유해가스 흡수처리에 염수(Brine) 사용 시 흡수 거동 및 효율에 관한 연구

정가영 전남대학교 2021 국내석사

Study is currently underway on low-cost and high-efficiency scrubbers that are applied with the Bubble Column method to absorb hazardous gases in the event of a chemical accident. Bubble Column has a problem that it is vulnerable to freezing in winter because the absorption solution does not circulation normally, so this study was conducted on whether brine can be applied as an absorption solution, the absorbed amount and efficiency. CaCl2 was selected as the optimal Brine considering the absorption performance and price, after experimenting with Brine (NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) of the required concentration in each region considering the nation’s lowest temperature. The absorption performance was examined through Aspen plus simulation by applying Ammonia, Ethylene oxide, and Methylamine, which are toxic, water-soluble hazardous gases among accident preparedness substances. The results showed that the efficiency of the use of the brine was reduced by approximately 5 to 25 % with the absorption solution, but the lower the temperature, the greater the gas solubility, so there was no problem with winter use. In late autumn or early spring, the absorption solution could be replaced and it could be operated stable and efficiently without deteriorating absorption performance. If the results of these experiments and design data on the absorption amount and the timing of the replacement of absorption solution in major hazardous gases are used to prevent freezing of Bubble Column absorption solution, the installation and operation costs can be minimized and commercialized in small and medium-sized businesses. 현재 화학물질 누출 사고 발생 시 유해가스 흡수 처리에 Bubble Column 방식을 적용한 저비용·고효율 스크러버에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. Bubble Column은 평상시 흡수액이 순환하지 않아 겨울철 동결에 취약하다는 문제점이 있어, 이를 해결하기 위해 Brine을 흡수액으로 사용하였을 때의 적용 가능성과 흡수량 및 성능 등에 관하여 연구를 수행하였다. 지역별 최저 기온을 고려해 각 지역에서 필요한 농도의 Brine(NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2)을 통해 실험한 결과, 흡수 성능 및 가격 등의 장점을 고려해 CaCl2를 최적의 Brine으로 선정하였다. 실험 결과를 적용하여 Aspen plus 시뮬레이션을 통해 사고대비물질 중 독성, 수용성 유해가스인 암모니아, 산화에틸렌, 메틸아민을 우선 적용하여 흡수 성능을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 흡수액으로 브라인 사용 시 약 5 ~ 25 %의 효율이 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었지만, 온도가 낮을수록 기체 용해도가 커지기 때문에 겨울철 사용 시 문제가 없다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 늦가을 또는 초봄에 흡수액을 교체하여, 흡수 성능의 저하 없이 효율적이고 안정적으로 운전할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 실험 결과와 주요 유해가스에서의 흡수량 및 흡수액 교체 시기 등에 대한 설계 데이터를 Bubble Column의 동결 방지 방안에 활용한다면 설치 및 운전비용을 최소화할 수 있어 중소규모 사업장에서의 상용화를 기대할 수 있다.

Ice Ball形 氷蓄熱槽에서 Brine의 流動方向에 따른 蓄熱, 放熱 特性의 實驗的 硏究

허은 성균관대학교 대학원 1995 국내석사

This paper deals with the characteristics of charging and discharging including temperature profiles, thermal stratification, ice packing factor, and efficiencies of charging and discharging due to the brine flow direction in the rectangular storage tank with the ice ball of 103mmφ. Ranges of the parameters were defined for flow direction and inlet geometry such as distributor and perforater type, keeping flow rate constantly and temperature difference between temperature of inlet brine and temperature of initially stored normal brine. Distributor is better restrained for the mixing inlet brine with inner initial normal brine. The case of thermal stratification using distributor is shown to be superior to perforater by 1% at charging and 2% at discharging in the same condition and the up-ward brine flow direction is superior to down-ward direction by 9%. But the case of ice packing factor using perforater is superior to distributor by 5% at one turn over time(τ=1 ), 40% at twice turn over time(τ=2) . Charging efficiency is highest in up-ward diraction with perforater and discharging efficiency is highest in down-ward diraction with distributor. Therefore, higher thermal storage effect is obtainable by increase of ice packing factor in up-ward diraction with perforater and higher thermal release effect is obtainable by reduce duration of heat transfer in down-ward diraction with distributor.

Brine과 bittern으로부터 Li, Mg 및 다른 유가금속 회수

쿠엔, 트란 치 전남대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Lithium and its compounds have been used in variety of applications such as rechargeable batteries, glass and ceramic, aluminum, rubbers, pharmaceuticals or greases. Due to the widespread application, lithium production is required to meet the global demand. The production of lithium from brine is about 2 times less expensive than minerals. Locating in Bolivia’s highland, Salar de Uyuni is known to have the richest lithium resources in the world (of 10.2 Mt). A high Mg to Li ratio of 21.2 is a significant factor hindering the lithium production in Uyuni brine. Mg removal from brine is required in order to prepare for Li production. Three reagents namely sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate and oxalic acid were used for the test-work. Oxalic acid showed its efficiency in Mg removal from brine. The effect of pH and the amount of oxalic acid added were also studied in order to selectively removal Ca and optimize the subsequent Mg removal yield. At an addition of oxalic acid at oxalate:Ca molar ratio of 6.8:1 and pH<1, about 80% of Ca could be removed from the brine without co-precipitation of magnesium oxalate. A molar ratio of 1:1 to 1.6:1 oxalate:Mg in the pH range of 3 5.5 was used for ? Mg precipitation as oxalate with the amount of NaOH addition for pH adjustment according to molar ratio of 1.95:1?3.2:1 NaOH:Mg. A recovery of >95% Mg was achieved (precipitate containing both magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxalate), along with the loss of ∼30% Li and 30% K in this stage. The NaOH addition used for pH adjustment is the main reason causing the formation of Mg(OH)2. Washing tests were conducted for the removal of impurities such as sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, carnalite etc. The XRD pattern shows a highly efficient removal of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, carnalite as well as the high purity of >99% Mg oxalate yielded. Weight reduction of 24.5-24.7% for pure product b and c in the first step and 46.6-47.1% in the 2nd step were obtained by DTA from MgC2O4.2H2O during roasting. Compared to pure MgC2O4.2H2O these weight losses would correspond to the removal of water (24.27% weight lost) at 220oC and conversion at 500oC to MgO (48.55% weight lost).

Hydrogeochemical Support for Microbial Habitability in an Ancient, Hypersaline, Thermal, and Radiogenic Subsurface Brine in South Africa

Nisson, Devan Marie Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Fractured rock aquifers within the continental crust can harbor low nutrient environments at great depth (>2 km) that are largely isolated from surface photosphere input. Depending on the extent of isolation, deep fluids may retain large quantities of abiotic reduced gas species (e.g. H2 and CH4), high temperatures, and in regions of low permeability, brine-level salinities. Microbial biomass is often low in deep systems, with estimates of 10-103 cells/mL in previously characterized Precambrian Shield fluids. Abiotic processes may heavily influence or dominate biotic signatures in these systems, but due to their low biomass and relative inaccessibility, habitability and microbiology of deep fracture fluids remain poorly characterized. To constrain abiotic-biotic interactions and how they promote habitable conditions, the hydrogeologic history, carbon and redox availability, and microbial diversity for deep fluid systems must be considered. This dissertation examines the above parameters through characterization of an ancient (1.2-Ga), high temperature (45 - 55℃), and radiogenic hypersaline brine system at 2.9 - 3.2 km depth in Moab Khotsong gold and uranium mine, located in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa. Major findings included the significant contribution of water-rock interactions (alpha particledriven water radiolysis, silicate hydration, and isotopic exchange with fracture lining minerals) to salinity formation, stable isotopic composition, and redox species availability. Characterization of brine carbon revealed a large dissolved organic matter pool composed of old biotic, recalcitrant organics that experienced extensive alteration by radiolytic oxidation and abiotic hydrocarbon contribution. Energetically feasible microbial metabolic strategies, modeled under redox and carbon conditions of the brine, included anerobic/aerobic heterotrophy, nitrate reduction, and thiosulfate oxidation despite maintenance costs imposed by high salinity, temperature, and radiolysis. These metabolic and stress defense strategies complemented current microbial community composition, revealed through taxonomic identification and metabolic annotation of single cell genomes. This accumulated effort revealed the Moab Khotsong brine as a novel, ancient fluid system where dominance of water-rock interaction, primarily in the form of radiolysis, provides energetic support for low biomass microbial life despite high abiotic stress exposure over geologic time in the subsurface.

Impact of Conductive Minerals on Measurements of Electrical Resistivity

Tew, Adam Teichert ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Rocks which contain conductive minerals can sometimes pass current through the rock matrix. The primary objective of this thesis is to identify the physical rules that govern the effect of conductive minerals on the low frequency electrical properties of rock. This relationship is examined by measuring the complex, frequency dependent resistivity of clean, well characterized artificial sediments in the laboratory. Important factors which mediate the impact of conductive minerals include the volume fraction, the dry conduction fraction and the electrochemistry occurring at the grain/brine interface. The parameters of grain size, porosity, brine salinity and saturation were varied. Conductive grains were substituted for insulating matrix components (up to 30% by volume). Reductions in resistivity were observed at higher frequencies when the conductive fraction was increased. Large and/or abrupt changes were not observed, likely because the dry conductive threshold was not reached. Electrode-brine experiments examined the magnitude of the electrode potential that must be overcome to drive charge transfer across the interfaces between conductive grain and brine. That voltage threshold is relatively high for pyrite compared to the voltage gradients typically present in geophysical measurements so this potential current pathway can often be ignored. Conductive minerals which are present in high enough volumes can form conductive pathways through the host rock. A discussion of ways to predict resistivity in rocks which contain conductive minerals both above and below the dry conduction threshold is included. Below the threshold, the results match those predicted using Archie's law. Above the dry conduction threshold, additional measurements are needed for interpretation.

Evaluation of brine shrimp for a host model system to study bacterial virulence and symbiosis

이미난 부산대학교 대학원 2014 국내석사

Brine shrimp is an aquatic crustaceans belonging to a genus of Artemia. This organism is widely used for testing the toxicity of chemicals. In this study, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) was evaluated for a host model organism to study the bacterial virulence analysis. Five representative pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio vulnificus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia vietnamiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were used to test the virulence to brine shrimp. While all of them have significant virulence to brine shrimp, killing the nauplii in a few days, V. vulnificus showed the strongest virulence. P. aeruginosa also showed a dose-dependent virulence to brine shrimp, but the virulence was weaker than that of V. vulnificus. The virulence tests using the virulence-attenuated mutants of V. vulnificus and P. aeruginosa, such as quorum sensing (QS) mutants or protease-deficient mutants showed the consistent results with the previous virulence analyses using other host models like Tenebrio molitor (insect) or Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode). B. vietnamiensis, S. aureus, and E. coli were also virulent to brine shrimp, but the dose-dependence was messed up after 2nd day with fairly big deviation, being not recommendable for long time analysis. Taken together, brine shrimp is a good host model to assay the bacterial virulence, especially for V. vulnificus and P. aeruginosa. During the virulence analysis, it was found that the brine shrimps surviving the challenge of E. coli and P. aeruginosa were grown better and developed faster. To explain this phenomenon, the symbiosis of these bacteria in shrimps was addressed by counting and observing live bacterial cells in the brine shrimp gut. Both E. coli and P. aeruginosa could survive in the brine shrimp gut, but E. coli was able to survive only for limited period whereas P. aeruginosa survived more and longer in the gut than E. coli. These results strongly suggest that P. aeruginosa survives in the brine shrimp gut, probably as a symbiont.

다단 플래쉬 증발형 해수담수화 설비의 성능개선에 관한 연구

정광운 慶尙大學校 2017 국내박사

Evaporation process, which is generally performed by evaporating solvent in a vacuum state to concentrate the aqueous solution, is very important in the systems related to liquid foods, seawater distillation and waste water treatment. Commercially, liquid concentration is carried out either through a membrane process or a thermal process; the former is the separation process and the latter is the phase change process. It may be obvious that such mentioned processes are most successfully utilized in seawater desalination. Although the reverse osmosis (RO) system is increasing its share in the seawater desalination market at present, the seawater desalination through an evaporation process is still main in the Middle East region due to a low energy cost, the need for a large capacity and a bad quality of seawater. Since the water demands in the Gulf countries are sharply increased at present, it is strongly required to build a new seawater desalination plant or to increase the efficiency of the installed plants. In this study, the means to improve the energy efficiency of an installed multi-stage flash (MSF) process that it were only focused rather than to construct a new plant, and therefore the following strategies were introduced for increasing the plant efficiency. First, the increases of the top brine temperature(TBT) were tried. the term of TBT means the brine temperature supplied to the first stage evaporator and their values were changed from 90°C to 120°C, with the increment of 10°C. Second, the brine re-utilization method was introduced, which means that the upstream brine not evaporated transfers to the downstream evaporator through the connecting pipe after re-heating to a TBT. According to the results from the first strategy, it was found that the TBT rise is a key factor that determines seawater desalination performance. As the temperature difference between the evaporators directly depends on the total temperature difference(TTD), which is the temperature difference between the supplied seawater temperature and the TBT. The TTD of an MSF plant determines the fresh water production capacity. If comparing the case of TBT=90°C, the fresh water production rates were increased to 123% at TBT=100°C, 146% at TBT=110°C and 169% at TBT=120°C. From the theoretical calculations, it was found that the specific energy consumptions (SEC) were reduced. Based on TBT=90°C, the SECs were about 87.05% at TBT=100°C, 79.01% at TBT=110°C and 73.84% at TBT=120°C, respectively. And results of the second strategy, it was also confirmed that the SEC can be reduced by the brine re-utilization method. Since the brine transfer from an upstream stage to a downstream stage is done by the pressure difference between the evaporators, it was seen that the SECs are reduced and increased of production as the pipe size connecting the evaporators gets larger. From the theoretical calculations, it was found that the specific energy consumptions(SEC) were reduced from 1.86% to 7.32%, based on TBT=90°C, the SECs were about 98.14% at 25.4mm, 96.51% at 50.8mm, 94.49% at 76.2mm, and 92.68% at 101.6mm. And the fresh water production rates were increased from 1.86% to 7.32%, it about that 100.95% at 25.4mm, 100.95% at 50.8mm, 101.42% at 76.2mm, and 101.89% at 101.6mm respectively. Furthermore, in the case of the MSF multi-stage seawater desalination plants, the dissolved gases in the seawater are released during the evaporation process with the main ingredients being CO2, nitrogen, oxygen and argon. The evaluation of non-condensable gases emitted during the evaporation process is one of the important design factors in an evaporative seawater desalination plant and non-condensable gases are major causes of degrading the performance of the condenser. In this study, the non-condensable gases(NCG) rates released in the evaporating process were evaluated, which is rare in the previous studies. According to the calculation results, it was found that the released NCG rate decreases toward the downstream and is proportional to freshwater production. Since the NCGs dissolved in seawater is the components of atmosphere, the calculations of the released NCGs were focused on N2 and O2. Although this study is based on the theoretical calculations to improve the MSF seawater desalination process, it was confirmed that the SECs, which is the energy consumption to produce the freshwater of 1kg from seawater, can be reduced by increasing the TBT and the brine re-utilization method. Since the strategies suggested in this study require only to change the operating conditions of an installed MSF plant, this study will largely contribute to increase the energy efficiency of an installed MSF seawater desalination plant. 증발공정은 유동식품, 해수증류 및 폐수 처리와 관련된 시스템에서 매우 중요하다. 이는 일반적으로 진공상태에서 순수한 물을 증발시켜 수용액을 농축하는 것이다. 일반적으로, 액체 농축은 멤브레인, 전기투석 및 증발을 통해 수행된다. 전자는 분리 과정이고 후자는 상변화 과정이다. 현재 해수담수화 시장은 역삼투압 설비 시스템이 증가되고 있으나 중동국가들은 여전히 증발식이 주요 해수 댐수화 설비이다. 그 이유는 증기를 발생시키기 위한 증발 열원인 유가가 저렴하며 발전소와 함께 대용량 설비 및 저압 가열 증기를 발전소에서 쉽게 공급할 수 있으며 특히 제일 중요한 원수인 해수가 홍해에서 품질이 매우 낮기 때문이다. MSF 새로운 해수담수화설비를 건설하면 좋으나 막대한 추가 비용과 시간이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 대용량 담수화 해수 증류 과정에서 여전히 지배적인 기존 MSF-OT 플랜트 설비의 TBT 운전조건을 제어하며 일부 추가 배관 작업으로 용량 확장을 통하여 운전조건을 제어함으로써 정량적 에너지절감 전략을 소개하고 가열처리 방법만으로 비에너지 소비량(담수 1kg을 생산하는데 필요한 에너지)을 어떻게 하면 감소시키고 담수 생산 성능을 향상을 시킬 수 있는가에 대한바람직한 2가지 대안을 제시하였다. 첫 번째는 1단 증발기로 공급되는 브라인의 해수 온도 TBT를 90°C, 100°C, 110°C & 120°C의 상승시켜 운전하는 방식으로 다단계 증발시스템의 성능이 TBT 상승에 따라 증가될 수 있다는 것을 연구 결과로 보여준다. 두 번째는 TBT 90°C에서 브라인을 재활용하는 방법으로, 기존 MSF 설비에 추가 25.4 mm, 50.8 mm, 76.2 mm 및 101.6 mm 배관을 설치하여 상류 증발기의 브라인의 일부를 TBT까지 재가열하여 하류 증발기로 보내는 방식으로, 브라인의 재활용을 통하여 담수 생산성을 향상 시키고 비에너지 소비량을 감소시키는 방안이다. MSF 다단계 증발 과정 단계에서 브라인 온도가 규칙적으로 낮아지기 때문에 상류 증발기에서 브라인의 일부를 TBT까지 재가열하여 하류 증발기로 브라인을 공급하여 담수 생산성을 향상 시키고 비에너지 소비량을 감소 시켰다. 첫 번째 연구 결과로 TBT 상승은 해수담수화 성능을 결정하는 핵심 설계요소라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 증발기 간의 온도차가 직접적으로 총 온도차(TTD)에 달려 있어 MSF의 온도차(TTD)는 담수 생산 용량을 결정하였다. 담수 총 생산량은 90°C는 6,962.5(100%) (kg/h), 100°C는 8,572.6(123%) (kg/h), 110°C는 10,174.4(146%) (kg/h) & 120°C는 11,769.6(169%) (kg/h)로 90°C와 비교하여 23%∼69% 증가하였고 비에너지 소비량은 90°C는 0.233(100%) (MW/h), 100°C는 0.203(87.05%) (MW/h), 110°C는 0.184(79.01%) (MW/h) & 120°C는 0.172(73.84%) (MW/h)로 13%∼26.16% 감소하였다. 두 번째 연구 결과는 브라인 재활용은 상류 브라인의 일부를 TBT 90°C까지 재가열 브라인의 온도를 상승시켜 하류 증발기로 공급할 시 연결된 증발기 사이의 차압에 의해 자연적으로 브라인이 이동되어 추가 펌프동력은 필요가 없으며, 연결파이프를 통한 개선된 성능은 운전조건의 변화 없이, 첫 번째 TBT 90°C 연구 결과와 비교하면, 담수 총 생산량은 25.4 mm는 6,995.4(100.47%) (kg/h), 50.8 mm는 7,028.4(100.95%) (kh/h), 76.2 mm는 7,0614(101.42%) (kg/h) 및 101.6 mm는 7,094.3(101.89%) (kg/h)로 0.47∼1.89%의 증가된 담수생산량이 증가하였고. 비에너지 소비량은 25.4 mm는 0.229(98.14%) (MW/h), 50.8 mm는 0.225(96.31%) (MW/h), 76.2 mm는 0.221(94.49%) (MW/h) 및 101.6 mm는 0.216(92.68%) (MW/h)로 1.86∼7.32%의 비에너지 소비량이 감소하였다. 또한 MSF 다단증발식 해수담수화설비의 경우, 각 증발단의 운전온도와 압력은 다르며, 이 운전조건에 비례하여 해수에 용해되어 있던 기체들이 증발과정에서 방출되는데 주성분은 불응축기체인 이산화탄소, 질소, 산소 및 아르곤이다. 대류열전달의 입장에서는 불응축기체는 증발증기를 응축시키는 냉각기의 성능을 저하시키는 주요한 원인이기 때문에 증발과정에서 방출되는 불응축기체의 평가는 증발식 해수담수화설비에서 중요한 설계인자 중의 한가지이다. 증발식 해수담수화공정의 경우, 대부분의 증발기는 진공압력으로 유지되기 때문에 진공유지 장치의 설계를 위해서는 증발과정에서 해수로부터 방출되는 불응축기체의 방출량을 평가하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 불응축기체의 방출량을 정량적이고 이론적인 계산을 통하여 연구하였으며, 연구결과에 따르면 불응축가스의 방출량은 후단으로 갈수록 감소하며, 담수생산량에 비례함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 해수증발과정에서 발생하는 NCG의 체적은 대부분 N2와 O2이며, CO2와 Ar의 방출량은 무시할 수 있는 수준임을 연구 결과를 통해 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 해수담수화설비 자체에 대한 대형공사 혹은 대용량의 약간의 배관 설비 추가에 의한 공법개선과 TBT 상승 운전조건의 개선만으로 담수 생산량을 증가 시키고 비에너지 소비량을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것을 이론적인 계산을 통하여 증명하는데 목적이 있다.

An Experimental Study of the Impact of Injection Water Composition on Oil Recovery from Carbonate Rocks

Alshakhs, Mohammed J ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Stanford Universit 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Evidence from laboratory studies and field tests suggests that implementing certain modifications to the ionic composition of the injection brine leads to greater oil recovery from sandstone rocks. More recent studies indicate that salinity and ionic composition impact oil recovery from carbonate rocks. The mechanisms that take place and techniques of altering the salinity may be different from those experienced in clastic systems. This work examines experimentally the factors that influence oil recovery from carbonate rocks when the salinity is altered. It also investigates mechanisms that lead to greater oil recovery. A series of forced imbibition experiments were conducted at different total salinity and ionic composition using reservoir limestone cores and crude-oil. Brines of different salinities were injected sequentially into a core with realistic initial oil and water saturation. Additional incremental oil recovery of 4.4-6.4% of the original oil in place (OOIP) was observed, during the tertiary stage, when the injection seawater, that has a salinity of 55 kppm, was replaced by a new brine (MgSO4) of similar total salinity (45 kppm) and rich in Mg2+ and SO42- ions. The effect of reducing the total salinity was evaluated using outcrop limestone cores and another crude- oil. An incremental oil recovery increase of 3.2-6.5% was observed when twice-diluted seawater (29 kppm) was injected during the tertiary stage following seawater injection. Direct measurements of crude-oil contact-angles on smooth calcite surfaces suggest that the release of oil is caused by a wettability shift toward water wetness. The static water contact-angle was reduced from 92.9 to 58.7 when the brine was switched from seawater to MgSO4 solution of similar salinity. Similar reduction was observed when measurements were conducted using the fluids of the second system. The static water contact-angle was reduced from 70.1 to 58.9 when the brine was switched from seawater to twice-diluted seawater. The contribution of each component of the rock/brine/oil system to the wettability was evaluated by measuring zeta potential of water/oil and water/solid interfaces. DLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) theory of surface forces uses the measurements to predict disjoining pressure and contact-angle. The results rationalized observations of recovery and crude-oil adhesion to solids. They also show that Mg2+ ions play a key role in the wettability alteration process when MgSO4 brine was used and no significant contribution was observed for SO42- ions. For tests that used the twice diluted seawater, the wettability alteration was attributed to the additional Ca2+ ions that added to the brine from the rock dissolution. Conventional fluid flow simulation was able to predict the additional oil recovery that was observed in the core-flood experiments. The input relative permeabilities for each brine were generated using pore network modeling that simulated flow in a carbonate system under different wettability conditions.

염전의 함수로 제조한 천일식제조소금의 특성

김경미 목포대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

천일염은 자연환경에서 제조되기 때문에 사분과 불용분이 많이 포함되어 있고, 생산 수율 및 품질이 일정하지 않다. 본 연구는 여과와 증발을 통하여 소금의 불순물 등의 이물질을 효율적으로 제거하고, 미네랄이 풍부한 천일식제조소금을 개발하였다. 함수를 90℃에서 회전식진공농축기로 증발량 30%(30S), 40%(40S), 50%(50S), 60%(60S)로 하여 제조한 소금을 천일식제조소금(ESBS)이라 하였다. 천일식제조소금의 수율은 30S 2.53±0.00%, 40S 7.22±0.19%, 50S 10.79±0.41% 60S 15.06±1.82%를 나타냈다. 염도는 30S 90.25±0.23%, 40S 90.38±1.21%, 50S 91.16±0.16%, 60S 68.16±0.04%를 나타났으며, 관능평가 결과 40S는 전제적인 맛이 좋았으며, 60S 쓴맛이 강했다. 미네랄 함량 40S, 50S는 각각 Cl 550,036.53±7,911.70㎎/㎏, 544,085.48±8,082.12㎎/㎏, Na 340,045±4,893.18㎎/㎏, 338,700.00±4.893.18㎎/㎏, Mg 6,628.35±126.36㎎/㎏, 6,752.95±392.51㎎/㎏, K 2,270.95±81.11㎎/㎏, 2,476.50±250.17㎎/㎏, Ca 1,800.0.00㎎/㎏, 1,192.80±91.64㎎/㎏를 나타냈고, 이는 천일염과 유의차이가 없었다. 용해속도 결과 40S, 50S, 60S가 각각 0.69±0.04 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec, 0.70±0.06 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec, 0.69±0.08 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec로 천일염(0.47±0.04 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec) 보다 빨리 용해되었다. 천일식제조소금의 불용분은 각각 40S 0.002±0.002% 50S 0.003±0.001%, 60S 0.013±0.007%를 나타냈으며, 사분은 각각 0.060±0.028%, 0.067±0.068%, 0.127%±0.017로 천일염 품질검사 규격보다 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 소금의 수분재흡수 결과 천일염에 비해 천일식제조소금의 40S, 50S가 각각 약 5배, 3배 저장성이 좋았다. 또한 천일염보다 천일식제조소금으로 만든 착향소금이 뭉쳐져 있는 구조로 착향소금을 만들었을 때 천일염보다 소금 안에서 잔향이 오래 지속되었다. 천일식제조소금은 천일염보다 품질이 우수하며 용해속도가 좋고, 미네랄이 풍부하고 맛이 좋은 장점이 있다. Solar salt is manufactured naturally, therefore contains insoluble substances such as sandy compounds. This study was performed in order to produce clean mineral salt by removing the impurities in solar salt through filtration and evaporation process. Brine was concentrated and crystallized at 90℃ by rotary vacuum evaporator and the salt crystals was recovered by filtration, and then the salt was dehydrated. The salt from this process was called evaporated salt with brine from salt-farm (ESBS). Manufacturing yields was determined by the amount of water evaporated. Brine was concentrated to 40%, 50% and 60% of the initial volume, and the salt manufactured were called 40S, 50S and 60S, respectively. The yield of 40S, 50S and 60S were 7.22±0.19%, 10.79±0.41% and 15.06±1.82%, respectively. The NaCl concentration of 40S and 50S were 90.38±1.21% and91.16±0.16%, respectively. The taste of 40S was good and that of 60S was strong bitter through the sensory evaluation. The mineral compositions of 40S and 50S such as Cl were 550,036.53±7,911.70 ㎎/㎏ and 544,085.48±8,082.12 ㎎/㎏; Na were 340,045±4,893.18 ㎎/㎏ and 338,700.00±4.893.18 ㎎/㎏; Mg were 6,628.35±126.36 ㎎/㎏ and 6,752.95±392.51 ㎎/㎏; K were 2,270.95±81.11 ㎎/㎏ and 2,476.50±250.17 ㎎/㎏; Ca were 1,800.0.00 ㎎/㎏ and 1,192.80±91.64 ㎎/㎏, respectively. And they were similar to the natural solar salt. By solubility test, the solubility of 40S, 50S and 60S were 0.69±0.04 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec, 0.70±0.06 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec and 0.69±0.08 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec, respectively, which were all dissolved more quickly than solar salt (0.47 g of salt/100 mL H2O/sec). The insoluble substances concentration of 40S, 50S and 60S were 0.002±0.00%, 0.003±0.00% and 0.013±0.01%, respectively, and the sand compound concentration of 40S, 50S and 60S were 0.061±0.13%, 0.068±0.03% and 0.127±0.02%, respectively, which was relatively low compared with those of natural solar salt and less than the permitted level of food code. The water re-absorption results showed that the storability of 40S and 50S were 5 times and 3 times better than natural solar salt, respectively. And the flavor of the flavored salt made from ESBS was effectively maintained than that of natural solar salt. The evaporated salts were shown many advantages in the mineral composition, solubility and purities compared with natural solar salt.

Brine shrimp bioassay를 이용한 생약의 생리활성 검색 및 보풀의 성분연구

박은정 서울大學校 大學院 1992 국내석사