고려엉겅퀴의 항산화 및 간 보호활성과 Syringin의 분리

이성현 강원대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

The antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity were investigated by Cirsium setidens Nakai(C. setidens). DPPH scavenging activity of crude extract was measured at the root (IC50, 88.22 ㎍/mL) and the leaf (IC50, 111.19 ㎍/mL) in ethanol extract, and the flower(IC50, 53.27 ㎍/mL), the boiled leaf (IC50, 75.84 ㎍/mL )and the stem (IC50, 257.48 ㎍/mL) in water extracts, respectively. The roots and the leaves of C. setidens were extracted with ethanol (EtOH), and the concentrated extract was partitioned with Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) and water (H2O). The n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction of leaves and roots of C. setidens had higher 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than other soluble fractions. The n-BuOH fraction of C. setidens roots had significant hepatoprotective activity at a dose of 500 mg/kg compared with that of a standard agent. The biochemical results were confirmed by histological observations indicating that C. setidens extract decreased ballooning degeneration in response to CCl4 treatment. The n-BuOH fraction reduced CCl4-induced liver injury in rats, and transcript levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPO1), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPO3) and superoxide dismutase (SOD1), and metabolism enzyme such as Cyp2E1 were elevated in the livers of rats treated with this fraction (500 mg/kg). Based on these results, we suggest that the C. setidens extract is hepatoprotective effect related to its antioxidant activity. From the n-BuOH fraction, one lignan component was isolated through the following MCI gel, silica gel, and RP-18 gel column chromatographies. According to the results of physicochemical data, the chemical structure of the compound was identified called syringin which is the first to be isolated from C. setidens.

지점-불빛 기법이 적용된 동작관찰훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 근 활성도, 근 협응, 상지 기능 및 일상생활활동에 미치는 영향 : 무작위 대조연구

이성현 청주대학교 보건의료대학원 2024 국내석사

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자들을 대상으로 지점-불빛 기법이 적용된 동작관찰훈련이 대상자의 근 활성도, 근 협응, 상지 기능 및 일상생활활동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자 32명을 대상으로 한 무작위 대조 연구 형태 중 두 그룹 사전·사후 설계로, 실험군(지점-불빛 기법이 적용된 동작관찰훈련군, n=16)과 대조군(기존의 전통적인 동작관찰훈련군, n=16)으로 분류하였다. 중재 프로그램은 모든 대상자에게 4주간 1회당 30분씩, 주 5회 실시하였다. 상지 기능의 변화를 평가하기 위해 FMA-UE, ARAT, BBT를, 일상생활 수행능력의 변화를 평가하기 위해 K-MBI, MAL를, 마지막으로 근 활성도 및 근 협응의 측정은 sEMG를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 두 그룹 모두 중재 전·후 점수 비교에서 FMA-UE, ARAT, BBT와 K-MBI, MAL에서 통계학적으로 유의한 향상이 나타났다(p<.05). 또한 sEMG를 통한 %RVC 값에서도 실험군과 대조군 모두 Anterior Deltoid 와 Triceps Brachii 항목 모두에서 유의한 향상이 나타났다(p<.05). 중재 후 두 그룹 간 점수 변화량 비교에서는 대조군 대비 실험군이 FMA-UE, ARAT, BBT와 K-MBI, MAL에서 유의미한 더 큰 향상이 확인되었다(p<.05). CCR값을 산출한 결과 실험군은 어깨 및 팔꿈치 관절의 동작 모두에서 긍정적인 변화가 나타났으며, 대조군의 경우 어깨 및 팔꿈치 관절의 동작 모두에서 긍정적인 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 지점-불빛 기법이 적용된 동작관찰훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 근 활성도, 근 협응, 상지 기능 및 일상생활활동 향상에 효과가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 기존의 전통적인 동작관찰훈련보다 지점-불빛 기법이 적용된 동작관찰훈련이 근 활성도, 근 협응, 상지 기능 및 일상 생활활동에 더욱 효과적이었다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. This Study was Conducted to Investigate the Effects of Action Observation Training using the Point-Light Technique on Stroke Patients on Their Muscle Activity, Muscle Coordination, Upper Extremity Function, and Activities of Daily Living. This Study was a Two-Group Pretest/Posttest Design in the Form of a Randomized Controlled Study Targeting 32 Stroke Patients, with an Experimental Group(Action Observation Training Group using Point-Light Technique, n=16) and Control Group(Traditional Action Observation Training Group, n=16). The Intervention Program was Implemented for all Subjects, 5 times a Week for 30 minutes each time for 4 Weeks. FMA-UE, ARAT, and BBT were used to Evaluate Changes in Daily Living Performance; and Finally, sEMG was used to Measure Muscle Activity and Muscle Coordination. As a Result of the Study, both Groups showed Statistically Significant Improvements in FMA-UE, ARAT, BBT, K-MBI, and MAL, when Comparing pre-post Intervention Scores(p<.05). In addition, the %RVC value through sEMG showed significant improvement in both the Anterior Deltoid and Triceps Brachii items in both the Experimental and Control Groups(p<.05). In Comparing the change in Scores between the Two Groups after the Intervention, Significantly greater improvements were confirmed in FMA-UE, ARAT, BBT, K-MBI, and MAL in the experimental Group compared to the Control Group(p<.05). As a Result of Calculating the CCR value, the Experimental Group showed Positive Changes in both Shoulder and Elbow joint Movements, while the Control Group showed no positive changes in both Shoulder and Elbow joint Movements. The Results of this study showed that Action Observation Training using the Point-Light Technique was effective in improving Muscle Activity, Muscle Coordination, Upper Extremity Function, and Activities of Daily Living in Stroke Patients, and was more Effective than Traditional Action Observation Training. It was confirmed that Action Observation Training using the Point-Light Technique was more Effective in Muscle Activity, Muscle Coordination, Upper Extremity Function, and Activities.

자기표현훈련이 소극적인 아동의 자기개념 형성 및 사회성에 미치는 효과

이성현 한국교원대학교 1997 국내석사

六朝美文 硏究 : 실용성과 심미성의 융합을 중심으로

이성현 延世大學校 大學院 2020 국내박사

본 논문은 六朝美文의 다양한 문체와 작품에서 드러나는 六朝 특유의 문학적 특징에 대하여 그 실용성과 심미성을 고찰한 것이다. 본고에서는 󰡔文選󰡕의 문체 분류를 기준으로 삼아 문체 범주를 최소화하고, 해당 작품을 통해 六朝美文의 독특한 문학적 가치를 고찰하고자 하였다. 먼저 2장에서는 駢文이 六朝시대에 어떻게 美文으로 발전하였는지를 관찰했다. 六朝駢文이 六朝시대에 발생한 새로운 글쓰기 양식이었다면, 六朝美文은 당시 사람들이 駢文을 더욱 미학적, 문학적으로 발전시킨 다양한 ‘文’에 대한 표출이었다. 六朝 문인들은 대개 寒門 출신으로서 그들이 정치적, 사회적 권력을 획득할 수 있는 수단은 바로 문학적 재능―‘文’이었다. 이 새로운 문화적 자본을 바탕으로 전례없는 새로운 문학적 창작 정신을 표출해낸 것이 바로 六朝美文이었다. 六朝시대의 여러 문학 창작론을 보면 각각의 개인이 예리한 감각에 대한 훈련과 학습을 통해 ‘文’을 획득하고, 지배할 수 있다는 인식을 하게 되었다. 그들은 ‘文’의 군주로써 문학 세계에 군림하고자 욕망하였고, 이것의 구체적인 표현이 六朝美文이었음을 고찰하였다. 3장부터는 각 문체별로 대표 작품을 선정하여 논한 것이다. 대표적으로 七, 冊, 牋, 論, 序, 書를 중심으로 다루었고, 六朝 특유의 문학적 가치를 드러내는 데 주목하였다. 똑같은 書ㆍ序文 장르라고 해서 모든 작품에 예술적인 형상이 보인다고 할 수 없다. 당시에는 보편적인 형식, 즉 四六ㆍ對偶ㆍ典故와 같은 예술형식은 문인들 모두가 추구하던 것이었지만, 중요한 것은 이러한 형식에 감춰진 창작 과정과 내용의 구성 방식을 통해 작자가 어떻게 표현하는가와 그로 인해 무엇이 형상화되는가에 이르는, 보다 내재적인 원리와 특수한 가치를 발견하는 것이다. 그에 따라 ‘七’에서는 南朝 시대의 七體 작품들을 다루었고, ‘冊’은 潘勖의 「冊魏公九錫文」을, ‘牋’에서는 謝朓의 「拜中軍記室辭隨王牋」을, ‘論’에서는 劉孝標의 「廣絶交論」, ‘序’에서는 徐陵의 「玉臺新詠序」, ‘書’에서는 庾信의 「爲梁上黃侯世子與婦書」에 대하여 구체적으로 논하였다. ‘書’를 맨 마지막에 배치한 것은 六朝美文의 종합적 가치를 재평가하기 위해서이다. 마지막 ‘書’에서는 庾信의 「爲梁上黃侯世子與婦書」에 관한 분석을 통하여 본고에서 다루었던 주제들을 六朝문인들의 美文 창작정신이라는 관점에서 총괄하여 논했다. ‘詩言志’로 대표되는 전통 창작론에서 ‘文’은 장식없이 자연스러운 감정의 표현, 즉 작자 자신의 표현이었다. 그러나 南朝시대에는 ‘대필’ 문서가 다양하게 발생했다. 表ㆍ奏같은 공문서의 대필뿐만 아니라 아내에게 보내는 연애편지까지 대필을 하였고 아름답다고 칭찬을 받는다. 또한 많은 작가들은 주위 사람들의 의견에 따라 자신의 시문을 고치기도 했다. 전통적 논법에 따라 ‘文’이 작자의 내면세계의 외재적 표현이라고 한다면, 어떻게 타인의 의견을 듣고 문자를 고치거나 대필하는 행위가 허용될 수 있을까? 그러나 六朝 문인들은 어떤 보편적 아름다움을 가진 문학을 만들어 낼 수 있다는 생각을 가지게 되었다. 즉 작가의 예리한 감각과 뛰어난 상상력은 타인의 감정을 수용해 자기화할 수 있으며, 타인을 통해서도 풍부한 감수성을 드러낼 수 있다고 생각했다. 그들은 자신의 감정을 표현하는 데에 있어 타인의 문장을 얼마든지 자유자재로 활용할 수 있었다. 이것은 학습과 감각의 단련을 통하여, 작가의 효과적인 통제에 의하여 미적인 ‘文’으로 만들 수 있다는 새로운 창작 정신의 발전이었다. 이를 통해 우리는 六朝 문인들이 ‘文’의 군주를 욕망하였음을 발견하게 된다. This thesis is a study of historical evolvement and aesthetic feelings of parallel prose in Six Dynasties. There has been a lot of research on parallel prose in Six Dynasties to this day, but there has been no specific analysis of it. We won't be able to put back the fallen flowers now. The most important thing is to experience and realize the beauty of the former fresh leaves, the blooming flowers, the falling flowers, the beauty of them on their own. In Chapter 2, I described how practical literary works have changed beautifully. At that time, writers expressed their aesthetic creative spirit through various forms(四六, 對偶, 聲律, 典故, 鍊字). The beauty of the creative spirit, which seeks to write in the so-called aesthetic style of ‘Si Liu Pian Li(四六駢儷)’, is implicit in medieval belles lettres. In Chapter 3, I discussed the style of ‘Qi(七)’ which is unfamiliar to us. Beginning with Cao Zhi(曹植), ‘Qi’ shows the characteristics associated with politics, and furthermore, it is the characteristic of Qi’s work that the writer portrays these political contents in literary. We could see in these complex works that the benefactor was described as mentally handicapped, and as soon as he heard the story of a peaceful world ruled by a great monarch, he went out to take on the government post, realizing that his ‘disease’ had certainly healed, which he had not been able to sense taste or hear. Chapter 4 is a study on Jiu Xi Wen(九錫文) in the Six Dynasties. Jiu Xi Wen(九錫文) was only begun in the article Zhang Song’s article(張竦, 「稱莽功德」) written for in Han Dynasties. Pan Xu(潘勖) wrote a ce wei gong jiu xi wen(冊魏公九錫文) based on this article, its archaic tone and form became the epitome of later generations. While referring to Pan Xu's writings, the authors of Jiu Xi Wen, went through creative imitation with the times, leading to development. Not only did it stop at imitating the archaic and foregoing tone seen in the scriptures, but went a step further and began to find the philosophical basis for Jiu Xi in Zhou Yi(周易). In this paper, we are going to attempt a literary consideration of Jiu Xi Wen, and study its philosophical foundation. Chapter 5 is Research on artistic characteristics of Parallel Prose and Xie Tiao’s(謝朓) The letter to Xiao Zi Long(隨王: 蕭子隆)(「拜中軍記室辭隨王牋」) This chapter mainly analyzes the genre of Jian(牋). In particular, Xie Tiao’s work is famous for expressing outstanding literary character at that time. But it is true that his research on prose is still lacking. His work shows the political character of the time, while also showing the aspects of succession and development in literary history. In this paper, the literary features of Xie Tiao’s works are analyzed, and the comparison with other writers of the contemporary period is attempted from a comparative literary perspective. In Chapter 6, I studied Liu Xiao Biao(劉孝標)’s Lun(論) genre. His “Guang Jue Jiao Lun(「廣絶交論」)” offers an interesting satire from the view of historical facts and literary amusement. For him, the only source of association is the evils. True association has long ended in the age of saint, and today’s association is only about profit. He shows strong satire and jeers about the real world, like the phrase, “Thick your arms and lick your hemorrhoids.” Such satire is combined with the death of Ren Fang(任昉), and mourning the destitute situation of the juniors, resulting in an exquisite tension by the combination of historical facts and a humorous paper. This was the literary amusement shown in the work, whether or not Liu Xiao Biao intended it to be. Chapter 7 is Research on artistic characteristics of Xu Ling’s Preface to Yutai Xinyong(玉臺新詠). In chapter 7 I mainly studied of stylistic analysis of the genre of Xu(序). In particular, Xu Ling’s work was to show some unique characteristics that were different from the past. But it is true that his research on prose is still lacking. There is a lot of research on Yutai Xinyong, but very little about Xu Ling’s Preface to Yutai Xinyong. In this paper, the literary features of Xu Ling’s works are analyzed, and his writings give us a glimpse of the delicate depiction of women. This is a literary description of time and space, it leads us from the real world to the ambiguous world. Finally, Chapter 8 is a study of artistic characteristics of Parallel Prose and Yu Xin’s The letter to xiao que’s(蕭慤) wife(「爲梁上黃侯世子與婦書」) in the Six Dynasties. The features in the Yu Xin’s letter in particular, lingering charm(音韻)ㆍliterary quotation(典故)ㆍantithetical parallelism(對偶), has important values. Yu Xin’s letter has been read as an erotic work, but I will do some reinterpretation on this letter. In conclusion, Yu Xin’s letter expresses the longing for his hometown, this has not yet been addressed, it is necessary to continue research on this subject. In China, Parallel prose(駢文) was the most beautiful flower of the Six Dynasties and it was found not only in pure literary genres like poetry but also in practical style. Of course, Of course we could certainly see the flower in a number of genres other than 七ㆍ冊ㆍ牋ㆍ論ㆍ序ㆍ書 that this paper dealt with. However, based on Wen Xuan(󰡔文選󰡕)’s stylistic classification, this paper minimized the category mainly through its readers' distinctions, and considered the maximum specific value in the works that could observe the special literary characteristics of the style in question.

또래지도 전략이 독해학습장애아의 독해력 및 자아개념에 미치는 효과

이성현 대구대학교 1998 국내박사

The purpose of this study was to implement peer tutoring strategies to teach students with reading comprehension learning disabilities(RCLD) who experience learning and emotional problems due to their learning disabilities. This study examined the effects of the peer tutoring strategies on reading comprehension and self-concept of tutees and tutors, and analyzed and compared differences in the four peer tutoring strategies. The four peer tutoring strategies implementedin this study were (1) regular same-age peer tutoring(RS), (2) regular cross-age peer tutoring(RC), (3) reading comprehension learning disabilities same-age peer tutoring(LS), (4) reading comprehension learning disabilities cross-age peer tutoring(LC). By comparing and analyzing the effects in implementing the peer tutoring strategies, this study attempted to examine the effective strategies that contributed to improving tutee's reading comprehension and self-cocept, This study also examined the effects on the reading comprehension and self-concept for those students with RCLD who participated as tutors. The subjects of the study were recruited from ten elementary schools in the Pusan metropolitan city in Korea. The tutees were 40 students with RCLD recruited from the fourth grade, and the tutors were 10 fouth graders from regular classes, 10 fouth graders with RCLD, 10 sixth graders from regular classes, and 10 sixth graders with RCLD After having five pre-training sessions run by special education teachers(special education teacher whose students participated in the study), the tutors ran their peer tutoring sessions with the tutees. Peer tutoring sessions were conducted for 30 minutes for each session four times a week, totaling to twenty sessions for five weeks. The content of the peer tutoring training program to improve reading comprehension was adapted from Korea language textbooks for tourth graders with elaboration strategies. The results of intervention are as follow: First, the different peer tutoring strategies showed differences in improvement in the tutees' reading comprehension. The cross-age peer tutoring was more effective than the same-age peer tutoring in reading comprehension. Also the regular peer tutoring showed more improvement in reading comprehension than the peer tutoring by the students with RCLD. Therefore it is desirable to place academically advanced and older students for peer tutoring to promote cognitive improvement of tutees. Secondly, there were no differences among the peer tutoring strategies in terms of improvement of self-concept of the tutees. This suggests that ability and age of tutors may not be that important in tutee' definitional improvement. However, compared to the performance on pre-test, each group showed improvement in self-concept in the post-test. Therefore the peer tutoring had a positive impact on definitional improvement of the tutees. Thirdly, the application of peer tutoring contributed significantly to improvement of reading comprehesion of the students who participated as tutors. This implies that the students with RCLD who participated as totors showed significant cognitive improvement through the experiences as the tutors im implementing the peer tutoring strategies. Fourthly, the implementation of the peer tutoring strategies showed significant effects in improvement in self-concept for those with RCLD who participated as tutors. This implies that the students with RCLD who participated as tutors in implementation of the peer tutoring strategies made emotional improvement through the experiences as tutors. In summary, the peer tutoring for students with RCLD was an effective strategy for both tutors and tutees in terms of making cognitive and emotional improvement, In particular, to make the peer tutoring effective for tutees' cognitive improvement, age and ability of tutors need to be considered.

Fuzzy System을 이용한 로터리 신호운용 개선 방안

이성현 울산대학교 대학원 2009 국내석사

도시가 커지고, 차량보급이 1가구 1대 이상으로 이루어진 지금 교차로나 로터리에서 차량의 원활한 통행은 교통문제를 다루는 현안의 중요한 화두이다. 이러한 원활한 소통은 차량의 통행량을 고려한 신호의 운용을 통해서 이루어질 수 있으며, 이러한 신호의 운용을 제시하기 위하여 이전부터 퍼지이론을 이용한 연구가 많이 되었다. 이러한 연구는 대부분 교차로에서의 신호운용에 초점이 맞추어져 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 반면에 로터리라는 특수한 형태의 도로형태에서는 신호를 도입하지 않은 상태로 운용이 되었다가 1960년대부터 신호등을 설치하여 신호 중심으로 운용하는 방안의 연구가 이루어지기 시작하였다. 하지만 이러한 연구는 로터리 내부의 자동차통행량을 고려하지 않고 고정된 시간의 신호주기를 이용하여 운용하는 한계가 있었다. 최근 진행되고 있는 울산의 지능형 교통시스템 구축의 한 사례로 울산의 로터리에 신호등을 설치하여 운용하기 시작하였다. 고정된 시간의 신호주기를 주는 대신에 가변적인 신호 주기를 주지만, 이는 자동차통행량의 통계를 바탕으로 고정된 시간을 날짜 별, 시간 별로 달리 줌으로써 신호등을 동작시켰다. 이는 로터리의 상습 정체 및 사고를 많이 줄였으나, 여전히 출·퇴근시간의 차량 정체는 해결하지 못했다. 이 논문은 복잡한 로터리 내부 신호체계를 정체상황과 미정체상황에 따라 신호체계를 달리 운용함으로써 혼잡 시 발생하는 로터리 내부 정체 문제를 해결하기 위한 방법을 제시한다. 퍼지 시스템을 통해 정체를 판단하고, 정체 시에는 현 신호운용을 정체모드의 새로운 신호운용으로 바꾸어 정체 문제를 해결하고, 정체가 풀렸는지 판단한 후 다시 정상모드의 신호운용으로 바꾸어 운영하여 교통경찰의 수동조작을 자동화 할 수 있는 효과를 거둘 수 있다. 퍼지 시스템을 구현하기 위하여 MatLab소프트웨어 툴을 이용하여 정체신호(Congestion Signal), 확장신호(Extend Signal)를 추론하여 도출하였고, 이러한 신호를 바탕으로 정상모드의 신호운용과 정체모드의 신호운용을 혼용할 수 있는 신호등 제어기를 구성하여 각 신호 별로 신호 운용이 잘 되는지 검증하였다. The city becomes larger, and as the vehicle supply is gentle by any means 1 household 1 or more, the transit which the vehicle is smooth from the crossroads or the rotary is the subject which the pending question which treats a traffic problem is important. Like this smooth transit was given by operating traffic light sequence considering the amount of cars which is being passed. And the operation of the traffic light sequence has many studied using Fuzzy logic. These researches was focused to crossroad’s traffic light sequence operation. On the other hand the research of roundabout’s traffic controlling was inactive and behavior of roundabout’s traffic control had not used traffic control system. The research about the use traffic control in roundabouts had started at 1960’s. But it was not considered the use of Fuzzy theory just use of fixed traffic signal times. Recently The city of Ulsan has operated the intelligent traffic light control at some roundabouts in instance of Intelligent style traffic system construction. These traffic system obtained a result of reducing frequent congestion and accidence, but still remained the problem of congestion at the rush-hours. This dissertation presents a solution which solve the rotary inner congestion that occurs at rush-hours by applying variable traffic sequence according to traffic situation. The Roundabout’s Traffic Light Controller(RTLC) judges the congestion of rotary inner through Fuzzy System, changes the traffic control sequence according to modes that is congestion and normal and extend mode, obtains a result of automation of manipulate the controller instead of human being’s manually operation. This study used the Matlab software to implement Fuzzy System that inference the congestion signal and extend signal and congestion and implemented the RTLC verified the operation of RTLC with the congestion and extend signals.

수치해석 및 수리모형실험을 통한 자연형 어도의 어류서식처 평가

이성현 공주대학교 대학원 2011 국내석사

Due to recent rise of new paradigm, natural environment preservation, a bond of sympathy on necessity of preservation and improvement of river environment has been formed, and attempts to preserve and restore the inhabitation spaces of river ecosystem which is comfortable and closed to nature have been increased. To restore the ecosystem through securement of diversity of fish types, the regular paths for fish have been constructed and operated, but most fishways, installed in small and middle size rivers, were selected without enough research reviews on the functions. Thus, when selecting the fishway, not only optimum flow calculation considering fish physical habitat but method that can improve the Weighted Usable Area (WUA), which is habitat in actual hydrological condition and inducement of various habitat simulation technologies to evaluate WUA should be required. To analyze the hydraulic characteristics of close-to natural fish way, this study conducted hydraulic model experiments and 2-dimension numeric analysis (River 2D) about close-to natural fishway currently being installed in a right side of Buyeo weir. Also, for Zacco platypus which is a dominant species, to evaluate the fish habitat of close-to natural fishway, an WUA was calculated under ordinary water discharge condition, and to improve the WUA, pool of close-to natural fishway was changed artificially to review the condition that fish habitat can be improved, and followings show the research results. From analysis on hydraulic characteristics of close-to natural fishway, water depth distribution in the close-to natural fishway was minimum 0.31m to maximum 1.14m, and water depth from close-to natural fishway inlet to outlet was 1.52 EL.m ∼ 4.26 EL.m, and also flow velocity was minimum 0.12m/sec and maximum 0.54m/sec. WUAs meaning that physical habitat and activity region of Zacco platypus were calculated in two growth stages; adult and spawning. WUA in adult was 195.39m2, and spawning was 334.47m2. To improve the WUA for each growth stage of Zacco platypus, artificial changes on close-to natural fishway (Increase of pool lateral distance: 1m ∼ 5m) were applied and WUAs were calculated. When there was no artificial changes on the pool, the biggest WUA value, 195.39m2, was calculated, and in case of spawning, when lateral distance of pool was increased by 1m, maximum WUA was calculated, 352.33m2. From analysis results on improvement conditions of WUA, increasing rate of WUA vs. entire area was maximum when condition that there was no change on lateral distance of pool for adult, and when lateral distance of pool was increased by 1m for spawning. Thus, it is judged that these conditions are advantageous to improve the habitat and activity region of Zacco platypus.

남해 고려대장경 추정판각지의 공간에 대한 연구

이성현 경상대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

The Tripitaka Koreana(高麗大藏經) is a collection of Tripitaka completed in 1251, 38th year of King Gojong’s reign in the Goryeo Period. The collection was created by a temporary government offices established for the very purpose, which were called Dogam(都監), which completed the collection 16 years after its foundation in 1236, 23rd year of King Gojong’s reign, after the First Edition of Tripitaka Koreana(初雕大藏經) was lost to fire in 1232, 19th year of King Gojong’s reign, during the Mongolian invasion of Goryeo. The Tripitaka Koreana has been the subject of in-depth studies in a wide range of areas as early as the early 20th century. However, the engraving of the collection is largely shrouded in mystery except for the accounts in a handful of literature including an imprint(刊記) and Goryeosa(高麗史) that it was engraved at Daejangdogam(大藏都監) and Bunsa Daejangdogam(分司大藏都監). Even today, various discussions are ongoing as to the facts behind its engraving. Namhae is the only place identified as the site of a Bunsa Daejangdogam, as indicated by the phrase at the end of Volume 27 of Jonggyeonglog(宗鏡錄) for the Tripitaka Koreana, “丁未歲高麗國分司南海大藏都監開板.” Dogam is a temporary office established to preside over the state’s important matters. Depending on the nature of the matter at hand, Dogam could exert significant authority. For this reason, the creation of the Tripitaka Koreana seems to have been a project of national importance led by the king, and Bunsa Daejangdogam seems to have been a public administration body designed for organizational and systemic operation. Starting in 2000, numerous archaeological surveys were conducted in Namhae to locate the engraving site of the Tripitaka Koreana, which resulted in the discovery of various sites in Gohyeon-myeon and other areas developed or maintained during the engraving of the collection. Among those sites, this study analyzes the building structures and excavated artifacts from three sites presumed to be inter-related in terms of building construction and operation, as evidenced by the same engraved roof tiles excavated from the sites. As for the Former Gwandangseongji Site(傳 官堂城址), curved celadon bowls with halo designs(haemurigubwan) and Hampyeongwonbo(咸平元寶) coins were excavated, which indicate the construction of a government office building at the site between the late 10th century and the first half of the 11th century. An analysis of the excavated artifacts suggests that the building survived the 12th and 13th centuries and lasted until the 14th century. Judging from the high-end objects and high-quality celadons excavated from the site, the building seems to have been managed by high-class individuals. The roof tiles engraved with the letter “官”(meaning government or public office) allow for a presumption that the structure was a government office building built with government-supplied roof tiles or a public building controlled by the government. The Former Gwandangseongji Site is the only site in Gohyeon-myeon and the surrounding areas where the “官” roof tiles were excavated. Given the fact that Bunsa Daejangdogam is an administrative body tasked with the national project of the engraving of the Tripitaka, and the word Gwangdang(官堂) means a government office building, the site is presumed to have hosted a Bunsa Daejangdogam building. The Former Seonwonsaji Site(傳 仙源寺址) consists of four terraces. Terrace B had a garden with a pond, which shows a characteristic of a Byeolso buidling(別墅, a type of vacation home). Terrace C had a wide empty lot, with the building occupying only a minimal area. The lot seems to have been used for special tasks. Terrace D had corridor-style buildings arranged to form a square. The square layout is frequently found in the residents of high-class aristocrats in major administrative areas including the royal capital of Goryeo. Building D-1, which is also a corridor-style building, shows characteristics of buildings built for banquets and other occasions at a public building such as a royal palace or a government office, or a resident of aristocrats. However, unlike other aristocratic residents in Goryeo, the Former Seonwonsaji Site has a straight road across Terraces B to D, along with a large empty lot on Terrace C. The road is clearly distinguished from walking paths; it seems to have been created for carriages and later remodeled for special tasks. Therefore, the buildings at the site seem to have been originally used as a vacation home for high-class individuals, before they were partially remodeled for tasks related with the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana. The site’s structural characteristics are consistent with the account in Bogakguksabicheop(普覺國師碑銘) written by Ilyeon, according to whom “Jeongan(鄭晏) founded the Jeongnimsa Temple by remodeling his own residence(Byeolseo) in Namhae.” As for the Former Bangnyeonamji Site(傳 白蓮庵址), which formerly hosted a Buddhist hermitage(因法堂) called “Bangneyonam,” a large amount of roof tiles engraved with the phrase “長命願施納銀甁一口李台瑞/朴富○” were excavated. The phrase mentions “Eunbyeong(銀甁),” which refers to high-quality coins used exclusively by Goryeo’s aristocracy or for inter-state transactions. The coins seem to have been donated by an individual affiliated with the central aristocracy of Goryeo or a local leader. The hermitage is presumed to have been built in the 11th century, followed by a major renovation between the 12th and the 13th century when the engraved roof tiles were made. In addition, roof-end tiles(maksae) with sun beam designs(日暉文) were excavated from the last two sites. The tiles excavated from the two sites had identical shapes and sizes. In general, roof-end tiles with sun beam designs are closely related to government-sponsored buildings such as royal palaces and temples. It is reported that these roof-end tiles are likely to have been created by craftsmen under the direct management of the government. Then, if the Former Jeonwonsaji Site can be presumed to be a former site for the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana during Goryeo’s struggle against the Mongol invaders, the buildings at the former Baengnyeonamji Site can be presumed to have gone through a major remodeling for tasks related to the engraving. Lastly, based on an estimated coastline of the area in the Goryeo Period, this study presumed that the engraving sites were located at elevations between 10 and 20 meters above sea level. In addition, it is likely that ships could access areas as high as around 10 meters above sea level through the Gwaneumpo Port. Then, four possible docking spots were estimated through a terrain analysis: Tapdongmaeul Village, Nalkkeut Village, Cheondongmaeul Village, and Posangmaeul Village. Based on the estimation, it is presumed that the wooden boards transported through Cheondongmaeul Village and Posangmaeul Village were processed into woodblocks suitable for engraving in Posangmaeul Village, and then delivered to the Former Seonwonsaji Site. This study confirmed that the area in and around Gohyeon-myeon, Namhae was used for the engraving the Tripitaka Koreana. This study also speculates that Namhae hosted a number of organically inter-connected sites for the engraving of the Tripitaka Koreana, including the Bunsa Daejangdogam(in the Former Gwandangseongji Site), a government office presiding over the administrative affairs for the engraving, the crafting sites (in the Former Seonwonsaji Site) and related facilities(in the Former Baengnyeonamji Site), docking areas for the transportation of the required materials(Tapdongmaeul Village, Nalkkeut Village, Cheondongmaeul Village, and Posangmaeul Village), and facilities offering administrative support (Seongsanseong Fortress).

현대 중국어 합성어 리듬의 실험음성학적 연구

이성현 이화여자대학교 대학원 2004 국내석사

본 연구는 현대 중국어 합성어를 발화할 때에 일정한 리듬패턴으로 발화된다는 전제하에 실험음성학적 방법으로 2음절 합성어와 3음절 합성어 그리고 4음절 합성어의 리듬패턴을 규명하였다. 합성어를 음절수에 따라 2음절 합성어, 3음절 합성어, 4음절 합성어로 분류하였으며, 다시 조합구조에 따라 1:1격식으로 조합하는 2음절 합성어와 1:2격식, 2:1격식, 1:1:1격식으로 조합하는 3음절 합성어, 그리고 3:1격식, 2:2격식, 1:3격식, 1:1:1:1격식으로 조합하는 4음절 합성어로 나누어 연구를 진행하였다. 합성어의 리듬을 객관적으로 실험하기 위해서 동일한 서술문에서 음길이와 음세기를 분석하였으며, 중국인 화자와 한국인 화자의 발음을 실험음성학적으로 비교·분석하였다. 중국인 화자의 실험에서는 각 조합격식에 따른 합성어의 리듬을 확인하였고, 한국인 화자의 실험에서는 중국인 화자의 리듬패턴을 표준으로 하여 한국인 화자의 발화양상을 비교하고 그 차이점을 알아보는데 중점을 두어 살펴보았다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국인 화자의 경우, 2음절 합성어는 "약강:(○●:)"형의 리듬패턴으로 발화하며, 3음절 합성어는 격식에 따라 달리 나타났는데, 1:2격식은 "약중강:(○◎●:)", 2:1격식은 "강약중:(●○●:)", 1:1:1격식은 "약강중:(○●◎:)"형의 리듬패턴으로 발화하였다. 4음절 합성어 역시 격식에 따라 조금씩 달랐는데, 3:1격식은 "약중중강:(○◎⊙●:)", 2:2격식은 "약중중강(○⊙◎●:)", 1:3격식은 "중강중약(◎●◎○:)", 1:1:1:1격식은 "약중중강(○◎⊙●:)"형의 리듬패턴으로 발화하였다. 한편 한국인 화자의 경우, 2음절 합성어는 중국인 화자와 동일하고 1:2격식의 3음절 합성어는 "중:약강(◎:○●)", 2:1격식 3음절 합성어는 "강중약:(●◎○:)", 1:1:1격식의 3음절 합성어는 중국인의 2:1격식과 동일한 "강약중:(●○●:)"형의 리듬패턴으로 발화했다. 또 3:1격식의 4음절 합성어는 "강약중중:(●○◎◎:)", 2:2격식의 4음절 합성어는 "중중약강:(◎◎○●:)", 1:3격식은 "중강약중:(◎●○◎:)", 1:1:1:1격식은 "중:약중강:(◎:○⊙●:)"형의 리듬패턴으로 발화하였다. 둘째, 중국인 화자는 모든 합성어를 발화할 때, 마지막 음절을 가장 길게 발화하였다. 셋째, 중국인 화자는 합성어에서 뒤에 놓인 음절 쪽에 강세를 주는 경향이 강하다. 넷째, 한국인 화자는 합성어에서 앞에 놓인 음절을 강하게 발음하는 경향이 많이 나타났고, 중국인 화자에 비해 첫음절을 강하게 발음하는 양상을 보였다. 이는 모국어인 한국어 리듬패턴에서 받은 영향 때문이라고 여겨진다. 이상의 결과로 본고는 한국에서 중국어를 학습하는 학생들에게 현대 중국어 합성어 리듬에 대한 이해와 더불어 발음학습에 개선점을 제공한다는 교육적인 의의를 가진다. 또한 앞으로 한국인을 대상으로 한 현대 중국어 합성어 리듬에 기본적인 틀을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대한다. 本論文主要考察了現代漢語合成詞的發音節奏。實驗資料是日常生活中常見的二音節, 三音節, 四音節合成詞。本文根据詞的組合結構選擇1:1格式的二音節合成詞, 1:2, 2:1, 1:1:1格式的三音節合成詞, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, 1:1:1:1格式的四音節合成詞, 共八介類型四十介詞匯, 將這些合成詞放在一定的陳述句中細致分析了各類合成詞的音長和音强, 考察了中國人和韓國人在漢語合成詞發音節奏上的差異。 通過實驗, 進一步確認了中國人在合成詞發音上的節奏特点, 還조出了韓國人和中國人在發音節奏上的差異。實驗結果表明, 第一, 中國人具有如下的節奏類型。1:1格式的二音節合成詞是"弱强:(○●:)"型。1:2格式的三音節合成詞是"弱中强:(○◎●:)"型, 2:1格式是"强弱中:(●○●:)"型, 1:1:1格式是"弱强中:(○●◎:)"型。3:1格式的四音節合成詞是"弱中中强:(○◎⊙●:)"型, 2:2格式是"弱中中强(○⊙◎●:)"型, 1:3格式是"中强中弱:(◎●◎○:)"型, 1:1:1:1格式是"弱中中强:(○◎⊙●:)"型。韓國人具有如下的節奏類型。1:1格式的二音節合成詞근中國人的節奏類型相同。1:2格式的三音節合成詞是"中:强弱(◎:○●)"型, 2:1格式是"强中弱:(●◎○:)"型, 1:1:1格式是"强弱中:(●○●:)"型。3:1格式的四音節合成詞是"强弱中中:(●○◎◎:)"型, 2:2格式是"中中弱强:(◎◎○●:)"型, 1:3格式是"中强弱中:(◎●○◎:)"型, 1:1:1:1格式是"中:弱中强:(◎:○⊙●:")型。 第二, 中國人將最後一介音節念得比較長。 第三, 對中國人的實驗結果表明, 中國人一般將重音放在該合成詞的最後一介音節上。 第四, 對韓國人的實驗結果表明, 韓國人一般將重音放在該合成詞的第一介音節上。在合成詞第一介音節的音强上, 大體上韓國人要比中國人强一些。這可能是因爲韓國人受到母語重音規則的影響所引起的。 綜上所述, 本論文將爲學習漢語的韓國人提供現代漢語合成詞發音節奏方面的語音知識, 這有助于解訣學習漢語發音上的難点問題, 有助于學習者在較短的時間內正確, 有效地掌握漢語。今后還可進一步深入調査中國人和韓國人的發音差異, 具體運用到漢語敎學上, 進一步提高敎學效果。

리더십생활기술 증진이 초등학생들의 기체 개념형성에 미치는 영향

이성현 서울교육대학교 교육전문대학원 2014 국내석사

In this study, in order to investigate the actual conditions of leadership-life skills of elementary school students, test scan tool was utilizes when before and after to apply the science exploration activities in teams. And to promote leadership-life skills for elementary school students, subdivide leadership-life skills into sub-factors, analyzed the science curriculum about gas concept, and then developed and applied the teaching and learning method for using and promoting leadership-life skills. Meanwhile, I have analyzed gas section and pick out the key concepts. And based on the results of this, I have developed and applied the scan tool of pre and post gas concepts. The results from this study are as follows. First, I could check the status and changing patterns of elementary school students′ leadership-life skills. Before applying the exploration activities in teams, leadership life skill mean of the experimental group was higher than control group and showed big individual variation. However, after applying the exploration activities in teams, leadership life skill mean was improved and individual variation was reduced. Second, exploration activities in teams to apply leadership-life skills is effective in promoting the leadership-life skills of elementary school students. This result is consistent with several previous studies. In order to promote leadership-life skills, teachers should provide authentic experiences like using sub-factors of leadership-life skills and improving to students. However, in this study, only the decision-making skills and relationship skills among the sub-factors were improved, unlike the previous study results. Thirdly, promote leadership-life skills to formation of elementary school students′ gas concept with a positive influence. This result means that improve the learning skills of association with others give help to the goal of science education, to properly form the basic concepts of science. Further these skills for association with others will have a positive impact, in curriculum of higher education institutions. In addition, exploration activities in teams to apply leadership-life skills that can be used by teachers to new teaching strategies to be significant in order to achieve efficiently the goal of science class. Fourth, when gas concept learning, exploration activities in teams is having a positive value. Effects of changes in an individual's leadership-life skills score does not affect the gas concept achievement. But groups effect of the change is effective. In other word, learning through social relationships in a group is better than individual, for study gas concept. Therefore, when teacher configure a students′ activities for science learning, considering and utilizing both of the group activity and leadership-life skills sub-factors is effective. 본 연구에서는 초등학교 학생들의 리더십생활기술 실태를 조사하기 위하여 검사도구를 활용하여 리더십생활기술을 활용한 모둠탐구활동 적용 전․후에 리더십생활기술 검사를 각 1회 실시하였다. 또한 초등학교 학생들의 리더십생활기술을 증진시켜주기 위하여 리더십생활기술 구인요인을 세분화하고, 과학 교육과정의 기체 개념에 대한 학습 내용을 분석하여 리더십생활기술 구인요인을 활용하고 증진할 수 있는 모둠탐구활동을 개발하고 적용하였다. 한편, 초등학교 6학년 학생들의 리더십생활기술에 따른 기체 개념형성 변화 정도를 알아보기 위하여 기체 관련 단원을 분석하여 주요 개념을 선정하고, 이에 대한 개념형성 여부를 확인할 수 있는 기체 개념 사전․사후 검사도구를 개발하여 적용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학교 학생들의 리더십생활기술 실태 및 변화 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 모둠탐구활동을 실시하기 이전 실험집단의 리더십생활기술 평균은 통제집단에 비해 높았고, 개인차가 크게 나타났다. 통제집단은 평균은 실험집단에 비해 낮았지만 개인차는 작은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 리더십생활기술을 활용한 모둠탐구활동을 적용한 실험집단은 리더십생활기술 평균이 더욱 향상되었고, 개인차는 줄어든 반면, 일반적인 모둠탐구활동을 적용한 통제집단은 평균은 향상되었으나, 리더십생활기술의 개인차가 더욱 심화된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 리더십생활기술을 활용한 모둠탐구활동이 초등학생들의 리더십생활기술 증진에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 학습의 과정에서 리더십생활기술을 활용해볼 수 있는 경험을 제공하는 것이 초등학교 학생들의 리더십생활기술을 증진시킬 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 여러 선행연구 결과와도 일치하는 것으로 리더십생활기술 증진을 위해서는 실생활이나 학습의 과정에서 리더십생활기술 구인요인들을 사용하고 증진시킬 수 있는 실제적인 경험을 제공해주어야 함을 시사하고 있다. 하지만 본 연구에서는 하위 구성요소 중 의사결정기술과 인간관계기술만이 유의미하게 증진된 것으로 나타나 일부 선행연구와는 다른 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 리더십생활기술 증진이 초등학생들의 올바른 기체 개념형성에 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이는 다른 사람과의 사회적 관계 속에서 공동으로 학습을 수행할 수 있는 사회․정의적 능력을 길러주는 것이 과학교육이 목표로 하는 올바른 과학 개념의 형성에 도움을 준다는 것을 의미한다. 나아가 다른 사람들과 함께 학습할 수 있는 이러한 능력은 초등학교 이후 만나게 되는 고등교육과정의 학습에도 긍정적인 영향을 줄 것이다. 따라서 초등학교의 과학교육에도 리더십 교육 요소를 접목할 필요가 있으며, 리더십생활기술을 활용한 모둠탐구활동은 과학 수업의 효율적인 목표 달성을 위하여 교사가 사용할 수 있는 새로운 교수 전략으로서 의의가 있다. 넷째, 기체 개념학습에서 모둠탐구와 같은 사회적 학습 활동이 지니는 긍정적인 가치를 확인할 수 있었다. 리더십생활기술 점수의 변화가 평균보다 큰 집단과 평균보다 작은 집단으로 나누어 두 집단의 기체 개념형성점수를 비교 했을 때, 두 집단은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 리더십생활기술을 활용한 모둠탐구활동을 적용한 집단과 그렇지 않은 집단 간에는 기체 개념형성점수에 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 이는 개인적인 리더십생활기술의 증진은 집단의 기체 개념형성에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않으며, 소속된 집단의 전반적인 리더십생활기술이 증진될 때 기체 개념형성에 유의미한 효과가 나타남을 의미한다. 즉, 기체 개념에 대한 학습은 개별적으로 이루어지기보다는 집단 속에서 사회적인 관계를 통해 이루어지는 것이 더 좋은 학습 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 따라서 교사들은 학생들의 올바른 과학 개념을 위한 학습 활동을 구성함에 있어 리더십생활기술 구인요인 및 모둠탐구활동을 다양하게 고려하고 활용하는 것이 좋다.