Molecular Characterization of an Avian-origin Reassortant H7N1 Influenza Virus

윤선우 한국생명과학회 2023 생명과학회지 Vol.33 No.8

Recently, sporadic cases of human infection by genetic reassortants of H7Nx influenza A viruses have been reported; such viruses have also been continuously isolated from avian species. In this study, A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023, a novel reassortant of the H7N1 avian influenza virus, was analyzed using full-genome sequencing and molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023 belonged to the Eurasian lineage of H7Nx viruses. The polymerase basic (PB)2, PB1, polymerase acidic (PA), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of these viruses were found to be closely related to those of avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds, while the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) genes were similar to those of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks. In addition, A/wild bird/South Korea/sw-anu/2023 also had a high binding preference for avian-specific glycans in the solid-phase direct binding assay. These results suggest the presence of a new generation of H7N1 avian influenza viruses in wild birds and highlight the reassortment of avian influenza viruses found along the East Asian–Australasian flyway. Overall, H7Nx viruses circulate worldwide, and mutated H7N1 avian viruses may infect humans, which emphasizes the requirement for continued surveillance of the H7N1 avian influenza virus in wild birds and poultry.

조류인플루엔자를 통한 가축재해보험의 보장확대와 국가재보험제도 도입의 필요성에 대한 연구

이호승 ( Hoseung Lee ),이선수 ( Sunsoo Lee ) 한국손해사정학회 2019 손해사정연구 Vol.19 No.-

조류인플루엔자는 매2~3년에 한 번씩 발생하는 법정전염병으로 그로 인한 피해는 사회적, 경제적 문제를 발생시키고 있다. 조류인플루엔자가 발생한 농가의 경제적 손실에 대해 정부가 지원하고 있으나 보상방식은 지속적인 문제를 발생시키고 있다. 이러한 가축의 질병 및 자연재해로 인한 피해를 보상하기 위해 도입된 가축재해보험은 가축전염병예방법 제2조에 조류인플루엔자가 포함되어 있어 보상하지 않는 손해로 구분되어 담보하고 있지 않다. 반면, 농작물재해보험은 매년 수차례 발생하는 태풍 등의 자연재해로 인한 농작물의 피해를 보상한다. 태풍으로 인한 피해의 경우 조류인플루엔자의 피해의 규모와 유사하거나 그 이상임에도 불구하고 농작물재해보험은 국가재보험제도를 통해 피해농가에 안정적으로 피해보상을 하고 있다. 이처럼 담보범위에 있어서 가축재해보험은 정책보험으로서 그 취지와 역할에 부족한 부분을 보완할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구는 조류인플루엔자로 인한 피해보상의 문제점을 해결하고자 가축재해 보험으로 조류인플루엔자를 담보할 것을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해, 우선 조류인플루엔자가 포함된 가축전염병예방법의 개정과 가축재해보험의 보상하지 않는 손해에 대한 보험약관 변경이 필요하며, 조류인플루엔자로 인해 발생하는 거대한 손해를 보상하고 가축재해보험 보험사업자의 안정적 재정운영을 위해 농작물재해보험과 같이 국가재보험제도를 도입하여야 한다. 이를 확인하기 위해 농작물재해보험, 가축재해보험, 일반손해보험 및 가축재해보험과 AI 정부지원금을 합산으로 나누어 손해율의 변동성을 측정하여 가축재해보험의 국가재보험제도의 도입할 경우에도 농작물재해보험 보다 안정적 운영이 가능할 것임을 예측하였다. 가축재해보험이 조류인플루엔자를 담보할 경우 가축농가의 피해보상은 손해사정사 등 전문가를 통하여 정확하고 합리적인 손해보상이 가능하며 보험관련법률의 적용으로 농가는 보험계약자, 피보험자로서 고지의무, 통지의무 등의 의무이행하게 되며 전염병 예방 및 농가 의식의 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 것이다. Avian influenza is a legal pre-infectious disease that occurs every two to three years, and its damage is causing social and economic problems. The government supports the economic loss of farms that have caused the bird flu, but the compensation package creates a constant problem. The livestock insurance system, which was introduced to compensate for the damage caused by these livestock diseases and natural disasters, contains avian influenza in Article 2 of the Act on the Prevention of Plague Disease, so it is not secured as damages that are not compensated. On the other hand, crop insurance compensates for damage to crops caused by natural disasters such as typhoons, which occur several times each year. Although damage caused by typhoon is similar to or greater than the amount of damage caused by avian influenza, crop insurance is compensated reliably to the affected farmers through the national reinsurance system. In this range of collateral, livestock insurance needs to be supplemented by policy insurance, which lacks the purpose and role. The study looked at securing avian influenza with livestock insurance to solve the problem of damage compensation caused by avian influenza. To this end, it is necessary to revise the Act on the Prevention of Livestock Prefections with Bird Flu and to change the insurance terms for non-compensating damages of livestock insurance, and to compensate for the huge damages caused by avian influenza, and to introduce the national reinsurance system, such as crop disaster insurance, for the stable financial operation of livestock insurance businesses. To confirm this, it was predicted that a more stable operation would be possible if the national reinsurance system for livestock insurance was adopted by measuring the variability of the damage rate by dividing the amount of farm insurance, livestock insurance, general damage insurance, and AI government support. If livestock insurance guarantees avian influenza, damage compensation for livestock farmers can be accurately and reasonably compensated through experts such as damage assessment, and the application of insurance-related laws will lead to the implementation of the obligation of insurance policy holders, insurance policy, and the prevention of infectious diseases and the positive change in farming consciousness.

인플루엔자 유행시 국가방역 관리 능력 향상을 위한 기초연구

김지희,김우주,이주연,나병국,박종원,신구철,김선숙,김진아,고연아,박순희,김도근,임윤구 국립보건연구원 1999 국립보건원보 Vol.36 No.-

조류인플루엔자 재난대응훈련 시뮬레이션 기술연구

강민식(Min-Sik Kang) 한국전자통신학회 2019 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.1

전 세계적으로 가상현실(VR)의 이슈화를 따라 많은 분야에서 가상현실(VR) 기술을 접목하여 새로운 콘텐츠를개발하고 있다. 가상현실은 가상의 공간에서도 인간이 가진 감각을 그대로 인지할 수 있도록 해주는 기술이며, 이는 현실적인 공간의 제약을 받지 않고 가상의 공간에서 사용자가 직접 체험 할 수 있다는 점에서 차세대 기술로 주목 받고 있다. 가상현실기술은 게임, 의학, 교육 등 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있으며 특히 가상현실을 활용한 시뮬레이션이 주목받고 있다. 가상현실을 활용한 시뮬레이션도 운동, 교육, 재난 모의 훈련 등 다양한 분야에서 응용되고 활용되고 있지만 바이러스 전염에 의한 질병에 관한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 조류인플루엔자 재난 대응 훈련 시뮬레이션에 대한 기술검토 및 분석연구를 진행하였다. 우리나라에서 해마다 발생하고 있는 조류인플로엔자는 매년 되풀이되지만, 정작 막아줄 수 있는 해결책이나 예방법은 아직 부족한 실정이다. 조류인플루엔자는 사회적으로 큰 파장을 일으키고 경제적으로 막대한 피해를 가져올 수 있다. 조류인플루엔자나 구제역과 같은 가축전염병은 농가에 미치는 피해 범위가 크기 때문에 사전 예방이 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 제시하는 조류인플루엔자 재난 대응 시뮬레이션을 통해 예방 할 수 있는 콘텐츠를 제시하고 분석하였다. Simulation using the virtual reality has been applied in various fields such as exercise, education, disaster simulation training, but there is a little research on disease caused by virus transmission. In this study, we conducted simulation studies and analysis of avian influenza disaster response training. The annual avian influenza virus is recurring every year in Korea, but there are still few solutions and preventive measures for the preventing the avian influenza. The avian influenza can cause a great deal of societal harm and enormous economic damage. Prophylaxis is important because livestock epidemics, such as avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease, have a large impact on farm households. Therefore, we proposed and analyzed contents that can be avoided through simulation of avian influenza disaster response presented in this study.

양계 종사자의 조류인플루엔자 관련 위험행태 분석

유석주 ( Seok Ju Yoo ),임현술 ( Hyun Sul Lim ),이관 ( Kwan Lee ) 대한보건협회 2015 대한보건연구 Vol.41 No.2

Objective: Poultry farmers are known as the high risk group for the avian influenza. We surveyed the risk behaviors associated with avian influenza among poultry farmers to establish proper preventive policy. Methods: We visited several group events of poultry farmers and conducted a questionnaire survey about the general, work-related characteristics of subjects, and the risk behaviors associated with avian influenza among 400 poultry farmers. We analyzed the variables which were related to risk behaviors of avian influenza. Results: Among poultry farmers, men and the subjects who live in Jeolla-do had more experiences of eating raw chicken in the past year than women and the subjects who live in the other areas. Also, men had more experiences of bare-hand contact with secretions of poultry during work in the past year than women. The proportions of poultry farmers who had received seasonal vaccination regularly were tended to decrease according to increasing the number of raising heads. Conclusion: The individualized approach is needed to prevent avian influenza for poultry farmers according to gender, area and breeding scale.

조류독감 방제전략

송창선,권지선,이현정,이중복,박승용,최인수,이윤정,김재홍,모인필 한국가금학회 2004 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

Avian influenza viruses infect humans, horses, swine, other mammals, and a wide variety of domesticated and wild birds. Modem poultry industries worldwide are at risk of infection with avian influenza. Low pathogenic avian influenza can easily change to highly pathogenic form especially when introduced into areas of high density commercial poultry. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza are becoming progressively more expensive to control according to the growth of the poultry industry worldwide. Future strategies for avian influenza control and prevention should involve a combination of early detection and characterization of virus using advanced molecular biologic techniques, quarantine, selective depopulation and vaccination of flocks.

H7 아형 조류인플루엔자 바이러스의 유전자 특성

여지인,권혁무,성환우 한국가금학회 2019 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.46 No.3

Based on their virulence, the avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are classified into two pathotypes: low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Among the 16 HA subtypes of AIV, only the H5 and H7 subtypes are classified as HPAI. Some AIVs, including H5 and H7 viruses, can infect humans directly. Six H7 subtype isolates from wild birds of the H7N7 (n=4) and H7N1 (n=2) subtypes were characterized in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that eight viral genes (HA, NA, PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS) of the H7 isolates clustered in the Eurasian lineage, the genetic diversity of which is indicated by its division into several sublineages. The Korean H7 isolates had two motifs, PEIPKGR and PELPKGR, at the HA cleavage site, which have been associated with LPAI viruses. Six H7 isolates encoded glutamine (Q) and glycine (G) at positions 226 (H3 numbering) and 228 of HA, suggesting avian-type receptor-binding specificity. None of the Korean H7 isolates had the amino acid substitutions E627K in PB2 and I368V in PB1, which are critical for efficient replication in human cells. The Korean H7 isolates showed no deletions in the NA stalk region and in NS. These results suggest that the Korean H7 isolates from wild birds are different from the H7N9 influenza viruses isolated in China in 2013, which are capable of infecting humans.

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an avian influenza virus (H9N2)

( Yong Hwan Lim ),( Le Van Phan ),( In-pil Mo ),( Bon-sang Koo ),( Young-ki Choi ),( Seung-chul Lee ),( Shien-young Kang ) 한국동물위생학회 2017 한국동물위생학회지 (KOJVS) Vol.40 No.3

In this report, fifteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against an avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) were newly produced and characterized. These MAbs proved to react to the epitopes of nucleocapsid protein (NP), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of Korean H9N2 strain, respectively. Two HA-specific MAbs showed the ability to inhibit the hemagglutination activity of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus when tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. All MAbs did not cross-react with other avian-origin viruses (Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and avian rotavirus) by immunofluorescence test or enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. The MAbs produced in this study could be useful as the materials for diagnostics and therapeutics against Korean-lineage H9N2 virus infections.

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an avian influenza virus (H9N2)

Lim, Yong Hwan,Phan, Le Van,Mo, In-Pil,Koo, Bon-Sang,Choi, Young-Ki,Lee, Seung-Chul,Kang, Shien-Young The Korean Society of Veterinary Service 2017 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.40 No.3

In this report, fifteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against an avian influenza virus (H9N2 subtype) were newly produced and characterized. These MAbs proved to react to the epitopes of nucleocapsid protein (NP), hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of Korean H9N2 strain, respectively. Two HA-specific MAbs showed the ability to inhibit the hemagglutination activity of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus when tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. All MAbs did not cross-react with other avian-origin viruses (Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and avian rotavirus) by immunofluorescence test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MAbs produced in this study could be useful as the materials for diagnostics and therapeutics against Korean-lineage H9N2 virus infections.

조류인플루엔자 피해가 국가 경제에 미치는 영향

최창현(Choi Chang hyun),김종성(Kim Jong sung),이명진(Lee Myung jin),권기환(Kwon Ki hwan),김수전(Kim Soo jun),김형수(Kim Hung Soo) 한국방재학회 2017 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.17 No.6

본 연구에서는 산업연관모형을 이용하여 조류인플루엔자(조류독감)로 인해 직접적인 피해를 입은 산업의 충격이 타 산업으로 파급되는 피해를 정량적으로 산정하고, 국가 경제에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 조류인플루엔자 발생으로 ‘농림어업’이 직접피해를 입는 산업으로 나타났으며, 이로 인해 산업에 파급되는 간접피해(파급피해)는 주로 ‘음식료품 및 담배 제조업’에서 크게 나타났다. 반면에 ‘교육서비스업’에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 2015년도 국내총생산과의 비교를 통해 국가경제에 미치는 영향을 평가한 결과, 직접피해를 입은 산업이 타 산업에 미치는 간접피해 즉, 파급피해를 고려한 총 피해는 직접피해만을 고려했을 때에 비해 2.2배 이상 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 효과적인 재난관리를 실시하기 위해서는 파급피해가 큰 특정 산업의 피해를 줄이는 정책이 필요하며, 직접피해 뿐만 아니라 산업별 간접피해를 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다. In this study, the industrial damage by avian influenza occurred in 2015 was quantitatively estimated using inter-industry model and evaluated the impact of the damage on the national economy. The damage of ‘Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (AFF)’ industry occurred by avian influenza was considered as a direct damage and AFF damage affected the damages of other industries which can be considered as indirect(or induced) damages. The biggest damage out of indirect damages affected by AFF was occurred in ‘manufacture of beverages, food products and tobacco products’ industry. On the other hand, the smallest damage was appeared in the ‘Education service’ industry. We computed the impacts of a direct(D) damage and induced(ID) damages on 2015 Gross domestic product(GDP) for evaluating the influence of the damages on the national economy. The impact of D+ID damage on GDP was 2.2 times of that of D damage on GDP. Therefore, we may consider the damage prevention policy for the specific industries which can have big damage by the occurrence of avian influenza. Also we have to consider the induced damages for more precise damage estimation on the disasters.