텔레비전 드라마와 문학도서의 상호매체적 미학 연구

김미영 서강대학교 언론대학원 2015 국내석사

Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Phenol-Contaminated Sediment Remediation : Continuous Fe(II) Dosing System

윤성은 부산대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내석사

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) activation of persulfate (PS) has been frequently applied to soils/sediments remediation due to its affordability and its capacity for rapid activation. However, scavenging of sulfate radical by excessive Fe2+ present in the system leads to a reduction of pollutant removal efficiencies when Fe2+ and PS are dosed simultaneously. To address this, a continuous Fe2+ dosing system was developed and applied it to the treatment of contaminated sediments. An initial single Fe2+ dosing experiment was applied to treating a 20% sediment (clay) slurry containing 1.06 mM phenol. After adding a 21.3 mM PS into a phenol contaminated slurry, a total of 50 mL Fe2+ (final concentration of 21.3 mM) was added at once. As a result, the highest phenol removal efficiency was 87% within 30 min. The continuous Fe2+ dosing experiments were then carried out by feeding the same amount of Fe2+ at a rate of 0.83-429 mL/min to investigate the effect of Fe2+ volumetric feeding rate, and by feeding the various Fe2+ concentration (final concentration 4.25-42.5 mM) at a rate of 1.7 mL/min to examine the effect of Fe2+ concentration. These resulted in complete removal of phenol within 30 min, which was equivalent to a pseudo-first-order rate constant of a maximum 3.64 min-1 and this value was 30-fold greater than that obtained in the Fe2+ single injection mode (0.120 min-1). The TOC removal efficiency was analyzed. Also, the effect of pH under the continuous Fe2+ dosing system was evaluated. 2가철 (Fe2+)을 이용한 과황산염 (PS) 활성화는 비교적 저렴한 가격과 신속한 활성화로 인해 토양/퇴적물 복원에 빈번히 적용되고 있다. 그러나 오염물질이 존재하는 시스템에 Fe2+과 PS를 동시에 주입하게 되면 과량의 Fe2+에 의해 황산 라디칼의 스케벤징 반응이 발생하게 되어 오염물질 제거 효율의 저하를 초래한다. 이를 해결하기 위해 2가철 연속주입 시스템을 개발하여 오염된 퇴적토 복원에 적용하였다. Fe2+ 단일 주입 실험은 1.06 mM 페놀을 함유한 20% 퇴적물 (미세토) 슬러리 처리에 적용되었다. 페놀로 오염된 슬러리에 21.3 mM PS를 첨가한 후, 총 50 mL Fe2+ (최종 농도 21.3 mM)를 한 번에 주입하였다. 그 결과 반응 시작 후 30분에 페놀 제거 효율은 87%를 나타냈다. 이어서 Fe2+ 연속 주입 실험은 같은 양의 Fe2+을 0.83-429 mL/min으로 주입하여 Fe2+ 체적 주입속도의 영향을 조사하였고, 다양한 Fe2+ 농도 (최종농도 4.25-42.5 mM)를 1.7 mL/min으로 주입하여 공급되는 Fe2+의 농도 효과를 평가하였다. 그 결과 슬러리상 존재하는 페놀은 30분 이내에 완전히 제거되었으며, 최대 3.64 min-1의 1차 분해속도상수를 나타냈으며, 이 값은 Fe2+ 단일 주입에서 얻은 페놀 분해속도상수 (0.120 min-1)보다 30배 더 높았다. 추가적으로 Fe2+ 연속 주입 시스템 하에서 TOC 제거 효율과 pH의 영향에 대해 평가하였다.

Roles of Dissolved Oragnic Matter in Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Process for Sediment Treatment

조재현 부산대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

In this study, the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) eluted from soil organic matter (SOM) of sediment on persulfate/Fe2+ process was confirmed. DOM was extracted from sediment of the Hyeongsan river using DI water. because Fe2+ concentration non to effect persulfate activation in the extract was below the detection limit, the extract could be named as DOMextract. In experiment to confirm the potential effect of DOMextract on the PS/Fe2+ process, it was found that phenol removal efficiency was improved by over 20% by injecting DOMextract instead of DI water. DOMextract was classified as fulvic acid formed by water-environmental autochthonous microorganisms by analyzing synchronous fluorescence, EEMs, and FRI. ‘Iron quenching’ caused by DOM-iron complexation was confirmed by EEMs and FRI through Fe2+ complexation experiment of DOMextract. DOMextract showed a 54% decrease in FRI at a concentration of 2.12 mM Fe2+ compared to 70~80% decrease in FRI of reference DOM, suggesting that it could form a complex with a higher Fe2+ concentration. To confirm persulfate activation by Fe3+ reduction of DOM, we evaluated phenol removal efficiency by persulfate activation using Fe2+ or Fe3+ in the presence of DOMextract or reference DOM. DOMextract increased the phenol removal efficiency by over 10% in the persulfate/Fe3+ system. The difference in phenol removal efficiency in DOM was compared with the fluorescence index (FI) for each DOM. The higher the FI, the higher the content of quinone groups effecting the reduction of iron, suggesting that DOMextract with a high FI of 1.71 could reduce Fe3+ and effect the persulfate process.

Persulfate-Based Oxidation Process for Bisphenol-A Degradation Using a Slurry Phase Reactor : Fe(II) Injection Method

김재문 부산대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

An advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using persulfate (PS) is widely used to treat hazardous chemicals. Among the persulfate activators, the activation through ferrous iron (Fe2+), a transition metal, is widely applied to remediate sediment contaminated with organic matter due to its relatively low price and eco-friendly characteristics. In this study, the reduction of persulfate activation caused by excessive Fe2+ was prevented and the bisphenol-A degradation efficiency was evaluated through the injection method (single injection, continuous injection) and type of injected Fe2+ in the reactor. In the aqueous phase reactor in which 106 mM Fe2+ was single injected, when Fe2+ and persulfate 10 times more than bisphenol-A were injected, 40% of bisphenol-A was decomposed within 10 minutes and the reaction was terminated. On the other hand, in the case of continuous injection of Fe2+, more than 95% of the bisphenol-A was removed under all conditions 30 minutes after the start of the reaction, showing that continuous injection of Fe2+ is a suitable method for bisphenol-A degradation. When powdered Fe2+ was injected, it was judged that liquid form Fe2+ injection was more reasonable considering the ease of injection because there was no significant difference as a result of injection of liquid Fe2+. Also, continuous injection showed a higher bisphenol-A removal efficiency than single injection in the slurry phase reactor, and the effects of [PS]/[Fe2+] concentration ratio (0/0-4/1) and Fe2+ injection rate (0.044-0.352 mmol/min) were evaluated. Through these results, 20/10-20/1, which can remove more than 90% of bisphenol-A and has no residual persulfate, was selected as an appropriate condition. By measuring the degree of mineralization through TOC, [PS]/[Fe2+]/[BPA] = 20/10/1, 0.044 mmol/min was finally selected as the optimal condition of Fe2+ continuous injection method for bisphenol-A removal in the slurry phase reactor.

역세척수 반송이 응집·침전 공정에 미치는 영향

이민재 부산대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

정수처리공정에서는 일반적으로 회수수가 발생하며 그 회수수를 회수조로 보낸 다음 침전 처리 후 다시 착수정으로 반송시켜 재이용하고 있다. 오늘날의 회수수는 대부분 역세척수로 이루어져있으며, 과거에 비해 역세척수의 수질이 양호하기 때문에 수질분석을 통해 적절한 반송비율과 정수처리 공정 중 응집 및 침전에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 유입원수와 역세척수의 수질 비교 분석, 실제 정수처리시설의 운영자료에 대한 해석, 역세척수 비율 및 응집제 주입 농도 변화에 따른 응집·침전 실험, 침전 처리수의 수질 분석을 하였다. 분석결과 현재 공정운영상 10%이하의 낮은 반송율과 간헐적인 반송은 응집·침전공정에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 역세척수 20 ~ 30% 혼합비율에서 탁도, 잔류알루미늄, DOC, UV254 제거효율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이는 역세척수를 혼합 시 역세척수에 남아있는 Al3+ 및 탁질이 플로형성에 도움을 주어 원수만 처리했을 때 보다 응집제 소비량을 약 30% 절약하는 효과를 나타내었다. 정수처리 시 문제를 야기할 수 있는 용존 망간의 경우 역세척수와 혼합 처리 시 제어가 가능할 정도의 값을 나타내었으며, 과거의 정수처리 가이드라인에서 제시한 10%보다 반송비율을 높여서 운영한다면 원수와 응집제의 소비량을 절약할 수 있고, 추후 응집불량·응집제의 부족 등 특이사항 발생 시 역세척수의 반송율을 일시적으로 증가시켜 응집효과를 상승시킬 수 있을 것이라고 기대된다.

낙동강 퇴적물내 중금속의 거동 및 용출 특성

황경엽 부산대학교 대학원 2008 국내석사

Experimental studies were performed to investigate distribution of heavy metals, effect of sulfur speciation on the leachig potential of heavy metals and effect of acid volatile sulfide(AVS) on the release of heavy metals during resuspention in sediment samples collected from Nakdong River. For study, concentrations of acid volatile sulfides(AVS), simultaneously extractable metals(SEM), chromium reducible sulfides(CRS), fraction of heavy metals by sequential extraction procedure(SEP) and total heavy metals were determined on sediment samples. In addition, the water column of the resuspended sediments were investigated for variation in pH, DO, ORP and heavy metal concentrations. The total heavy metals extraction results show that concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ni were relatively high in the sediments from points Seongseo industrial complex stream and Daseo stream. Correlations of Cu, Zn, Ni concentrations between a total heavy metals in sediments and total heavy metals or soluble heavy metals in river were relatively high. The seasonal variations of AVS and CRS results show that Namji point was more seasonal in its variation, however AVS and CRS values of Gupo point decreased only in the autumn and were relative stable. These results support a change of sediment redox conditions in the Nakdong River. Water conditions and quality during sediment resuspension were very different for Namji point and Gupo point. The pH increasedfrom 5.7 to 6.9 and from 5.9 to 7.7 between 0 and 2880 min, respectively. DO and redox potential at Namji point remained unchanged a during sediment resuspension at approximately 8.0 and 260 mV (Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2). In contrast, DO and redox potential at Gupo pointdramatically decreased, especially between 0 and 1 min, and increased towards the end of the resuspension experiment. Releases of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni) from sediments during periods of resuspension showed different trends for our two sites. In general, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni showed gradual increases at Namji point, with Zn concentration increasing. In contrast, at Gupo point, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni showed a rapid increase in concentration, followed by a decrease until the 12 hour point at the resuspension test. The AVS content of the sample predicts that heavy metals can be released and re-adsorbed onto the sediment during resuspension. Results show that the leaching potential of heavy metals is relatively high, and these metals were released from sediment during periods of resuspension in the sample with a low AVS concentration. Comparatively, leaching potential of these metals in the sample with a high concentration AVS was relatively low, and the metas released from sediment during periods of resuspension will be re-adsorped onto the sediment.

Activation of Persulfate Using Slow-Release of Fe(II) Mediated by Silica-Coated nZVI for In Situ Chemical Oxidation

Song, Minjoo 부산대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내석사

본 연구에서는 2가철 완속방출형 실리카 코팅 나노영가철을 제작하였다. 지중 산화 실리카 코팅 나노영가철은 테트라에틸오르소실리케이트 (TEOS) 일정량을 나노영가철 슬러리, 에탄올, 암모니아 혼합물에 천천히 떨어뜨려 합성하였다. 실리카 코팅 나노영가철의 완속방출 최적 합성 조건을 도출하고자 TEOS 주입속도와 실리카-나노영가철 몰비를 조절하여 합성 후 용존 철 용출 속도와 페놀 제거효율을 비교하였다. 실리카 코팅 나노영가철의 2가철 완속방출 최적 합성 조건을 TEOS 주입속도 0.5 ml/min 및 실리카-철 몰 비 0.5로 선정하였다. 과황산/실리카 코팅 나노영가철 공정은 과황산/나노영가철 공정 대비 용존 총 철이 97배 느리게 방출하였다. 페놀은 용존 철 완속방출에 의해 반응 초기에 천천히 산화 되었지만 실리카 코팅이 나노영가철의 표면산화를 방지하여 반응 4시간만에 페놀을 완전 산화하였다. 또한 산화 반응 후 철의 거동을 분석하여 실리카 코팅이 영가철 표면산화를 방지하여 과황산과 지속적인 반응성을 유지할 수 있는지 조사하였다. 과황산/실리카 코팅 나노영가철 공정에서 라디칼의 기여도를 규명하기 위해 라디칼 스케빈징 실험을 실시하였다. 페놀산화에 있어 황산 라디칼과 수산화 라디칼 모두 비슷한 비율로 페놀분해에 기여하였다. 마지막으로 실리카 코팅 나노영가철의 반응지속성과 재사용성 실험을 수행하여 과황산/실리카 코팅 나노영가철의 현장적용가능성을 평가하였다. 실험 결과 실리카 코팅 나노영가철은 산화공정에 있어 재사용 및 장기간 사용이 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다. In this study, the silica-coated nZVI was fabricated to allow for slow-release of Fe(II). Si-nZVI was prepared by dropping tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) aliquots slowly into a mixture of nZVI slurry, ethanol, and ammonia. The phenol oxidation performances were investigated in the persulfate/Si-nZVI systems using Si-nZVI synthesized with various TEOS feed rate and [Si]/[Fe] controls. Then an optimal synthesis condition of Si-nZVI was proposed with a slow Fe(II) releasing characteristics at 0.5 ml/min TEOS feed rate control and 0.5 [Si]/[Fe] ratio. The total dissolved Fe in the persulfate/Si-nZVI was more slowly released 97 times than the persulfate/nZVI system. Phenol in the persulfate/Si-nZVI system was more slowly oxidized than persulfate/nZVI system in the initial of reaction due to the slow-release of dissolved Fe. However, phenol was completely oxidized within 4 hours in the persulfate/Si-nZVI system because the silica coating prevented surface passivation of nZVI. While, only 70% phenol was oxidized in the persulfate/nZVI system. Also, the transformation of iron species subjected to the oxidation process were investigated and confirmed the silica coating protected the nZVI core so that Si-nZVI sustain lasting reactivity with persulfate. Reactive species scavenging experiment was conducted to investigate the contribution of reactive species in the persulfate/Si-nZVI system. The sulfate radical and the hydroxyl radical comparably contributed to phenol oxidation. Finally, the field applicability for the persulfate/Si-nZVI system with reaction persistence and reusability of Si-nZVI was evaluated. The results confirmed that Si-nZVI was effective for the long-term use and the reusability on the oxidation process.

Electrochemical Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern Using an Activated Carbon-Based Three-Dimensional Electrode Reactor

조수빈 부산대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

In this study, granular activated carbon-based three dimensional electrode reactor (3DER) was applied for the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and ibuprofen (IBP) degradation from water. The feasibility studies on PFOA and IBP removal by 3DER were conducted by comparing the removal efficiency in 3DER to that in two-dimensional electrode reactor (2DER). The PFOA and IBP removal efficiency in 3DER increased by 45.8% and 29.5%, respectively, as compared to those in 2DER. Moreover, 3DER could reduce required energy for the IBP degradation by 51.6% of 2DER. The effect of operating parameters on the IBP removal was also investigated. It was determined that current density of 20 mA/cm2, flow rate of 2.61 mL/min and Na2SO4 of 17.24 mM as supporting electrolyte were the optimal operation conditions for continuous-flow 3DER when the removal efficiency and energy consumption were considered. Radical scavenging experiments were performed to identify predominant removal mechanisms for IBP removal in continuous-flow 3DER. Indirect oxidation of IBP by adsorbed radicals and dissolved radicals was dominant in the beginning of treatment time while direct oxidation became main reaction in 3DER as the treatment proceeded. The results proved that GAC as particle electrodes could improve indirect oxidation and direct oxidation compared to 2DER.

전기 화학적 처리를 기반으로 한 나노영가철/활성탄/과황산 산화공정

민동준 부산대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

페놀산화를 위해 나노영가철을/활성탄 입자전극과 과황산을 이용한 3차원 전기화학적 공정이 평가되었다. 입자전극의 특성을 분석하기 위해 X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) 표면분석이 실시되었다. XRD와 SEM-EDS 분석은 나노영가철이 활성탄 표면에 담지된 것을 밝혀냈다. BET 분석을 통해 입자전극 표면에 철 함량이 증가할수록 비표면적과 공극부피가 감소하는 경향을 확인하였다. 전통적인 2차원 전기화학적 공정보다 3차원 입자전극 공정에서 3배 높은 페놀제거효율을 달성하였다. 적용된 전류밀도 0, 1, 5, 10 mA/cm2 중 전류밀도가 5 mA/cm2가 적용된 공정에서 가장 높은 페놀제거효율을 나타냈다. 입자전극의 철 함량이 증가할수록 페놀제거 효율은 증가하였다. 입자전극은 적합한 재사용 횟수가 3회로 도출되었으며 3회 동안 대략 70% 페놀이 제거되었다. 나노영가철이 담지된 입자전극 공정이 나노영가철이 없는 입자전극보다 평균 10% 높은 페놀제거효율을 보였다. 입자전극/과황산 공정에서 황산 라디칼이 하이드록실 라디칼보다 높은 기여도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. Three dimensional electrochemical process using nanosized zero-valent iron (NZVI)/activated carbon (AC) particle electrode and persulfate (PS) was developed for oxidizing pollutants. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis were performed to characterize particle electrode. XRD and SEM-EDS analysis confirmed that NZVI was impregnated on the surface of AC. BET analysis showed that the specific surface area and pore volume decreased as iron content on the surface of particle electrode increased. Compared with the conventional two-dimensional electrochemical process, the three-dimensional particle electrode process achieved three times higher removal efficiency. The system with current density of 5 mA/cm2 exhibited the highest phenol removal efficiency among systems with current density of 1, 5, and 10mA/cm2. The removal efficiency of phenol increased as the Fe contents in the particle electrode increased. The particle electrode achieved more than 70% of phenol removal until it was reused for three times. The particle electrode process with NZVI showed an average 10% higher removal efficiency of phenol than the particle electrode without NZVI did. The sulfate radical predominantly contributed to phenol removal according to the radical scavenging test

알칼리 활성화제에 의한 MgO/GGBS 고화제의 탄산염화 · 입상화 성능 향상

최수진 부산대학교 2019 국내석사

A large amount 5 to 7% of CO2 emissions is emitted during the concrete manufacturing process and research is performing to replace cement. Development of solidification products using industrial by-products, which are evaluated as highly effective as magnesium oxide (MgO) and solidification and stabilization of waste, which are attracting attention as energy consumption and CO2 emission amount lower than cement in the production process, are underway. Among industrial by-products, blast furnace slag(GGBS) has a high CaO content (%) and high CO2 capture ability, but it has hydraulic property, so hydration reaction may occur due to dissolution of ions such as Al3+, Mg2+, and Si by an alkali activator. In this study, 0M, 1M, 3M, and 5M KOH were injected into MgO / GGBS binder for GGBS with potential hydraulicity, and carbonated and granulated for 120 minutes simultaneously and cured for 28 days. CO2 uptake and strength of granules were compared. The initial CO2 uptake of the MgO/GGBS binder was compared in the carbonation reaction according to the KOH injection concentration and it was confirmed that there was no effect on the initial strength improvement. KOH Injected MgO/GGBS binder was cured at 100% and 0% CO2 condition for 28 days. The effect of hydration reaction and carbonation reaction on the CO2 uptake and strength was observed. The carbonation reaction of the MgO/GGBS binder injected with the alkali activator showed a tendency to increase the CO2 uptake as the curing period was increased. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of CO2 uptake depending on the KOH injection concentration, it is expected that the CO2 uptake can be improved by the long term curing experiment over 28 days. The initial 1M KOH binder with the highest CO2 uptake showed a strength improvement of 3.9 times during the long term curing. This seems to have affected the strength enhancement due to the formation of hydrates and the increase of carbonate quality through long-term curing. In addition, the formation of hydration and carbonate formation by alkali activation through TGA/DSC and SEM was found, and more hydrates of C-S-H, C-A-H and M-S-H were formed in alkali activated MgO/GGBS binder in early and long term. This was the same as the result of the literature review, but it seems that the initial strength was not affected even though these materials were found. However, formation of carbonated materials such as calcite, hydromagnesite, nesquehonite, and aragonite seemed to affect long-term strength and CO2 uptake due to these hydrates. CO2 배출량 중 전체 5-7%에 해당하는 막대한 양이 콘크리트 제조과정에서 배출되고 있는 것으로 알려져 시멘트를 대체할 물질에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 생산과정 시 시멘트보다 낮은 에너지소비량 및 CO2 배출량으로 주목받고 있는 산화마그네슘(MgO)와 오염폐기물의 고화 · 안정화제로서 효용성이 높다고 평가되는 산업부산물을 활용한 고화제개발연구가 진행되고 있다. 산업부산물 중 고로슬래그는 CaO 함량(%)과 CO2 포집능이 높으나 잠재수경성을 가지고 있어 알칼리 활성화제에 의해 Al, Ca, Si 등 내부이온의 용출로 수화반응이 일어날 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 알칼리 활성화제인 수산화칼륨(KOH)를 MgO/GGBS 고화제에 주입한 후 탄산염화 · 입상화기술을 적용하였으며 CO2조건에서 KOH의 농도에 따라 MgO/GGBS 고화제 알갱이의 CO2 uptake와 강도의 변화를 분석하여 고화제 알갱이의 탄산염화 · 입상화 처리특성과 28일 양생에 따른 고화제 알갱이의 물리적 · 화학적 특성 변화를 고찰하였다. 탄산염화 · 입상화 처리 후 KOH를 주입한 MgO/GGBS 고화제 알갱이의 CO2 uptake는 0M KOH 고화제 알갱이보다 1.2 - 1.5배정도 높았다. 0, 1, 3, 5M KOH 고화제 알갱이의 degree of carbonation은 1 bar에서 각각 7.6%, 11.2%, 9.1%, 9.1%를 나타내었고 2 bar에서 각각 8.4%, 13.1%, 9.8%, 10.8%를 나타내었으며 높은 압력에서 CO2 uptake는 7 - 16% 증가하였다. 탄산염화 · 입상화 처리 후 KOH 주입 MgO/GGBS 고화제 알갱이의 압축강도는 0M KOH 주입 고화제 알갱이 보다 1.7배까지 증가하였다. 특히 3M KOH 고화제 알갱이가 1 bar, 2 bar에서 각각 3.12, 3.56 Mpa를 나타내며 0M KOH 고화제 알갱이 보다 각각 43%, 29% 높은 값을 나타내었다. 28일 동안 양생한 MgO/GGBS 고화제 알갱이는 1, 2 bar에서 모두 CO2 uptake가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 0, 1, 3, 5M KOH 고화제 알갱이의 degree of carbonation은 1 bar에서 각각 16.3%, 19.7%, 15.4%, 16.2%를 나타내었고 2 bar에서는 각각 17.7%, 20.1%, 13.7%, 19.6%를 나타내었다. 1M KOH 고화제 알갱이의 CO2 uptake는 0M KOH 고화제 알갱이보다 1.2배 높은 저장능을 보였다. 가장 높은 CO2 uptake를 가지는 1M KOH 주입 고화제 알갱이는 1, 2 bar에서 모두 0.14 kg CO2/kg binder를 나타내었다. 28일 동안 양생한 MgO/GGBS 고화제 알갱이는 양생기간동안 강도가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 그 중 3M KOH 고화제 알갱이가 9.66 MPa로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며 0M KOH 고화제 알갱이보다 1.8배 높은 강도를 가졌고 2 bar에서는 1 bar와 상이하게 두드러진 강도 향상을 나타내지 않았다. 형상학적 · 광물학적 분석을 통하여 알칼리 활성화에 의해 수화 및 탄산염화물질의 형성을 발견하였으며 XRD 분석에 따르면 KOH농도가 증가함에 따라 calcite(CaCO3)의 생성이 증가하는 것을 발견하였다. 또한 SEM 분석으로 발견된 calcite(CaCO3), aragonite (CaCO3), hydromagnesite((Mg)5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O), nesquehonite(MgCO3·3H2O), magnesite(MgCO3)와 같은 탄산염화 물질 형성이 양생기간동안 강도와 CO2 uptake 증가에 영향을 준 것으로 판단된다.