[김화순_시작노트] 나는 시간을 뛰어넘고 싶은 시인이다

김화순 고요아침 2017 열린시학 Vol.22 No.4

[김화순_신작] 나는 누구도 알아들을 수 없는 난해한 악기가 되어간다 외 1편

김화순 고요아침 2017 열린시학 Vol.22 No.4

계승담론과 직업세습: <표창>과 <북방의 노을>을 통해 본 김정은 시기 두 공장 이야기

김화순,안지영,신난희 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2023 통일인문학 Vol.94 No.-

This exploratory study aims to understand the changes in job status and workplace life in North Korea during the Kim Jong-un era. For this purpose, two TV dramas, <Commendation> (2015) and <Northern Sunset> (2017, 10 episodes), which are set in factories, were selected from among the Kim Jong-un period films/dramas. First, to grasp the reality of the "Succession" discourse advocated by the authorities, the typicality, relationships, behavior, and dialogues of the characters in the work were analyzed. In addition, to analyze the policy changes, the original novels <Daughter's Concerns> (1992) and <Northern Sunset> (2010) were compared. The analysis revealed that the two dramas represented the occupational class by dividing it into the basic working class and the technical intelligentsia. The novel criticizing meritocracy heroes was reborn as the drama <Commendation>, which conveyed a message of hereditary job succession to the new generation of young laborers in a machine factory. On the other hand, <Northern Sunset>, modeled after the actual case of the March 5 Youth Mine, which achieved self-reliance and technological innovation, portrays a place where basic workers no longer exist. It is a bold transition from the existing tech executives to the new generation technologists and a performance-oriented technological hero. Ultimately, the North Korean authorities during the Kim Jong-un era present the idea of hereditary job succession to the new generation of basic workers through dramas. Additionally, the new generation of technologists are commanded to produce innovative results in production technology, and the possibility of improving their job status to become executives is suggested . This reveals the policy differentiation by occupational class.

의복태도와 의복구매동기에 대한 연구

김화순,박혜선 한국의류학회 1998 한국의류학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.1998 No.-

북한 일유형이 남한에서 탈북이주민 고용에 미치는 영향

김화순 통일연구원 2014 統一 政策 硏究 Vol.23 No.1

North Korean Migrants’ poor employment situation in the South Korean labormarket including their high unemployment rate and low wage level have raised manydebates over the causes of such problems. As the causes of the employment problems,previous studies have pointed out North Korean Migrants’ inadequacies and weakemployment intention, South Koreans’ prejudice and exclusiveness, etc., but theimportance of the cohort effect of North Korean Migrants’work experiences on theircurrent employment has been overlooked. Recognizing this problem and giving attention to North Korean residents’ workexperiences, the present researcher conducted the third and conclusive study, following theprevious studies “A Study on North Korean Residents’ Work Types” and “Determinantsof North Korean Residents’Work Type in the Period of Marketization.” The conclusiondrawn from this study is that there is a significant causal relation between ‘work type inNorth Korea’ before migration and ‘employment in South Korea’ after migration, and theprobability of employment or the basic livelihood benefit take‐up rate is significantlydifferent according to whether one had an formal work, informal work, or both formal andinformal work in North Korea. According to the results of binomial logit and multiple regression with datacollected from 413 North Korean migrants living in Seoul and sampled through quotasampling based on the year of entry, etc., both work type and education level in NorthKorea had a significant positive effect on North Korean migrants’ employment in SouthKorea. An interesting finding was that the probability of employment in South Korea washigher in work types with more market economic activities (informal work>both formaland informal work>formal work) in North Korea. Contrary to expectation, the probabilityof employment was lowest in those who had been engaged in an formal work in NorthKorea. What is more, work types with more market economic activities in North Koreashowed a lower probability of being a basic livelihood benefit recipient, and consequentlythose with an informal work were less dependent on the government than those with anformal/both formal and informal work. The most important finding from this study is that work experience in a NorthKorean market enhanced economic adaptability to the South Korean labor marketsignificantly. This suggests that North Korean migrants’experience in working at a marketin North Korea can be more useful as human resource than experience in an formal work. North Korean Migrants’ poor employment situation in the South Korean labormarket including their high unemployment rate and low wage level have raised manydebates over the causes of such problems. As the causes of the employment problems,previous studies have pointed out North Korean Migrants’ inadequacies and weakemployment intention, South Koreans’ prejudice and exclusiveness, etc., but theimportance of the cohort effect of North Korean Migrants’work experiences on theircurrent employment has been overlooked. Recognizing this problem and giving attention to North Korean residents’ workexperiences, the present researcher conducted the third and conclusive study, following theprevious studies “A Study on North Korean Residents’ Work Types” and “Determinantsof North Korean Residents’Work Type in the Period of Marketization.” The conclusiondrawn from this study is that there is a significant causal relation between ‘work type inNorth Korea’ before migration and ‘employment in South Korea’ after migration, and theprobability of employment or the basic livelihood benefit take‐up rate is significantlydifferent according to whether one had an formal work, informal work, or both formal andinformal work in North Korea. According to the results of binomial logit and multiple regression with datacollected from 413 North Korean migrants living in Seoul and sampled through quotasampling b... 그간 남한 노동시장에서 탈북이주민의 고실업,저임금 등 고용부진 상황은 그 원인을 둘러싸고 많은 논의를 촉발하였다. 선행연구들은 고용문제의 원인으로 탈북이주민 자신의 취약성, 취업의지나 남한사람들의 편견이나 배제 등을 지목해왔지만, 북한에서 탈북이주민의 일 경험이 현재 남한에서 고용에미치는 중요성은 간과되었다. 이 연구는 이러한 문제의식 하에 북한 주민의 일경험에 주목해온 필자의 “북한주민의 일자리 유형연구”와 “시장화시기 북한 주민의 일유형 결정요인”연구를 잇는 세 번째 연구이자 마무리 연구이다. 결론적으로 이주 이전 ‘북한에서 일유형(work type)’과 이주이후 ‘남한에서 고용(employment)’ 간에는 유의한인과관계가 존재하며, 북한에서 공식일/비공식일/이중일을 했는지에 따라 취업확률이나 기초생계수급률이 유의하게 달라진다는 점을 밝히고 있다. 입국연도 등에 의해 할당표집한 서울시 거주 탈북이주민 413명의 조사자료를 이항로짓, 다중회귀분석한 결과, 북한 일유형과 학력 변수 모두가 남한에서 탈북이주민의 취업에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치고 있었다. 흥미로운 점은 북한 시장경제활동이많은 일유형일수록(비공식>이중>공식일유형) 남한에서 취업확률이 높았다. 일반적인 예상과는 달리북한에서 공식일 경력을 가졌던 사람들의 취업확률이 가장 낮았다. 또한 북한에서 시장경제활동 경험이 많은 일유형일수록 기초생계수급자일 확률이 낮아 비공식일 종사자들의 국가의존도가 공식일/이중일 종사자보다 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구의 가장 중요한 발견은 북한 시장에서 일했던 일 경험이 남한 노동시장에서 경제적 적응력을유의하게 높인다는 연구결과이다. 이 같은 결과는 북한 장마당 등 시장에서 일했던 탈북이주민의 일 경험이 인적자원으로서 공식 직업경험보다 더 유용하게활용될 가능성을 시사한다. 그간 정부는 북한 비공식일 종사자들을 무직자로 분류해왔는데, 이같은 탈북이주민 직업분류방식을 재검토해야 할 것이다. 향후북한 시장화가 진전된다면 북한 주민 인적자원의 개발 혹은 시장적응력이 향상될 것으로 전망된다.

직행 탈북이주자의 노동이동과 탈북결정요인

김화순 통일연구원 2017 統一 政策 硏究 Vol.26 No.1

This study assumes that ‘labor mobility’ of North Koreans is one of the major causes of North Korean Defections, and examines the phenomenon of North Korean Migrants in light of international immigration theory. In particular, this study focused on the newly emerging “generation escaping directly from North Korea” after food refugees and sought to examine their escape process in the context of labor mobility. With the four pillars of the formal/informal, market/state sector that divide the social economy of North Korea as basic axis, 23 cases of migrants directly escaping from North Korea were divided into 11 cases of women and 12 cases of men by type of gender/occupation. There are three facts revealed through this study. First, it was observed that the workers who worked in the North Korean formal economy sector (I) shifted to the public market economy sector (II), the informal state economy sector (III) and the informal market economy sector (IV). Workers in the state economy shifted to the difficulties of livelihood and showed different behaviors for men and women. Second, North Korean workers were classified into two groups such as the collective labor participation type and the personal benefit pursuit type according to whether there was labor mobility or not. The collective labor participation type was differentiated into the career?seeking type and the job?keeping type depending on the upward mobility. In addition, according to the formal option, the personal benefit pursuit type was differentiated into the jangmadang type, the Party-State Agency type and the corporate utilization type, deriving the five types of labor mobility types. Third, as a result of analyzing the causes of North Korean Migrants by labor migration types, it was found that the collective labor participation type which comprises the family members, relatives and acquaintances of the North Korean Migrants. Therefore, the surveillance received from the authorities, the personal anxiety due to non?socialist censorships, career barriers of the migrants and family members, negative prospects for the future of North Korea affected the decision of North Korean defections. In the case of the personal benefit pursuit type, besides the same reason as the collective labor participation type, the favorable attitude toward the market economy affected the decision to defect. It can be concluded that experience in labor mobility in North Korea promotes defection by forming a friendly attitude toward the market economy. 이 연구는 북한주민의 ‘노동이동’이 탈북현상의 중요원인 중 하나라고 가정하고, 탈북이주현상을 국제이주이론에 비추어 검토한다. 특히 식량난민 이후 새로이 등장한 ‘직행파 탈북이주자’에게 초점을 맞추어 이들의 탈북과정을 노동이동의 맥락에서 살피고자 하였다. 북한사회경제를 구획하는 공식/비공식, 시장/국영부문의 네 가지 영역을 기본축으로 하여 직행파 탈북이주민 23사례를 성별/일자리유형별로 여성 11사례, 남성 12사례로 나누어 북한에서 노동이동의 흐름과 탈북요인을 분석하였다. 이 연구를 통해 밝혀진 사실은 세 가지이다. 첫째, 북한 공식부문 국영경제(Ⅰ)에서 일하던 근로자들이 공적시장경제부문(Ⅱ), 비공식국영경제(Ⅲ), 비공식 시장경제(Ⅳ)부문으로 이동하는 것이 관찰되었는데, 남녀별로 다른 행동패턴을 보였다. 둘째, 북한근로자는 자발적 노동이동 유무에 따라 집단노동참여유형과 개인이익추구유형의 두 가지로 구분되었다. 또, 집단노동참여형은 상향이동여부에 따라 다시 경력추구형, 직업유지형으로 분화되었으며, 개인이익추구형은 이동선택지에 따라 다시 장마당형, 정권기관형, 기업활용형으로 분화되면서 총 다섯 개의 노동이동 유형이 도출되었다. 셋째, 각 노동이동 유형별 탈북사유를 분석한 결과, 집단노동참여유형의 경우 탈북자가족이나 친지이기에 당국으로부터 받은 감시, 비사회주의 행위로 인한 신변불안, 본인과 가족의 진로장벽, 북한의 미래에 대한 부정적 전망 등이 탈북결정에 영향을 미쳤다. 한편, 개인이익추구형의 경우에는 집단노동참여유형과 동일한 이유 외에 시장경제에 대한 우호적 태도가 탈북을 결정하는데 영향을 미쳤다. 이로 미루어 북한에서 노동이동 경험은 시장경제에 대한 우호적 태도나 자신감을 형성함으로서 탈북을 촉진한다고 결론지을 수 있다.

주제발표 : 상실과 애도에 관한 사회복지실천개입 -말기 암환자가족을 중심으로-

김화순 한국가족사회복지학회 2009 한국가족사회복지학회 워크샵자료집 Vol.2009 No.2

치매노인의 치매주간보호센터 이용 만족도: 양적방법과 질적방법의 트라이앵귤레이션

김화순,이영휘 한국간호과학회 2018 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.2

평창 이후 스포츠 교류를 통한 한반도 평화 로드맵

김화순 대한기독교서회 2018 基督敎 思想 Vol.711 No.-

분단체제 탈북민 정책의 인식과 이행과제: ‘배제적 통합’의 영속화에 대한 비판

김화순 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2019 이화젠더법학 Vol.11 No.3

From a perspective of the ‘exclusive inclusion’, this study analyzes four characteristics of the North Korean defector policy as ‘politics of division’, ‘discourse of North Korean defectors' identity’, ‘supplier-oriented settlement policy’, and ‘separated settlement support service delivery system’. Based on these frames, this study evaluates the Korean Ministry of Unification’s countermeasures and the recent conflicts between groups of North Korean Defectors and the Ministry of Unification over the responsibility for North Korean family deaths. Representatives of North Korean defector's groups, who were funded by the previous conservative government in preparation for absorption unification, reassembled on the pretext of holding the Moon Jae-in Government responsible for the recent death of North Korean defectors. Representatives of North Korean defector's groups are now strongly pressuring the current administration to provide the same financial support as they received from the previous government. In response to the situation, the Korean Ministry of Unification proposed countermeasures to increase the period of protection for North Korean defectors from five years to ten years; however, the policy will strengthen isolation from civil society by strengthening the settlement service delivery system, which separates only North Korean defectors. The process of conflict from the recent incident between groups of North Korean defectors and the Ministry of Unification shows that both parties had not yet overcome the frame of ‘exclusive inclusion’ which was created by the divided regime’s North Korean defector policy. Therefore, this study proposes five measures of perspective on the direction of the new North Korean defector policy, which prepares for the implementation of a Peace Regime. 이 연구는 탈북민 정착지원정책이 ‘배제적 통합’이었다는 관점에서 분단체제 탈북민 정착정책의 특징을 ‘분단의 정치’, ‘만들어진 정체성: ‘먼저 온 통일’ ’, ‘공급자중심의 정착청사진’, ‘독자적 정착서비스전달체계’로 도출하였다. 이 같은 정책의 결과, 탈북민 사회는 시민사회로부터 격리되고 주변화되었다. 이 같은 관점에서 2019년 7월 말부터 현재까지 진행되는 탈북모자 한성옥씨 사망사건을 계기로 노출된 국가-탈북자 단체 행위자간 갈등과정을 들여다보면, 양자 모두 분단체제에서 형성된 배제적 통합의 프레임을 극복하지 못하고 있다. 지난 정부에서 육성된 탈북단체 대표들은 남북한 관계개선을 반대하면서 문재인 정부 퇴진 광화문 태극기집회와 결합하여 과거처럼 그들에게 물질적 / 제도적 지원을 하라고 강하게 요구하는 한편, 통일부는 탈북민 거주지 보호기간을 5년에서 10년으로 늘리는 연장안을 내놓고 있으나, 이러한 조치는 분단체제 정착정책의 특징인 중앙정부 중심의 ‘독자적인 정착서비스 전달체계’를 더욱 강화함으로서 탈북민사회와 시민사회간의 분리를 더욱 심화시킬 것이라고 예상된다. 결론으로 분단체제의 탈북민 정책을 극복하고 향후에 평화체제 탈북민 정책으로 이행하기 위한 정책과제를 제시한다.