서양 남성 속옷의 변천에 관한 고찰 : 고대에서 근세까지 from Ancient Ages to Early Modern Ages

김주애 한국의류학회 2000 한국의류학회지 Vol.24 No.3

The purpose of study examined the changes of the man s underclothes from the ancient ages to the early modern ages. The method of study researched literatures and possessions of the museum. In ancient ages, a suit of clothes had the functions of both underclothes and outer garments. In middle ages, underclothes were not exposed and the importance was not recognized while they were worn to show the sense of sin and humility or to punish criminals. In early modern ages, the importance of underclothes recognized as they were exposed. In Renaissance period, the fashion of the day influenced much on the underclothes. In Baroque ages, the functions of underclothes were different according to sexes and men wore underclothes to show their social status. As the outer garments were shortened, shirts were also conspicuously exposed. In Rococo ages, drawers were tightened due to the influence of outer garments, men exposed their shirts to show the social status and underclothes were usually worn to express sexual attraction. Men's underclothes had the functions of class distinction from the ancient ages to the modern ages, except the middle ages and underclothes had the additional functions such as supporting body-shape and sex attraction, The fashion of the day influenced on the changes of the shapes of men's underclothes and the changes of outer garments were reflected on underclothes.

Syntheses and Properties of Conjugated Polymers Containing Thieno[2,3-b]indole with Different Electron-deficient Units

김주애,채상민,구다솜,홍승연,이성훈,김효정,서홍석 대한화학회 2019 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.40 No.12

New conjugated polymers using electron-rich unit, thieno[2,3-b]indole (2-TI), and various electron-deficient units were synthesized for the utilization in the photovoltaics. The synthesized polymers (PTIBTI, PTITPD, and PTIID) with various types of electron-deficient units showed different electronic structure and properties. The PTITPD provides the higher VOC through suitable energy level offset of LUMO (donor)-LUMO (PC71BM) and improved JSC resulting from better crystallinity, charge carrier mobility and morphology, leading to the higher PCE value of OPV out of the series. This result illustrates that the combination of various electron-deficient units affects the electronic structure, such as the HOMO/LUMO energy levels and bandgap in addition to the morphology and the carrier mobility, implying that variation of the electron-deficient unit should be explored for the utilization of a given electron-rich unit to produce the better performance of the device.

Syntheses and Properties of Copolymers with N-Alkyl-2,2′-bithiophene-3,3′-dicarboximide Unit for Polymer Solar Cells

김주애,김신현,김태효,심주영,박동경,김진우,김일,김진영,서홍석 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.9

We report new random copolymers using the electron-deficient unit N-alkyl-2,2′-bithiophene-3,3′-dicarboximide (BTI) for organic solar cells. For absorption over a broader range of the solar spectrum, push–pull types of conjugated polymersPBTIBDT -3, PBTIBDT -5, and PBTIBDT -7, containing 4,8-bis(2-octyldodecyloxy)benzo[1,2-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (BDT) as electron-pushing unit and BTI as electron-pulling unit, were synthesized. The polymers were synthesized by coupling electron-pushing and electron-pulling units by Stille polymerization with Pd(0) catalyst. The incorporation of more BTI units induced more red shift of the absorption spectra of the polymer thin films. The device comprising PBTIBDT -5 and PC71BM (1:1) showed V OC = 0.76 V, J SC = 3.28 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) = 0.51, giving a power conversion efficiency of 1.26%.

Syntheses and Properties of Conjugated Polymer with Thiophene-Bridged BTI and Indenoindene Units for Organic Solar Cells

김주애,김신현,심주영,김태효,이지훈,김일,김진영,서홍석 대한화학회 2016 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.37 No.4

We report the new conjugated polymers using dihydroindeno[2,1-a]indene moiety (ININE), electron-pushing unit with high planarity, for the organic solar cells (OSCs). Pull–push mode of conjugated polymers,P1 and P2 , containing electron pulling unit of N-alkyl-2,2′-bithiophene-3,3′-dicarboximide (BTI) and electron-pushing unit of ININE were synthesized for the broader absorption of the solar radiation. By incorporation of electron pulling and pushing units using Stille polymerization with catalyst of Pd(0), the polymers were synthesized. Absorption peaks of the thin films of P2 , with thiophene unit linking the electron-pulling and pushing units, was shifted to the region of longer wavelength than P1 . Two synthesized polymers provided deep energy levels of highest occupied molecular orbital between −5.76 and −5.59 eV and suitable energy levels of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital between −3.65 and −3.55 eV.

지방공공서비스 민간위탁 도입 요인에 관한 연구, 정치-경제학적 접근을 중심으로

김주애 한국행정학회 2012 韓國行政學報 Vol.46 No.4

공공선택론 등에 기초한 기존의 상당수 연구들은 지방공공서비스 민간위탁 도입의 핵심 요인으로 공급시장의 경쟁, 지방정부의 재정압력과 같은 경제요인을 강조하였다. 이와는 달리, 공공조직론 등에 기초할 경우 지방공공서비스 민간위탁 도입은 지방자치단체장과 의원의 정치이념, 공무원의 저항과 같은 정치요인의 영향을 동시에 받을 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 지방공공서비스 민간위탁 도입의 정치경제학을 한국적 맥락에서 실증검증하기 위해 민간위탁 유형별 패널분석을 시도하였다. 민간위탁 유형은 실무적 범주를 기준으로 시설위탁, 사무위탁, 혼합위탁을 각각 전체, 일부로 구분하였다. 1998~2007년까지 전국 230개 기초지방자치단체의 민간위탁 자료에 대한 패널로지스틱분석, 패널선형회귀분석, 패널일반최소자승추정분석결과, 민간위탁 도입에 대한 정치-경제요인의 역할은 대다수 민간위탁 유형에서 유의성이 확인되었다. 정치변수로는 지방자치단체의원 다수당의 정치이념과 인구천명당 공무원정원의 유의성이 강하게 나타났다. 경제변수로는 일인당 지방세부담액, 재정자립도가 특히 사무위탁을 중심으로 유의미하게 나타났으나 정치변수에 비해 상대적 영향력은 약한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 분석결과는 지방공공서비스 민간위탁 도입과정에서 지방자치단체장과 의원의 지지, 공무원의 저항과 같은 정치요인이 지방자치단체의 재정능력과 같은 경제요인에 비해 상대적으로 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

Syntheses and Properties of Random Copolymers Using Thienyl-Thieno-Indole and Bithiophene-Dicarboximide with Different Ratios

김주애,정인아,이지훈,박성흠,서홍석 한국고분자학회 2019 Macromolecular Research Vol.27 No.5

We synthesized random copolymers using 6-(2-thienyl)-4H-thieno[3,2- b]indole (TTI) and N-alkyl-2,2'-bithiophene-3,3'-dicarboximide (BTI) as the electronrich and deficient units for the polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, by using different feed ratios of electron-deficient unit, the push-pull type copolymers were synthesized by Stille polymerization of TTI, BTI and thiophene linkage. Out of the series PBTI3 with 7:3 ratio of TTI and BTI showed the highest molar absorption coefficient and mobility, which is favorable for efficiently harvesting solar photons and higher photo-induced carriers to improve the Jsc. Among devices of synthesized copolymers, PBTI3/PC71BM (1:2) (with 3% DIO additive) blendbased PSCs showed the best performance with a JSC of 6.78 mA/cm2, a VOC of 0.72 V, a FF of 0.54 and a PCE of 2.64%.

2,2-Dimethyl-2H-Benzimidazole Based Small Molecules for Organic Solar Cells

김주애,서홍석,심주영,송세영,김진우,김일,김진영 한국고분자학회 2015 Macromolecular Research Vol.23 No.2

We report the small molecules utilizing new electron-deficient unit, 2,2-dimethyl-2H-benzimidazole (MBI)and phenanthro[9,10-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PT), for the photovoltaic application. Donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)types of conjugated small molecules containing benzo[1,2-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (BDT) as electron rich unit and MBIand PT as electron deficient units (SM1 and SM2) were synthesized. D-A-D type of small molecules has the abilitiesof increasing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) inducing long wavelength absorption and lowering the HOMOlevel for the improvement of open-circuit voltage (VOC). SM1 was synthesized by coupling BDT and PT units byStille coupling reaction with Pd(0)-catalyst. By using same type of Pd(0)-catalized reaction, BDT unit and MBI unitlinked with two thiophenes were coupled to provide SM2. The spectrum of SM2 in the solid thin film shows absorptionband with maximum peak at 601 nm and the absorption onset at 756 nm, corresponding to band gap of 1.64 eV. The device comprising SM2 with PCBM (3:7) showed a VOC of 0.62 V, a JSC of 1.69 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF)of 0.27, giving a power conversion efficiency of 0.28%.

Syntheses and Properties of Semiconducting Polymers Based on Pyrimidine Series Substituted with Thiazolo-Pyridine

김주애,채상민,이아라,김민지,김효정,서홍석 한국고분자학회 2018 Macromolecular Research Vol.26 No.5

For the utilization in the polymer solar cells, conjugated polymers were synthesized using electron-deficient units, 2-{3-[4,6-bis-(4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)- pyrimidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (mTP) or 2-{4-[4,6-bis-(4-hexylthiophen- 2-yl)-pyrimidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine (pTP). To increase the electron-deficiency of the pyrimidine unit, thiazolopyridine (TP), strong electron- withdrawing group, was incorporated at the meta-/para-position of the phenylene connector which is attached to the pyrimidine. It was confirmed that the TP unit at para-position has stronger intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect to shift the absorption to the longer wavelength region and deepens the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level. The polymers with 4-(1-octylnonyl)-6-(2-thienyl)-4H-thieno[3,2,-b]indole (TTI) having the decent solubility for the morphology show the superior open-circuit voltage (VOC) value of the mTTI/pTTI devices compared to the others. Also, the polymers with TTI show increased short-circuit current (JSC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) due to high face-on populations.

‘Crimson Peak’에 표현된 Art Nouveau 영향

김주애 복식문화학회 2022 服飾文化硏究 Vol.30 No.1

This study analyzes the influence of the social and cultural background of Art Nouveau on the costumes, architecture, and crafts in the period drama ‘Crimson Peak’. This research method captures images of women’s costumes, architecture, and crafts in the ‘Crimson Peak’ and selects and analyzes those with a clear Art Nouveau influence. Edith’s costumes are characterized by the Art Nouveau style that emerged in the 1890s, with an hourglass silhouette, pastel colors, soft materials, and organic curved embellishments. Lucille’s costumes show characteristics that were prevalent before the 1890s, using bustles, strong colors, and elaborate ornamentation. The architecture is characterized by gothic vertical lines and organic curves, naturalistic patterns featuring animals and plants, and steel and glass materials. The crafts of ‘Crimson Peak’ are characterized by flexible shapes with strong, organic curves. These costumes, architecture, and crafts share formal elements including waving, twisting, and organic curves and plant-shaped motifs. The influence of social and cultural background of the age of Art Nouveau expressed in movies on formative arts was examined as impressionism appeared in costumes made of pastel colors, thin and see-through materials, medieval Gothic historicism expressed in structures composed of vertical design and religious relief ornament, exoticism appeared in Chinese vase and Japanese-patterned tea sets, naturalism with an animal․plant motif and phenomenon of active social activities of progressive women through women’s clothing that elements of men’s costume are introduced. This study will provide data for the production of period dramas set at the end of the 19th century.

서산 지상 VOC 변화 특성과 배출원 추정

김주애,강성구,임세희,이미혜,이광열 한국대기환경학회 2021 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

서산지역은 주변의 대산, 당진 및 태안 등 대형 점 오염원이 30 km 반경에 있으며 주요 배출원인 휘발성유기화합물(VOCs)이 서산지역까지 미치는 영향에 대한 연구 필요성이 제시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 충청권 대기환경연구소에서 2020년 10월부터 실시간 VOC 농도를 측정하였다. TD-GC-FID를 이용하여 한시간 간격으로 자료를 얻었다. 가스상 표준물질을 이용하여 alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic 56종을 정량하였으며 BTEX 기준으로 0.1 ppbv의 검출한계를 갖는다. 2020년 10~12월초, 2021년 5~7월까지 연속자료를 얻었다. 측정 기간 Ethane, Propane, Propylene, iButane, nButane, iPentane, nPentane, Hexane, Heptane, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, mp-Xylene, o-Xylene, Undecane 등이 주로 검출되었고 propane의 평균 및 중앙값이 가장 높았으며 n-Butane, i-Pentane, toluene 순서로 높은 농도를 보였다. 측정된 VOC 중 ethane, propane, butane, butane, undecane은 온도가 높은 6, 7월에 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 특히 6월 고온정체일 때 aromatic과 high-C alkane이 높은 농도를 보여 국지 배출 영향이 있음을 시사한다. Benzene, propylene은 정체 시 뿐 아니라 북서풍의 풍속 증가와 함께 증가 경향이 나타나, 높은 농도는 아니지만 사업장의 영향 가능성에 대해 상세 분석 중이다.