「IMF 시대」대미 외교의 방향

김성한 한국전략문제연구소 1998 전략연구 Vol.5 No.3

Ⅰ Korea's economic crisis has begun to force potentially important changes in the peace-building process on the Korean peninsula. The inauguration of President Kim Dae-jung under the financial crisis has led to a more conciliatory South Korean policy toward North Korea, thereby broadening public support in South Korea for the 'engagement' policy to North Korea while dampening desires for near-term Korean reunification. Recent developments on the Korean peninsula will require closer policy coordination between the United States and Korea on a broad range of issues including the KEDO process. Tactical coordination on such issues as food aid. progress in the pace of North-South relations, how to apply or relieve political and economic sanctions on North Korea, and how to respond to sudden economic and political changes in North Korea is exceedingly difficult, but critical. In order to make the Korea-U.S. policy coordination more effective, first of all, the Korean government needs to convince the U.S. government that the U.S. remain South Korea's ally rather than playing the role of a mediator between the two Koreas. The Clinton Administration could attempt to mediate between the two Koreas in the four-party peace process. Thus, Korea needs to. emphasize to the U.S. for instance, that the past data on North Korea's nuclear program be preserved and that the issue of North Korean missiles be dealt with not only in terms of their export problem but also of their development and deployment on the peninsula. Second. Korea and the U.S. should make all efforts to make their alliance enter a consolidation stage in which they frequently consult each other on bilateral as well as regional issues and seek agenda-building on the basis of shared democratic values between the two countries. In order to make it possible. Korea needs to well manage. through the political leadership. its relationship with China and the increasing cynicism of the conservative middle class to the U.S. Finally. on the basis of the mutual security alliance between Korea and the U.S.. a collective security system for the Northeast Asian region needs to be created. While bilateral security arrangements will remain the backbone of Northeast Asian security for a considerable period of time. the emerging new order raises the need for such a multilateral setting as the NEASED that was proposed by the Korean government in 1994. Korea should try to make it feasible and also actively participate in the multilateral activities at the track-II level. Ⅱ One important area where the interests coincide between the U.S. and Korea is one in which Korea. for the purpose of survival. and the U.S.. in order to protect its leadership, need an equilibrium within the region where Korea is located. An hegemonic order in Northeast Asia would threaten the U.S. leadership position as well as the political independence of Korea. However. the convergence of interests does not always guarantee policy coordination, since Korea and the U.S. can have different policy priorities. The resolution for the priority divergence between Korea and the U.S. can be achieved through redefinition of the alliance that is to be focused on regional priorities. In other words, both countries need to put their first priority on the strategic interests in Northeast Asia including the Korean peninsula. This is the way by which the global interest of the U.S. and the peninsular interest of Korea can be converged at the regional level. Thus, both countries should emphasize that the Korea-U.S. alliance. that was created to deter North Korea's military threat, will ultimately contribute to stability in Northeast Asia. and that the alliance will continue even after the threat from North Korea disappears. In addition. Korea and the C.S. should start preparing for crisis management in the case of North Korea's sudden collapse. Ⅲ Korea and the U.S. will have to begin consulting each other concerning the necessary steps to transform the alliance into the regional one. A key issue that is to be put on the table will be the role and force structure of the U.S. forces in unified Korea. Korea and the U.S. will have three options. They have to decide whether they will actually terminate the alliance by completely withdrawing American troops from Korea or preserve a reconfigurated alliance only with U.S. naval and air presence. or redefine their relationship toward an alliance for stability and interdependence with a token presence of ground forces together with the current level of naval and air forces. The first option of a complete withdrawal of American troops runs the risk of precipitating a power vacuum which is most likely to be filled either by China or Japan. and to trigger Sino-Japanese rivalry and arms race. Should Korea be left alone in the wilderness without an ally, there will arise mounting pressure for developing nuclear weapons in Korea. which could lead to a ''balance of terror." The second option of a reconfigurated alliance with naval and air presence can provide deterrence and reassurance to Korea to a certain degree. However. an alliance without U.S. ground forces cannot guarantee automatic American involvement in the emergency situation that could happen in Korea. In this case. the very credibility of American security commitment will be severely questioned politically. The last option of the alliance with a token U.S. ground force and naval/air forces can be a basis for deterring the rise of hegemonism in Northeast Asia and for preventing Korea from seeking a nuclear option. A small size (3000-5000) of U.S. ground forces in the southern part of Korea. far from the Chinese border. can play an effective hedge against the destabilizing forces and the uncertainty they will bring in Korea. However. this option requires a precondition, which is the Korean people's conviction that the U.S. has contributed to Korea's unification. Otherwise. the revitalizing task of the Korea-U.S. alliance will face insurmountable obstacles.

낙동강 하구 저서층의 환경요인과 저서미생물의 분포

김성한,윤인길,송성주,김영의,권오섭 ( Seong Han Kim,In Kil Yoon,Seong Ju Song,Young Eui Kim,O Seob Kwon ) 한국하천호수학회 1996 생태와 환경 Vol.29 No.3

Depth profiles of physico-chemical parameters and distributions of benthic microorganisms were measured at the sediments of Ulsukdo, Naktong Estuary to identify the relatedness with the anaerobic degradation of sedimented organic matters. The organic contents, total nitrogen, and total phosphorous were decreased with increasing depth, but the patterns of inorganic nutrients of porewater showed no distinct profiles. Among inorganic sulfur compounds, the concentration of sulfide was varied with the depth. The observation that the highest cell numbers of total bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, and sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the uppermost layer of the sediment was well coincided with the depth profiles of parameters of nutrient loading. At the upper layer of sediments, the density of methanogens was lower than that of sulfate-reducing bacteria, but at the lower layer, the former was higher. With this result, it could be supposed that at the upper sediments layer of Ulsukdo the fermentation products of organics were degraded mainly by sulfate-reducing bacteria but at the lower layer methanogens were the main degrading ones. Although the depth profiles of organic contents and sulfur bacteria had similar patterns, the distributions of inorganic sulfur compounds except sulfide were nearly constant and the cell numbers of sulfur bacteria were only a very few portions of total bacterial counts. These resulsts suggest that the effects of sulfur bacteria on the cycling of sedimented organics might be negligible at Ulsukdo of Naktong River Estuary.

피서차량, 휘발유 씀씀이 높아

김성한,Kim, Seong-Han 대한석유협회 1996 석유와 에너지 Vol.1996 No.8

회분식 배양에 의한 서낙동강 저서층의 영양염류 용출

김성한,윤인길,권오섭 ( Seong Han Kim,In Kil Yoon,O Seob Kwon ) 한국하천호수학회 1997 생태와 환경 Vol.30 No.3

Under the laboratory batch systems, we measured the nutrient release from the sediment of Seo-Naktong River to the overlying water. The concentration of NH_4+ in the water columns appeared the maximum at the beginning of incubation and decreased until 10-day incubation, and after that time the concentrations were relatively constant. The variation pattern of NO-3- was reversely matched with the pattern of NH_4+, and the maximum of PO-43- was detected at 24-day incubation. With this concentration changes of nutrients, NH_4+ release from the sediment layer to the water column of Seo-Naktong River was calculated as 53.9 mg-N/m^2/d, and PO_43- release as 5.3 mg-P/m^2/d. Considering the changes of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and pH of water column and sediment porewater in the incubation chambers, and the field data of Seo-Naktong River, the mechanism of nutrient release in Naktong River was supposed that high concentrations of NH_4+ released are oxidized to NO-3- via nitrification, and the resulting anaerobic condition, especially in bottom layer of water column, stimulates the release of P0_43-.

석유제품판매계획시스템

김성한,Kim, Seong-Han 대한석유협회 1999 석유와 에너지 Vol.1999 No.1

병원의 감염관리 - 병원내 감염 경로와 대책

김성한,Kim, Seong-Han 한국공기청정협회 2018 空氣淸淨技術 Vol.31 No.2

장지서울컴팩트시티 공영차고지 입체화사업

김성한,Kim, Sunghan 한국교육시설학회 2021 교육시설 Vol.28 No.2

전방 경추 유합술에서의 PCB System의 임상적 경험

김성한,김호진,강재규,도종웅,이춘대,Kim, Sung Han,Kim, Ho Jin,Kang, Jae Kyu,Doh, Jong Oung,Lee, Chun Dae 대한신경외과학회 2001 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.30 No.10

Objective : The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results after discectomy and Lubboc bone graft in the surgical management of the cervical diseases with a new titanium interbody implant and integrated screw fixation(PCB) by anterior approach. Methods : The authors retrospectively analyzed 28 cases of anterior cervical fusion with PCB system and Lubboc bone(xeno graft) from september 1998 to december 2000. Twenty-eight patients with cervical diseases underwent decompression cervical lesion and followed from 5 to 27 months with a mean follow-up of 14 months. There patients were evaluated with clinically and radiologically at immediate postoperative period and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Result : The authors investigated the pre- and postoperative intervertebral disc space, clinical outcomes, radiography fusion rate, and Cobb angle in the fixed segments by anterior approach. The lordotic angles and height of disc space were increased after the operation. The clinical outcome of patients follow-up was good or excellent result based on Odom's criteria with improvement of clinical symptom in about 92.9% of the cervical diseases. Two patients showed loosening of the lower and upper cervical screw of PCB instruments, and two patients showed swallowing difficulty and wound infection Conclusion : The PCB system is a new implant for anterior cervical interbody fusion in the degenerative cervical disease and disc herniations. It provides immediate stability and segment distraction. The results of this study indicate that the PCB system is safe, easy handling of hardware, less complications, high fusion rate, and has provide the keeping the intervertebral disc space height and lordotic angles.

한미동맹체제와 주한미군 : 역할 변화의 모색

김성한 한국전략문제연구소 1999 전략연구 Vol.6 No.1

Ⅰ. In 1995, the U.S. Department of Defense published the United States Security Strategy for the East Asian Region, which spelled out the security details for the Clinton Administration's strategy of 'engagement' and 'enlargement' in the East Asian region. The U.S. security strategy for East Asia, enumerated in the EASR, aims at maintaining the leadership role of the U.S. in the region through the four specific measures: 1) revitalizing the alliance with Japan: 2) engaging China: 3) consolidating the alliance with South Korea: and 4) combining bilateralism with multilateralism. The primary means for this strategy is the forward-deployed U.S. forces of about 100,000 in the region. Under the strategic framework, it. is important whether the interests of the U.S. and of Korea converge with each other. One important area where the interests coincide is one in which Korea, for the purpose of survival and the U.S. in order to protect its leadership, need an equilibrium within the region where Korea is located. An hegemonic order in Northeast Asia would threaten the U.S. leadership position as well as the political independence of Korea. Since the equilibrium most conducive to Korea's political autonomy is based on continued U.S. participation in the East Asian security system, Korea will continue to prefer to manage the regional equilibrium in alliance with the U.S. However, the convergence of interests does not always guarantee policy coordination, since Korea and the U.S. can have different policy priorities. This is shown in their North Korea policy. The first priority of the Clinton Administration's North Korea policy lies at the global level where the U.S. deals with North Korea to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction to other regions. The second priority is based on the regional level in that the U.S. policy to North Korea is interconnected with its policy of' checking' China. At the level of the Korean peninsula, which is the last priority, the U.S. must reduce the tension between the two Koreas in order to prevent the outbreak of a war on the peninsula and must also seek the ways by which the sudden collapse of North Korea can be successfully managed. On the other hand, Korea's priorities in its North Korea policy are in the reverse order. The Korean government is more concerned with how to harmonize and speed up the progress of improving the relationship of Washington-Pyongyang with that of Seoul-Pyongyang. The problem has been that North Korea has yet to start restoring trust with South Korea, though it has been vigorous in carrying out negotiations with Washington. If the U.S.-North Korea negotiations proceed abreast with the improvement of relations between Seoul and Pyongyang, Korea - U.S. relations will remain smooth, but otherwise, their relations will face various complexities. In this respect, the importance of cooperation between Korea and the U.S. is emphasized. The resolution for the priority divergence between Korea and the U.S. can be achieved through redefinition of the alliance that is to be focused on regional priorities. In other words, both countries need to put their first priority on the strategic interests in Northeast Asia including the Korean peninsula. This is the way by which the global interest of the U.S. and the peninsular interest of Korea can be converged at the regional level. Thus, both countries should emphasize that the Korea-U.S. alliance, that was created to deter North Korea's military threat, will ultimately contribute to stability in Northeast Asia, and that the alliance will continue even after the threat from North Korea disappears. In addition, Korea and the U.S. should start preparing for crisis management in the case of North Korea's collapse. As a measure of redefining the Korea-U.S. alliance, both countries need to announce the "Joint Security Declaration" as soon as Korea's new administration is inaugurated in February 1998. The Declaration will contain the following ideas: 1) The Korea-U.S. alliance is still valid in tills post-Cold War period; 2) Korea and the U.S. will continue to cooperate to induce North Korea to, conduct a gradual reform; 3) The alliance will develop into the 'regional' alliance that will take the role of promoting regional peace and stability in Northeast Asia after Korea's unification. However, both countries should not miss pointing out that Northeast Asian security structure should advance toward multilateralism, since this kind of a joint action could provoke China. After the joint declaration is made, Korea and the U.S. will have to begin consulting each other concerning the necessary steps to transform the alliance into the regional one. A key issue that is to be put on the table will be the role and force structure of the U.S. forces in unified Korea. Ⅱ. Korea and the U.S. will have three options. They have to decide whether they will actually terminate the alliance by completely withdrawing American troops from Korea or preserve a reconfigurated alliance only with U.S. naval and air presence, or redefine their relationship toward an alliance for stability and interdependence with a token presence of ground forces together with the current level of naval and air forces. The first option of a complete withdrawal of American troops runs the risk of precipitating a power vacuum which is most likely to be filled either by China or Japan, and to trigger Sino-Japanese rivalry and arms race. Should Korea be left alone in the wilderness without an ally, there will arise mounting pressure for developing nuclear weapons in Korea, which could lead to a "balance of terror." The second option of a reconfigurated alliance with naval and air presence can provide deterrence and reassurance to Korea to a certain degree. However, an alliance without U.S. ground forces cannot guarantee automatic American involvement in the emergency situation that could happen in Korea. In this case, the very credibility of American security commitment will be severely questioned politically. The last option of the alliance with a token U.S. ground force and naval/air forces can be a basis for deterring the rise of hegemonism in Northeast Asia and for preventing Korea from seeking a nuclear option. A small size (3000-5000) of U.S. ground forces in the southern part of Korea, far from the Chinese border, can play an effective hedge against the destabilizing forces and the uncertainty they will bring in Korea. However, this option requires a precondition, which is the Korean people's conviction that the D.S. has contributed to Korea's unification. Otherwise, the revitalizing task of the Korea-U.S. alliance will face insurmountable obstacles.

XML 기반의 e-비즈니스 문서 생성을 위한 폼 생성시스템

김성한,김창수,정회경,Kim, Seong-Han,Kim, Chang-Su,Jeong, Hoe-Gyeong 한국정보처리학회 2002 정보처리학회논문지D Vol.9 No.4

In this paper, XML form generator is designed and implemented on the basis of e-business's DTD (Document Type Definition) document. Rapid evolving for internet services and information infrastructure give many impacts on the e-business, it need to make a new kinds of web-based or electronic-based document formats for e-business transaction trading. In current situations, there are many kinds of document formats on conventional business documents for each companies. And, it has many problems on the aspects of the document reusability and cost to support interoperability between documents for the trading partners. To solve this interoperability of documents, the constructed XML form generator is changing XML form document into HTML (HyperText Markup Language) based web document by XSLT. And it also generates XML business message validating for e-Business DTD by user Inputs. 본 논문에서는 e-비즈니스 DTD(Document Type Definition) 문서를 기반으로 한 XML 폼 생성기(Form Generator)를 설계 및 구현하였다. 인터넷 보급과 정보환경 변화는 e-비즈니스에 있어서 많은 변화를 제공하였고, 거래에 사용될 비즈니스 문서 양식에 있어서도 웹 형식이거나 전자화된 전용 양식 형태로 변환될 필요가 있게 되었다. 이러한 상황에서 각각의 업체별로 다양한 문서 포맷을 사용하여, 상호주체 간에 포맷 호환성 제공을 위한 필요성이 제기되며, 따라서 재사용성과 포맷 호환성 지원에 따른 비용의 문제를 안고 있다. 이에 따라, 논문에서 제안하는 XML 폼 생성기는 XSLT를 이용하여, 생성 결과인 XML 폼 문서에 HTML(HyperText Markup Language) 형태의 웹 문서로 생성 후에, 사용자 입력을 통해 e-비즈니스 DTD 문서 구조에 유효한 XML 비즈니스 메시지를 작성할 수 있다.