우리나라 양형기준 설정방식과 양형위원회 운용방식에 관한 점검 및 개선방안

박형관 한국형사정책학회 2014 刑事政策 Vol.26 No.2

It has been almost 5 years since the advisory sentencing guidelines system was introduced and the first guidelines implemented in our nation. Thus far, sentencing guidelines for 26 crime categories including murder are in force. The demand by the people to abolish such sentencing problems such as unduly lenient sentencing, unwarranted disparities, untransparent sentencing, and perhaps most serious "Jeon-Kwan-ye-Woo" or favor shown to counsel who are former prosecutors or judges, was the impetus for the introduction of the sentencing guidelines system. Since its implementation, there have been some improvement in the judges' compliance rate as well as in consistency and predictability in sentencing; however, the people's deep rooted distrust toward the criminal justice system has yet to be significantly alleviated. The basic characteristics of the current sentencing guidelines and Commission activities are still skewed in favor of judges’ sentencing practice, that is the Commission has been slow to set forth new guidelines and the guidelines still allow for much judicial discretion. Furthermore, the guidelines lack objectivity in the evaluation of the major sentencing factors thereby failing to fully gain the public’s trust. With the end of the trial period, the problems that arose demand immediate attention and resolution. Nonetheless the Commission has yet to initiate the reform process, seemingly content with the current gradual approach in promulgating sentencing guidelines. To achieve the sentencing reform goals in accordance with the intent of the introduction, the current sentencing guidelines need substantial revisions. This should begin with a thorough discussion and evaluation of the goals and principles in framing guidelines. Other pressing issues include grading the seriousness of the major offenses and setting the base level of each offense, raising objectivity when evaluating the major sentencing factors, establishing guidelines on deciding appropriate punishment, and enhancing objectivity in the criteria for the in-out decision. Other suggestions include mandating judges to explain the guidelines application process in the sentencing report and the development of a sentencing data base by the Commission to improve predictability in sentencing. These proposals for revision aim to create a new guidelines system which corresponds with the common sense of the public. As it is highly unlikely that the incumbent judiciary dominating Commission will accept or implement these suggestions, the composition of the Commission must first be rebalanced with members from outside the judiciary. Neutrality, independence, and specialization of the operating style of the Commission must be improved and the role of the public and the National Assembly should be reenforced and expanded. Only through these efforts will the new guidelines become more objective to the public with a view to a greater and genuine trust by the public of our nation's criminal justice system. 참고적 양형기준제가 도입되고 양형기준이 시행된 지 약 5년이 되었다. 현재 살인을 포함하여 26개 범죄들에 관한 양형기준이 시행되고 있다. 양형기준제 도입은 소위‘전관예우’의 폐해, 관대한 양형, 불합리한 양형편차, 불투명한 양형 등 양형 문제점들을 극복하려는 정책적 결단이었다. 양형기준의 시행으로 양형의 일관성이나 예측 가능성이 다소 높아졌으나 뿌리 깊은 국민의 사법 불신이 해소되었는지 의문이다. 현 양형기준 및 양형위원회 운용 방식은 법관의 업무 수행을 도와주기 위한 참고용 성격이 짙다. 양형기준은 더디게 설정되고 있고 법관의 재량이 여전히 넓게 보장된다. 주요 양형인자들의 평가에 있어 객관성도 부족하다. 이로 인하여 국민의 신뢰를 확보하기에 미흡하다. 시험적인 운용을 통해 나타난 설정방식의 여러 문제점들을 신속히 해결하여야 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 양형위원회는 종래 설정방식에 따라 기준을 추가로 설정하는 것에 머무르고 있다. 양형 개혁 목표를 달성하기 위하여 대폭적인 개선이 필요하다. 양형기준 설정에 관한 목표나 원리 등을 뚜렷이 정할 필요가 있다. 주요 범죄들 사이의 범죄의 심각성에 따른 서열화를 진행하고 기본 범죄수준을 정하며 주요 양형인자들에 관하여 더 객관적 평가를 해야 한다. 형종 기준이 마련되고 집행유예 기준도 더 객관화되어야 한다. 법관은 판결문에 기준 적용과정을 상세히 기재하고 양형위원회는 데이터베이스를 구축하여 양형의 예측가능성을 높여야 한다. 이러한 개선은 보다 국민의 상식에 맞는 양형기준을 만들기 위한 것이다. 사법부가 주도하는 양형위원회는 위 요청을 충실히 수행하기 어렵다. 따라서 양형위원회 구성이나 운용에 중립성, 독립성, 전문성이 더 보장되도록 개선되어야 한다. 국민과 국회의 역할이 강화되어야 한다. 이를 통하여 국민이 바라는 객관적 양형기준이 마련될 때 형사사법에 관한 국민의 신뢰가 높아질 것이다.

고령친화도시와 고령친화 교정타운의 연계 추진 검토

박형관 한국교정학회 2024 矯正硏究 Vol.34 No.3

한국 사회는 빠르게 초고령사회로 접어들고 있다. 초고령사회는 사회, 경제 및 문화모든 분야에서 질적인 변화를 가져온다. 이에 대응하여 정부는 기존 도시들을 고령친화도시로 변화시키는 계획을 추진하고 있다. 고령화에 따라 고령수형자도 꾸준히 증가하여 전체 수용자의 약 17퍼센트에 이른다. 고령수용자에 대한 적정한 교정 처우방안의 마련이 필요한 시점이다. 고령친화도시 조성과 연계하여 고령친화 교정타운을 건설할 필요성이 있다. 고령친화 교정타운은 고령 및 장애인 수형자 등 돌봄과 치료 등 처우가 필요한 수형자들을주로 수용하고 맞춤형 프로그램을 제공하는 복합 교정시설이다. 고령수형자 등은 교정의 대상이자 돌봄의 대상인 특성이 있다. 고령친화도시는 고령자에 대한 복지, 의료시설 및 다양한 프로그램을 갖추게 되므로 이를 고령수형자 등의 교정 처우에 활용하는 것이 가능하다. 고령친화도시와 고령친화 교정타운이 연계 추진되면 고령수형자 등에 대한 적절한 교정처우를 할 수 있고 아울러 고령친화도시의 지역 경제도 활성화되는 상생 구조가 된다. 고령친화 교정타운은 고령수형자 등의 특성을 고려할 때 민간분야의 전문성을 활용할 필요가 있으므로 민관이 협력하여 운용하는 것이 바람직하다. 고령친화도시와 교정타운의 통합적 접근은 고령사회에서 미래 지향적 사회 모델을제시한다. 초고령사회에서 고령자의 복지 향상과 인간다운 삶의 보장은 국가적 과제라 할 것이다. ‘살던 곳에서 늙어가기’, ‘살던 지역공동체에서 늙어가기’는 노인복지의핵심 명제라 할 수 있다. 고령수형자 등에게도 수형자로서의 지위에 상충되지 않는 한이를 보장할 필요가 있다. 고령친화도시와 연계된 고령친화 교정타운의 건설은 이러한 국가적 책무 달성에 효과적으로 부응하는 길이다. Korean society is rapidly transitioning into a super-aged society, which brings qualitative changes across all social, economic, and cultural domains. In response, the government is advancing plans to transform existing cities into age-friendly cities. Simultaneously, the aging population has led to a steady rise in elderly inmates, who now constitute nearly 17% of the total inmate population. This calls for the development of age appropriate correctional facilities to accommodate increasingly larger numbers of aging inmates who will need distinct and specialized treatment from the rest of the prison population. To this end, I am proposing that the construction of senior correction compound within aging-friendly cities. Aging-appropriate correctional towns are complex correctional facilities that will primarily house elderly and disabled inmates requiring special treatment. These facilities will be able to deal with the perforce additional care that most elderly need. Elderly inmates because they are under correctional sentences does not obviate their physical and possibly even cognitive needs. Aging-friendly cities would ideally have welfare and medical facilities that provide various programs for the elderly which can then be easily accessed by elderly inmates as well. The establishment of aging correctional facilities in close proximity to aging-friendly cities would not only provide for the services needed by elderly inmates but can be a boon for the local economy with both public and private investment into the infrastructure and hiring. This integrated approach to aging-friendly cities and correctional towns presents a forward-looking societal model in an aging society. Enhancing the welfare of the elderly and ensuring a dignified life in a super-aged society is a national priority. The principles of “aging in place” and “aging within one’s community” are central to elder welfare. There must be a pronounced effort to provide these to elderly inmates to the extent that it does not conflict with the limitations placed on inmates. The rate and levels of aging that many nations are facing are unprecedented and its effects are already being felt even in prison populations. The construction of aging-appropriate correctional towns in conjunction with age-friendly cities would be an effective and positive way to address this most pressing issue.

선천성 Antithrombin III 결핍증에서 발생한 폐색전증 1 예

박형관,박창민,고경행,임명수,김유일,황준화,임성철,김영철,박경옥,Park, Hyeong-Kwan,Park, Chang-Min,Ko, Kyoung-Haeng,Rim, Myung-Soo,Kim, Yu-Il,Hwang, Jun-Hwa,Lim, Sung-Chul,Kim, Young-Chul,Park, Kyung-Ok 대한결핵및호흡기학회 1999 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.47 No.3

We report a case of congenital and familial antithrombin III deficiency developing massive pulmonary thromboembolism. A 44-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of sudden chest pain and severe dyspnea. Five years ago, he was operated due to a mesenteric vein thrombosis of unknown cause. On admission, radioisotopic venogram showed deep vein thrombosis and lung scintigram showed multiple segmental perfusion defects. His plasma antithrombin III level was 10.5 mg/dL which was less than 50% of normal and those of a son and two daughters were also decreased. After treatment with tissue plasminogen activator, heparin and coumadin, his symptom and lung scintigram were significantly improved. As far as we reviewed, there were very rare reports with congenital antithrombin III deficiency presenting as pulmonary thromboembolism in Korea.

감작된 쥐에서 생체내와 시험관내자극에 대한 기도반응의 상관관계

박형관,최인선,양주열,나현주,고영일,김영철,박경옥 대한천식알레르기학회 1995 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.1995 No.-

법관의 부동성(不動性) 원칙과 공판중심주의

박형관 한국형사소송법학회 2023 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.15 No.4

Under the Korean Supreme Court Personnel Order, a regular transfer of judges to different jurisdictions is effected at preset terms. This practice is highly unusual and although the practice was undoubtedly a measure in securing a more sound legal system, troubling side effects have occurred. Two prominent examples include the undermining of the right of a citizen's right to a speedy trial and a weakening of the public trial principle. Changing judges during a trial is akin to changing an umpire during a sporting event. The practice is not only inefficient but places an unfair burden on the parties to reestablish their case anew before a new judge. This is an example of why most countries ensure the principle of judge immobility wherein judges are not moved to new jurisdictions nor promoted without consent. The public trial base principle maintains that a judge's decision in rendering a guilty or not guilty verdict should be formed mainly in the open courts. This principle includes the principle of direct evidence investigation, concentration of trial procedure, and public trials among others. In the past, Korea criminal procedure had depended largely on the principle of protocol trials, wherein a decision was largely based on the investigating agent's protocols. In an effort to correct the possible biased nature of the practice, the public trial base principle has hence been increasingly emphasized. When there is a change in the presiding judge, it is extremely difficult to ascertain the reasoning formed through the former trial procedure in rendering a guilty or not guilty decision. Even if the evidence is reinvestigated according to the renewal procedure of the trial, there are limits to what can clearly be reestablished. As a result, frequent changes in the trial bench are tantamount to practically undermining the public trial base principle. To ensure a citizen's right to a fair and speedy trial and successfully establish the public trial base principle, the principle of judge immobility must be guaranteed. This should be effected not merely as a judicial personnel policy but as a principle in securing the constitutional right of the victim as well as the defendant and in keeping with due process. There are two options to introduce the principle of judge immobility: a comprehensive approach or a gradual introduction. Should the latter be adopted, it should first be introduced at the district court level. Further, in facilitating the preliminary trail procedure and the public trial base principle, the introduction of a vice-judge appointing system would be highly beneficial. There has been an increasing delay in the trial procedure of major trials. It is high time to guarantee the principle of immobility of judges to ensure the right of citizens to receive fair and speedy trials and to further solidify the public trial base principle in our legal systems.

미국 대배심 제도의 현황 및 개선 논의

박형관 한국형사소송법학회 2023 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.15 No.2

Rendering the right decision in the investigation and indictment procedure is pivotal in achieving criminal justice. To that end, all nations by various means seek to accomplish this goal. Examples of this would include nations endowing exclusive charging authorities to the prosecutor while others allow lay citizens to participate in the actual procedure. Citizen participation always carries the risk of undermining the efficacy of the criminal justice system but it can also facilitate the average citizen's understanding of and increase trust in the system. Historically, the grand jury has been the institution by which citizens can play an active role in the investigation and charging process. Beginning in the colonial period, the American grand jury protected the citizen's right in investigation and charging procedure and served as a check on the validity and efficacy of public functions. Despite much doubt regarding the objectivity of the grand jury as a mere organ of the prosecution as well as concern about its efficiency, its role has for the most part proved to be positive. The grand jury by taking part in the actual investigation and then deciding whether or not to indict has been a check on the power of the police and prosecution in major cases. In the United States the grand jury operates in different forms. Some jurisdictions require grand jury indictments for felonies while others make them optional. In addition, there are many variations among jurisdictions in ensuring procedural rights in grand jury procedures. However, basic procedures such as beginning an investigation by way of subpoena and reaching indictment decisions through jury deliberations remain common. In the United States, the necessity for grand jury reform such as enhancing jury independence and ensuring procedural rights of the witness and defendant have long been and continues to be proposed. The mere separation of investigative power from charging power can hinder efforts in achieving criminal justice goals. Using the American model as a base for our nation, it would be expedient to allow for different organizations to exercise these powers independently. Furthermore, policies in which citizens can take on decisive roles in the investigation and charging process must be established and efforts to improve continue. By careful study of the various grand jury models in the United States, Korea has a good foundation in which to develop a grand jury model that would be most suitable to our nation. Specifically a model that would allow for optional grand jury indictments and where procedural rights are ensured.

南朝貴族制의 崩壞過程

朴亨寬,金奉斗 조선대학교 국사연구소 1983 國史硏究 Vol.4 No.-

성공적인 양형개혁을 위한 양형위원회의 상시 임무

박형관 한국형사소송법학회 2022 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.14 No.3

Fifteen years after the sentencing guidelines system was first introduced in Korea, sentencing guidelines have been set for most major crimes and the compliance rate has proven to be high. The Korean Sentencing Commission adopted the gradual approach in designing the guidelines and has worked to enhance the objectivity of the sentencing guidelines by way of quality evaluation of the sentencing factors. It appears that at present the sentencing guidelines system has been firmly implemented into the justice system. However, for sentencing reform to be successful, the Sentencing Commission must be faithful to meet its perennial responsibilities. These responsibilities include but are not limited to consistently designing and revising the guidelines, more evidence-based monitoring of compliance to and the effects of the guidelines, making public and educating others about the sentencing guidelines, providing access to the disclosure of sentencing information, and establishing sound sentencing policies with an emphasis on very important issues such as pertaining to corrections. To that end, the Commission should operate an empirical data based sentencing guidelines system by way of collection and analysis of high quality sentencing data. Abundant and sound data will provide for a better sentencing data base and a sentencing information system which will in turn be pivotal in achieving a higher level of research and education. These tasks will perforce require cooperation between various criminal justice organizations. Unfortunately, the Korean Sentencing Commission’s on-going operations have not reached an optimal level in collecting qualified sentencing data to ensure the implementation and adherence to the guidelines nor effectively researching sentencing policies. Contrary to the original intent of the establishment legislation, the Sentencing Commission has operated as a mere branch under the jurisdiction of the Korean Supreme Court and has focused most of its attention to the promulgation of various individual guidelines. The Sentencing Commission must be treated as an independent and specialized entity to ensure successful implementation of its continual responsibilities. The goal of sentencing reform can only be attained by the ongoing efforts of the Commission and its willingness to work towards this common end.

만성 폐쇄성폐질환 환자에서 유도객담과 혈청내 NO metabolites의 변화

박형관,김유일,강유호,임명수,김규식,유영권,박창민,고경행,황준화,임성철,김영철,박경옥 대한내과학회 1999 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.57 No.-

집행유예 취소와 적법절차

박형관 한국형사소송법학회 2022 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.14 No.4

Under the revision of the Penal Code in 1995, it became possible to attach probation as a condition to the suspension of execution of sentence. Before the revision, a suspension could be revoked only at the time of sentencing if it was discovered that due to legal restraints, the suspension would otherwise have been disqualified. If a person who was sentenced the suspension of execution of sentence with the condition of probation (hereinafter referred to as ‘the sentenced person’) is found to have seriously breeched the probation obligation, revocation procedure can be initiated. After reviewing whether or not the breech had actually occurred and assessing the gravity of the breech, the courts will render a decision as to revocation of the suspension. If the suspension is revoked, the sentenced person will be imprisoned for the original sentence. Because the revocation deprives the sentenced person of liberty, special care must be taken to adhere to the due process of law principle during the revocation procedure. Although securing the level of due process protection in revocation procedure would be difficult to attain to the level for the accused in criminal procedure, reasonable protections must be provided unless they conflict with the status of the sentenced person. The sentenced person must be given the opportunity to present evidence in his or her favor and to speak against any adverse evidence in open hearing. In special situations such as the sentenced person is in custody or is indigent, legal assistance must be provided according to the due process of law principle. These would provide the minimum level of protection. Especially in the revocation procedure of probation attached cases there must exist a more prudent and effectual hearing process in ascertaining the existence and gravity of the breaches. The Korean Criminal Procedure Act only requires that the court hear the sentenced person’s opinion regarding revocation with or without an open hearing thereby failing to offer minimum procedural protection. Strict evidence rules of typical criminal trials are not directly applied to the revocation hearing due to the basic differences of both procedures but could be used within a reasonable scope. In addition, through developing fair and objective revocation guidelines, unwarranted disparities in revocation decisions can be avoided or at the very least minimized. 1995년 형법 일부 개정으로 집행유예의 조건으로 보호관찰 등을 부과하는 것이 가능해졌다. 위 개정 이전에는 선고 당시 집행유예 결격사유를 간과한 경우에만 집행유예 취소가 가능했다. 이제 보호관찰 등을 조건으로 하는 집행유예 선고를 받은 사람이 그 조건을 중대하게 위반하는 경우도 집행유예 취소 절차가 개시된다. 법원은 위반 여부 및 위반 정도에 관하여 검토 후 취소 여부에 관한 결정을 한다. 집행 유예가 취소되는 경우 유예된 형이 집행되는데 통상 취소대상자는 구금된다. 취소 결정이 내려지면 유예 선고를 받은 사람의 신체의 자유가 박탈되므로 취소 절차에서 적법절차 원칙이 보장될 필요가 있다. 형사재판을 받는 피고인과 같은 수준의 보장은 어렵지만 취소대상자의 지위와 벗어나지 않는 범위에서 적절한 보장이 필요하다. 구두변론을 통하여 취소대상자가 자신에게 유리한 자료를 제출하고 불리한 증거 들에 대한 의견을 진술할 기회가 부여될 필요가 있다. 또한 취소대상자가 유치되어 있거나 빈곤한 경우 등 일정한 경우에는 변호인의 조력을 받을 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 이는 적법절차 원칙에 따른 최소한의 요청이라 하겠다. 특히 보호관찰 등 조건부 집행유예 취소 절차에서는 위반사실의 존부와 위반의 중대성에 관하여 충실한 심리가 이루어져야 한다. 현행 법령은 구두변론을 거치지 않고도 법원이 단지 취소 대상자의 의견을 듣고 결정을 할 수 있도록 규정하고 있어 위와 같은 최소한 보장에도 미치지 못한다. 취소 재판에서 형사재판과 같은 엄격한 증거법 원칙들이 그대로 적용될 수는 없지만 합리적인 범위 내에서 준용될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 집행유예 취소에 관한 공정하고 객관적인 기준이 마련되어 취소 여부에 관한 결정 에서 부당한 편차가 발생하지 않도록 하여야 할 것이다.