철원 한탄강변 성곽 유적의 성격 연구

유재춘 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2023 인문과학연구 Vol.- No.79

Currently, a number of fortress remains in the Cheorwon area, and these remains have various characteristics. Although there are partial investigations and studies on the ruins of these fortresses, the clear nature of the ruins has not yet been identified, and there is also an academic controversy. In particular, there are a number of fortress ruins near the Hantangang River in Cheorwon, but no detailed investigation has been conducted. Although there are studies on some remains, there are few clear historical characteristics yet. In this paper, its historical characteristics were explored with five fortress sites, including Halmisanseong Fortress, Naedaeriseong Fortress, Goseokseong Fortress, Seongmorutoseong Fortress, and Toseongritoseong Fortress, near the Hantan River in Cheorwon. First of all, Halmisanseong Fortress and Naedaeriseong Fortress are both fortresses located at the forefront of Silla, which were built around the mid-6th century when Silla occupied the area north of the Han River and formed a defensive front from Imjin River to Hantang River. Goseokseong Fortress is difficult to determine the date of its first creation because there are few artifacts found here, but if you look at the location, shape, and remaining phenomena of the fortress, it is likely that it was made when Silla and Tang Dynasty fought against each other, or it was a fortress of local residents in preparation for the invasion of Japanese pirates at the end of Goryeo. Seongmorutoseong Fortress is generally the same character as Goguryeo’s fortress built on the northern bank of the Imjingang River-Hantan River, such as Horogoru fortress, Dangpo fortress, and Eundaeri fortress. In particular, Seongmorutoseong Fortress is very similar to Eundaeriseong fortress in Yeoncheon in its construction method is very similar. Saturn-ri Saturn has no clear archaeological data to determine when it was operated, so it is difficult to make a clear decision on when it was first created. Compared to the remains of similar fortresses in other regions, it is presumed to be used by local residents in preparation for small-scale invasion such as Japanese pirates after the Goryeo Dynasty.

조선전기 경상도의 지역거점 산성 연구

유재춘 부경역사연구소 2010 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.26

Mountain fortress is one of Korea’s traditional defense facilities. Due to the chaotic situation, systematic defense facilities were not constructed in the early Chosun dynasty. But after ten years reign of king Taejong, there became a great tension in North East Asia. There were Japanese pirate raiders(倭寇), Ming(明)'s expedition of Tatary, conflicts between Chosun (朝鮮) and Ming(明) over Jurchen(女眞), and these led Taejong to buildnationwide defense facilities by extensive construction of mountain fortresses not only around the key footholds in northern parts of the country but in GyeongSang-do and Jeolla-do. In 1413, he sought the completion of national defense by building a mountain fortress in every 40km or 54km in every province in every Do(道)s. The completion had been promoted throughout Japan’s and Red Turbans’ invasion at the end of Koryo dynasty, and the time of war against Yuan during king GongMin. All these were primarily to defend themselves from North. This plan of building mountain fortresses resulted in fortresses in 111, about 1/3 of 333 provinces in 8 Dos, by the early Chosun dynasty. In the case of GyeongSang-do, 31 counties out of 66 were covered, and 10 of them with both city wall and mountain fortress. In terms of scale, 11 out of the 31s were more than 2000 square feet(步). We can see the difference in number of fortress in Jeolla-do, and this helps us to understand their view on national defense. But after King SeJong, there remained only 41 mountain fortresses in the country by the mid 16th century. There were only 11 counties with mountain fortresses out of 67 in Gyeongsang-do. This counts 20 less fortresses, which is due to the change of national defense plan from mountain fortress-based to city wall-based. During Japanese invasion to Korea in 1592, ImJin War, however, the importance and effectiveness of mountain fortresses(山城有益論) were proved, which led to nationwide reconstruction of mountain fortress. It was needed to incapacitate Japanese strategy of siege warfare(攻城戰術), and to reinforce the clear night strategy(淸野戰略) to keep the enemy from penetrating inside. Especially because castles didn’t work well to block the enemy, the plan got changed to protect key footholds including the capital, with two or three lines of defense, mainly around Nakdong River in GyeongSang-do. This was to defeat them when the enemy attack moving along the river, to keep them from getting war supplies, and to drive them to the southern part of the river. But there was argument against the plan as well, and as many mountain fortresses fell during the second strike of Japanese pirate raiders in 1592, mountain fortresses started to lose its advocates. It is basically due to the lack of thorough preparation process in the war time. After the war, opinions were gathered to the point that they needed to make the most of their topographic feature to defeat Japanese whose army and strategy were more advanced. And finally ““places we can protect (可守之地)””-centered strategy gained power and became the main strategy.

조선전기 (朝鮮前期) 행성축조 (行城築造)에 관하여

유재춘 강원사학회 1998 江原史學 Vol.0 No.13·14

14~17세기초 한일양국 평지치소성 발달에 관한 비교연구

유재춘 한국사학회 1999 史學硏究 Vol.- No.57

임진왜란과 충장공 한백록 연구

유재춘 강원향토문화연구회 1996 강원문화사연구 Vol.1 No.-

조선시대 강원지역의 축성연구

유재춘 강원향토문화연구회 1997 강원문화사연구 Vol.2 No.-

임진왜란시 일본군의 조선 성곽 이용에 대하여 ― 철원 성산성 사례를 중심으로 ―

유재춘 조선시대사학회 2003 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.24 No.-

A study on the utilization of castles and fortress of Joseon by Japanese army in the Imjin War(1592) -place the focus on Seongsanseong(城山城) site in Cheolwon-Yu, Jae-chun

역에 대한 축성과 기능에 대하여 : 삼척 옥원역성을 중심으로

유재춘 강원향토문화연구회 1998 강원문화사연구 Vol.3 No.-

고려강원지역의 고려시대 지역 거점 산성에 대한 연구

유재춘 한국성곽학회 2009 한국성곽학보 Vol.16 No.-

역사상 춘천의 군사적 거점과 가치

유재춘 육군군사연구소 2010 군사연구 Vol.- No.130

When groups generate power and conflict results between groups, the strength of a group is always determined by their military techniques and capabilities. Historically, military aspects have been significant to the survival of a group and are currently significant in understanding the transformations of cities. In studying cities such as that of Chuncheon for example, vital information can be gained from its mountain fortress. One can tell of the military techniques used and their strong points and gain insight into the major historic changes that have occurred in chuncheon city. Including Woodu(牛頭) mountain fortress, Bongui(鳳儀) mountain fortress,Samak(三岳) mountain fortress and Yonghwa(龍華) mountain fortress are known as main military ruins in Chuncheon area. Above mountain fortresses were not operated in the same age. Because different conditions of a location were needed according to the changes of the time, primary mountain fortress was moving throughout the history. The ruins related to Macguk(貊國), a country settled at Chuncheon in ancient times, are ambiguous when considering the nature of the site of trail. And Woodu mountain fortress is regarded as a valuable remain for the investigation of ancient history. It is expected that Woodu mountain fortress was used by the first group settled in Chuncheon. After Silla(新羅) entered into Chuncheon, a considerable change was generated in late 7th century. Silla built Juyang(走壤) mountain fortress(expected to be current Bongui mountain fortress) in Chuncheon because of the vast battle between Silla and Dang(唐). Silla had the capital in South area at that time, but needed more rugged and robust fortress because Silla continued to face crisis due to the fierce battle. Moreover, due to Mt. Woodu, Silla had limited flexibility in their fighting techniques because of a river on their backside. It was later decided that the purlieu of Mt. Bongui was a much better place than Mt. Woodu for the war. In this location, Silla could fight and always have the river ahead. In the Corea(高麗) Ages, Bongui mountain fortress was no longer utilized as the major fortress of Chuncheon following its capture by the Mongolian army. After that time, the function of fortress was focused on providing a hiding place as opposed to strategic advantage for the military. Eventually,other fortresses were built in rugged and secluded locations. Samak mountain fortress and Yonghwa mountain fortress became the base of Chuncheon after Bongui castle’s fall. In the latter part of the Joseon dynasty, Chuncheon was noticed for its new military strong-point. Especially, after Joseon’s defeat in Byeongja-Holan(the war between Joseon and Chung(凊) dynasty in 1636),Chuncheon was highlighted as a refuge for the King of Joseon in a national emergency. Chuncheon’s recognition as a military strong-point was due to its topographical condition. Chuncheon, as a basin, is surrounded by high mountains and placed where the two rivers join in, making it hard to be taken by the enemy. These characteristics of Chuncheon were recognized again when military tensions were raised with the force of the West and Japan. Setting governmental institution in Chuncheon was entrusted with an important mission. The pattern of modern wars cannot be identified with or compared to pre-modern wars’. The military strategy between the wars of the modern and pre-modern eras is different. However, they are similar in the sense that the geographical advantages of each can undoubtedly be utilized in every war. In the 6.25 War, the successful defense in Chuncheon battle was due to the outstanding leadership abilities and combat power of the Armed Forces. Moreover, the geographical advantages were also an important condition for the victory. The fact that the mountain fortresses for military strong-points were built at Mt. Woodu and Mt. Bongui in Chuncheon shows the value of Chuncheon for the military hub beyond age. 집단과 권력이 발생하고 집단간의 갈등이 수반되면서 그 집단의 근거지는 항상 군사적인 측면이 고려되었다. 이는 집단의 생존과 직결되는 매우 중요한 문제였기 때문이다. 따라서 역사이래 수많은 전쟁을 통해 그 역사적 흔적이 어느 지역에나 남아있게 되었다. 이러한 군사적인 성격의 유적은 시대에 따라 여러 가지 양상으로 나타나게 되는데, 특히 한 지역내에 한정하여 본다면 그 지역의 군사적인 거점의 변화는바로 중대한 역사적인 변화 양상을 반영하기 마련이다. 춘천지역내에 존재하는 군사적 거점인 성곽유적에 대한 연구는 춘천에서 일어났던 중요한 역사적 변화를 읽어내는데 매우 중요한 문제라고 할 수 있다. 춘천지역의 주요 군사유적이라고 할 수 있는 성곽유적으로는 우두산성을 비롯하여봉의산성, 삼악산성, 용화산성 등이 알려져 있다. 이러한 성곽유적은 동시기에 운영되던 성곽이 아니라 시대 상황의 변천에 따라 각기 다른 입지를 필요로 하기 때문에성곽이 이전되게 되는 것이다. 고대 시기에 춘천을 중심으로 성립되었다고 전해오는맥국과 관련된 유적이라고 하는 것은 그 성격이나 흔적이 명확하지 않다. 그리고 우두산성의 경우는 춘천지역의 고대사 규명에 매우 중요한 유적으로, 춘천에 근거한초기 세력집단에 의해 활용되었을 것으로 생각된다. 한편 신라의 춘천 진입 이후 7세기 후반에는 큰 변화가 일어나게 된다. 羅唐戰爭이 격화되어 가는 중에 신라는 춘천에 주양성(현재의 봉의산성으로 추정)을 새로 축조하였다. 신라는 남쪽에 근거지(수도)를 가진 나라이기 때문에 당나라와의 전쟁이더욱 격화되어가는 위기 상황에 봉착하면서 더 험준하고 견고한 요새지가 필요했고더구나 江북쪽의 배수진이 되는 우두산보다는 전면에 강을 두고 지킬 수 있는 봉의산 쪽이 전투에 훨씬 유리하기 때문이었다. 이후 고려시대에 들어 蒙古軍에 의해 春州城(봉의산성)이 함락된 이후 봉의산성은더 이상 춘천의 입보성으로 사용되지 않았다. 이후 산성을 전략적으로 활용하기보다는 피란성으로의 기능에 더 비중을 두게 하였고 결과적으로는 산성을 매우 험준하고궁벽한 곳에 구축하게 하였다. 춘천의 경우 봉의산성이 폐기되면서 삼악산성과 용화산성이 입보성으로 운영된 것으로 보인다. 한편 조선후기에 이르러 춘천은 새로운 관방지로서 주목받게 되었다. 특히 병자호란 당시 있었던 국왕을 비롯한 王室人, 官吏들의 이동의 문제(바다나 강을 건너 피신하는데 많은 시간 필요)라든가 방어력 문제(믿고 있었던 강화성과 남한산성이 모두함락)가 대두하면서 보다 다른 보장처를 물색하게 되었고 춘천은 그 후보지의 하나로 부각되게 되었다. 당시 춘천에 대한 주목은 춘천이 가지고 있는 지형적인 특성에서 비롯된 것이다. 즉, 춘천은 높은 산맥으로 둘러싸인 분지 지역인데다가 두 개의강이 합류하는 지점이어서 어느 쪽에서 적이 공격을 해 오더라도 쉽게 점거하기 어려운 곳이기 때문이다. 이러한 춘천에 대한 보장처 인식은 근대에 이르러 서양과 일본의 세력이 밀려와 군사적 긴장감이 고조되면서 다시 주목받게 되었고 춘천에 유수부를 만들고, 감영을 설치하는 중요한 요인이 되었다. 현대전은 전근대시기의 전투와는 그 양상이 같을 수는 없을 것이다. 그러나 군사작전에는 정도차이는 있지만 반드시 그 지형적 이점이라는 것이 작용되게 마련이고이는 전근대의 전투와 현대전 ...