the symmetrical combustion happened is proper if necessary to apply the short time and strong stimulus.

벼 생육시기별 왕우렁이의 벼 섭식량 및 피해해석

이건휘,백채훈,노태환,서홍렬,최만영,Lee, Geon-Hwi,Paik, Chae-Hoon,Noh, Tae-Hwan,Seo, Hong-Yul,Choi, Man-Young 한국응용곤충학회 2010 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.49 No.4

왕우렁이는 일본으로부터 식용목적으로 1983년에 국내로 도입되었으나, 현재는 우리나라 벼 담수직파재배지에서 피해가 나타나고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 왕우렁이에 대한 온도 및 벼 생육시기별 섭식량과 피해정도를 구명하여 효율적인 관리대책 수립을 위한 자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 온도별($l5{\sim}35^{\circ}C$) 왕우렁이 벼 섭식량은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많았으며, $30^{\circ}C$에서 왕우렁이 크기별 벼 섭식량은 왕우렁이 유체(각고 15 mm)와 성체(각고 30 mm 이상)는 출아 직후, 1엽, 3엽, 및 5엽의 벼를 1 일 동안각각 19.0/79.8, 11.0/54.5, 5.5/18.5 및 0.0/2.0개를 섭식하였다. 왕우렁이는 먹이 습성상 벼가 어린 유묘기(5엽 이하)에 피해를 많이 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 벼 생육시기별 왕우렁이 성체(각고 25mm 이상) 접종밀도를 달리하여 피해정도를 조사한 결과 벼 출아 직후에서 10 $m^2$당 왕우렁이 개체수가 10마리 일 때 수량감소가 16%로 피해가 가장 심하였다. The golden apple snail was introduced to the Korea from Japan as a potential food for people in 1983. It is one of the pests of direct-seeded rice in korea. This study was conducted to investigate rice(Oriza sativa) consumption and the extent of damage by the golden apple snail(Pomacea canaliculata) in direct-sown paddy fields. Food consumption of the golden apple snail was highest at $30^{\circ}C$. When the emergence of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th leave of rice supplied food, the consumption of young(shell height 15mm) and adult golden apple snail(over shell height 30mm) at $30^{\circ}C$ were 19.0/79.8, 11.0/54.5, 5.5/18.5, and 0.0/2.0 individuals, respectively. Young rice seedings(before 5th leaves of rice) are very susceptible to golden apple snail damage because the young, tender leaves and stems favor the snail's feeding habits. The field experiment with four treatments (0, 2, 5 and 10 individuals respectively per 10 $m^2$) was carried out. The most serious yield loss was 16% from the plot with 10 adults released at emergency stage of rice.

회전하는 곡관내 유동에 관한 이론적 연구 ( THEORICAL STUDY ON THE FLOW IN A ROTATING BEND )

이건휘,최영돈 대한기계학회 1992 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.- No.-