저소득 조손가족의 가족생활경험에 관한 현상학적 연구

김미영 충북대학교 대학원 2013 국내박사

Grandparents are returning to the role of parents in ever-increasing numbers in Korea for the last decade. According to the statistics, in 2000, 45,225 or 0.3% percent of Korean households were maintained by a grandparent. By 2010, this number had risen to 119,294 or 0.7%, representing a 135 percent increase over the 10 year period. Whatever the reasons for these grandparent-raising grandchildren families, both parties of this families face multiple challenges. This study provides an in-depth examination of everyday life experiences and enduring family relationships between grandparents and grandchildren of poor grandparent-headed family. The goal of the present study was to begin to build an understanding of the essential meaning of life experiences of grandparent-headed families in poverty. Given the paucity of research focusing on the nature of family life, a qualitative interview study was conducted with pairs of grandparents and grandchildren who have been in a grandparent-headed household for a minimum of 7 years. The verbatim transcripts of these interviews were analysed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Giorgi’s method of analysis aims to uncover the meaning of a phenomenon as experienced by a human through the identification of essential themes. Total of 10 families composed of 10 grandparents and 23 grandchildren participated in this study. This yielded five major constituents and fifteen sub-constituents with grandparents, and four major constituents and eleven sub-constituents with grandchildren as the essence of family life experiences of poverty-struck grandparent-headed families. The five main constituents of grandparents were: (a) forced to raise grandchildren in an unavoidable situation (b) desperately trying to fit in as a competent care-giver (c) finding ‘the’ proper role among given multiple roles (d) wishing time will do the work (e) hastening the self-resilience of grandchildren left behind after my death. Meanwhile, the four main constituents of grandchildren were: (a) embracing absent parents (b) granting my grandparents as the only parent figure (c) knowing what it is to live as grandparent-headed family (d) feeling pressured being rushed to be self-resilient. Second, the time-based situational meaning structure of poor grandparent-headed family’s life experiences were analyzed. Both parties went through a sequence of compliance, confusion, conflict, and resolution which eventually proved to be a process of adjustment to each other. Unlike any other family types, grandparent-headed family was formed at some given time point as of no choice, and efforts to be a family came in later. In this process, both generations met various cognitive, emotional, and physical, and financial challenges. They accepted to be bounded as a family consisted of grandparents and grandchildren, and then faced with confusions in this newly formed family structure. Grandparents became keenly aware their limitations in bringing up and disciplining grandchildren. In the meantime, grandchildren suffered the loss of parents, confused and were unfulfilled with new care-givers. The intermittent reinforcement and erosion of these experiences with time passes, both generations get used to each other. Third, participating grandparents and grandchildren shared the living, but viewed their life experiences with their own perspectives. Grandparents put forward the hardships of bringing up their grandchildren while grandchildren hide their longing for their absent parents worrying that would taint the relationship with their grandparents. Both parties shared the same home environment, but rather they did not open their experiences and thoughts to each other and did not seek understanding. Because of their old age and repetition of a hard day’s work to make living, grandparents presumed not to be sensitive and responsive enough to the grandchildren’s ever-changing needs. As grandchildren became used to these unresponsiveness and disappointment, in turn, they kept their true feelings and worries secret. In conclusion, the relational essence of life experiences of grandparent-headed family seemed to be the ‘tend to’ attitudes of both generations. While grandparents ‘tend not to know or understand’ that grandchildren had longing for reunification with their parents’, grandchildren ‘tend to look OK’ for their grandparents when their true feelings were not. Of course, both generations also expressed appreciation and pride for being a family against all odds. Life-long economic deprivation came as another essence of life experience of these families, which in turn put pressures and anxiety over the unknown future. Several policy and practice implications were drawn from the results of this study. For the practice implications, efforts to strengthen family relations by communication improvement stood out. Because of the generation gap as well as being forced to be a family all of a sudden, the communication of these families seemed to be limited to maintenance concerns only. Working on the effective and efficient communication between the two parties were essential. Improved communications can intensify emotional bonding of members of these families. Custodial grandparents often found themselves isolated from sources of support as they face unique emotional, physical, and financial challenges on a daily basis. Despite the initial assumption that grandparent-headed families are temporary, this family type was already situated as another form of family which provides safe environment for children who lack parental support for whatever reasons. Services for strengthening family functions such as parenting classes, family counseling in addition to the usual elderly support programs for grandparents are in need. In addition, efforts for family reunification is another key to plan children’s future after the death of grandparents. Case management with complicated service plan for relatively longer period such as educational and care communality including family, school and the community seems in the order. These discussion comes to a conclusion that an alternative legislation for this family type such as ‘assistance for grandparent-headed families’ is in need. Grandparent-headed families have unique needs than other single families or two parent families in poverty because it cannot be presumed for grandparents to work for financial independence, and grandparents’ imminent death ahead must be considered in child assistance plan. The strengths inherent in grandparent-headed families need to be supported and celebrated as numbers of children living with grandparents continue to escalate. The time is right for carefully planned and sesitively administered programs that support the custodial grandparent family.

계획된 행동이론 변인과 기술규범 및 가족음주력이 대학생 음주행동에 미치는 영향

정다영 충북대학교 2014 국내석사

College drinking is a significant public health concern, in spite of health promotion activities and programming. College students have been found to drink more heavily and frequently than others. And heavy drinking may lead to academic problems, criminal behaviors, injuries and death. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ajzen's the Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)'s variables, descriptive norms and family history of alcohol problems, on college students' drinking behavior which includes quantities and frequencies of drinking and problem drinking. The subjects of this study were 645 undergraduate students including 11 universities in the city of Daejeon and Sejong as well as Chungbuk and Chungnam provinces. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, Cronbach's , t-test, F-test, Scheffe post-hoc test, Pearson's correlation and hierarchial regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 program. The results of this study were as follows: First, socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, grade, experiences of military service, types of residence, academic majors, extracurricular activities, and student's associations, ages at onset of alcohol use, and amount of allowance showed mean differences of TPB's variables which is attitude, subject norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention among the participants. Mean of descriptive norms differed according to gender, experience of military service, type of residence, location of the colleges the subjects attend, academic majors, extracurricular activities, student's associations, ages at onset of alcohol use, amount of allowance, descriptive norms and drinking behavior. And, mean of drinking behaviors differed according to gender, age, experience of military service, type of residence, college locations, academic major, extracurricular activities, student's associations, ages at onset of alcohol use and allowance. Second, the results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control consistently predicted drinking intention even after controlling (for) socio-demographic variables such as gender, extracurricular activities, student's associations, and ages at onset of alcohol use. However, factors such as descriptive norms and family history of alcohol problems did not predict drinking intentions. Third, the results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that quantities of alcohol consumed and frequencies of alcohol consumption were predicted by perceived behavioral control, drinking intention, descriptive norm, family history of alcohol problems, and gender even after controlling for socio-demographic variables, extracurricular activities, student's associations, and ages at onset of alcohol use. Fourth, the results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that problem drinking was predicted by perceived behavioral control, drinking intention, descriptive norm and gender, even after controlling for socio-demographic variables, extracurricular activities, student's associations, and ages at onset of alcohol use. In conclusion, The current study confirms the TPB's ability to predict and explain drinking behavior of college students. And descriptive norms and family history of alcohol problems directly affected drinking behavior. The results suggest that family, peers, universities and local community should supervise and monitor the students’ excessive drinking behavior. In addition, alcohol prevention programs for college students could include refusal techniques education and parent intervention program.

근로빈곤층의 빈곤지위 변화 결정요인 : 성별과 빈곤유형을 중심으로

한애경 충북대학교 2015 국내박사

This study intends to examine the differences in determinants of poverty status of the working poor depending on the gender and types of poverty through dynamic analysis. While previous studies on the working poor failed to capture the working poor's frequent reentry into poverty after the initial escape due to characteristics of Korean labor market, this study categorizes poverty considering poverty duration and poverty spell. Then examination of gender differences in the factors influencing changes in poverty status by the types of poverty would follow. Study results would suggest differential policy strategies for the working poor to escape poverty according to their gender and types of poverty. Study subjects are men and women in poverty, those who are currently participating in economic activities, the unemployed that had been active in search for employment for the past one month, and those among economically inactive population with an intention of working. Analysis were done with Korean Welfare Panel data from 2006 to 2013. Specifically, survival analysis was employed with the time duration for escaping poverty as the dependent variable, and factors of human capital, labor market, household characteristics, and social welfare benefits as independent variables. According to the result of the study, only hourly wage showed a statistically significant influence on the change in poverty status of men from the group of 'transitory working poor.' Among women in the same group, hourly wage and eligibility to receive public assistance benefits showed strong influences on their poverty status change. Among the 'consistent working poor,' hourly wage and eligibility to receive public assistance benefits were significantly influential factors on both poor men and women, respectively. It means that few labor market related factors but hourly wage showed any significance on change of poverty status. In other words, as the hourly wage factor represents a typical phenomenon in a polarized labor market, it is essential to produce approaches to change the fundamental structure of the labor market, and furthermore, the economic polarization in order to address the problem of low wage. Therefore, discovering supplemental factors other than hourly wage that influence the changes in poverty status would have an important implication for establishing series of strategies against poverty. Identification of the factors other than hourly wage that had influence on poverty status revealed the following: for men from the transitory working poor, health conditions and private income transfer showed significant influence, while for women, marital status and receiving public assistance benefits had significant influence on change of their poverty status. Men from the consistent working poor tended to have better prospects of changing their poverty status if they were high school graduates, without illness or disease, working for more than 40 hours per week, married, or not receiving public assistance benefits. For women from the same group, the absence of illness or disease, working for more than 20 hours per week, with no dependent children, and not receiving public assistance benefits proved to be effective to bring the change of their poverty status. These outcomes attest to gender differences in determining factors of poverty status change among transitory working poor while gender was not differentiating factor for consistent working poor. In other words, it seemed that no gender gap exists among the consistent working poor. Policy implications of this study derived from the research outcome are as follows: to facilitate changes in poverty status of the working poor, firstly, foundation for development of human capital from social investment perspective is a must. In particular, the fact that women’s human capital had no influence on poverty status in the labor market reveals a combination of structural problems embedded in the labor market as well as vulnerability of women’s human capital, which aggravates women’s poverty risk. This calls for integration of education and training within the current labor market in order to secure women's employment stability. Secondly, employment stability must be created in the secondary labor market, which is often the primary employment source for the working poor. This research showed that influence of labor market factor on poverty status was extremely small. This, in turn, serves as a testament to the poor condition of the labor market for the working poor: one can hardly expect participating in the income generating activities in the said market can show a way out of poverty. Thirdly, socialization of care as well as proactive policies for labor market are needed. This study showed high poverty risk of the women with children in the consistent working poor, which means child-caring responsibilities can make these women vulnerable to poverty. As child-care costs and difficulties of being a single mother heap further challenges upon these women, more comprehensive socialization of child-care is necessary. In addition, poverty risk of unmarried men may hinder overall reproduction by delaying creation of independent households such as family formation. Thus, it is necessary to implement proactive labor market policies targeting these men. Lastly, it is essential to reform and expand of the scope of social insurance policies by establishing social security system responsive to changes in conditions of the working poor and reorganize public assistance system to be more effective for protecting and facilitating rehabilitation of the working poor. 본 연구는 근로빈곤층의 빈곤지위의 결정요인이 성별과 빈곤유형에 따라 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 동태적 분석을 통해 밝히고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 지금까지의 근로빈곤층을 다룬 연구들은 주로 빈곤탈출에 초점을 두고 접근하고 있으나 우리나라 노동시장의 특성상 빈곤탈출 이후에도 빈곤층의 빈곤 재진입이 빈번한 점이 주목받지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 빈곤지속기간과 빈곤주기를 고려하여 빈곤을 유형화하고 유형별 빈곤지위변화에 영향을 미치는 요인이 성별에 따라서 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 통해서 근로빈곤층의 빈곤탈출을 위해서 성별과 빈곤유형에 따른 차별적 접근을 제안하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 현재 근로에 참여하고 있거나 지난 1달 간 구직 경험을 가진 실직자, 비경제활동 인구 중 근로의욕을 가진 빈곤한 남성과 여성을 대상으로 하였다. 분석자료는 한국복지패널 2006~2013 자료를 사용하였으며, 분석방법은 빈곤탈출 시간을 종속변수로 하고, 인적자본 특성, 노동시장 특성, 가구 특성, 사회보장 제도 특성을 독립변수로 하는 생존분석을 시도하였다. 연구결과 ‘일시 근로빈곤층’ 남성은 시간 당 임금만이 빈곤지위 변화에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향력을 보였고 여성은 시간 당 임금과 기초생활수급 여부가 영향력을 보였다. ‘계속 근로빈곤층’ 역시 남성은 시간 당 임금이, 여성은 기초생활수급 여부가 빈곤지위 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 즉, 근로빈곤층의 빈곤지위 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인이 노동시장 특성 중 시간 당 임금 외에 유의미한 요인이 별로 없는 것이다. 그런데 시간 당 임금의 경우는 노동시장 양극화로 나타나는 대표적인 현상으로 저임금 문제의 해결을 위해서는 노동시장의 본질적인 구조, 즉, 양극화 현상의 본질에 대한 접근이 필요하다. 따라서 시간당임금 이외에 빈곤지위 변화에 영향을 미치는 보완적인 요인을 찾는 것은 빈곤지위 변화를 위한 우선과제와 단계별 과제 전략을 수립하는데 중요한 점을 시사 해 줄 수 있다. 이에 시간 당 임금을 제외하고 빈곤지위 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴본 결과 ‘일시 근로빈곤층’의 경우 남성의 빈곤지위 변화에는 건강상태와 사적 이전 소득이 유의미한 영향력을 보였고 여성은 결혼지위와 기초생활 수급여부가 유의미한 영향력을 보였다. ‘계속 근로빈곤층’남성은 고등학교 졸업 이상 의 학력, 질병이 없고, 40시간 이상 근로하며, 유배우자이고 기초생활 수급자가 아닐 때 빈곤지위 변화 가능성이 높았고, 여성은 질병이 없고, 근로시간이 20시간 이상이며, 함께 동거하는 아동이 없고, 유배우자이며, 기초생활 수급자가 아닌 경우 빈곤지위 변화가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과를 통해 알 수 있는 사실은 ‘일시 근로빈곤층’의 경우 성별에 따라 빈곤지위 변화의 결정요인이 차이를 보였으나 ‘계속 근로빈곤층’의 경우에는 성별에 따른 차이가 두드러지지 않았다는 점이다. 즉, 지속적으로 빈곤에 노출된 ‘계속 근로빈곤층’의 경우 이미 빈곤과 관련된 젠더 격차가 무너져 빈곤수준이나 빈곤지위 변화가능성 등이 남·녀 간에 상당히 유사하게 나타난 것으로 보인다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 한 본 연구의 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 근로빈곤층의 빈곤지위 변화를 위해서는 첫째, 사회투자적 관점에서 인적자본을 개발할 수 있도록 제반 여건을 마련해야 한다. 특히 본 연구에서 근로빈곤층 여성들의 교육수준이 중졸 이하인 경우가 절반이상을 차지하고 있고 임시·일용직 근로 참여가 증가하는 것으로 보아 인적자본의 취약과 고용불안정이 빈곤위험을 가중시키는 것으로 보이는바 교육과 훈련이 노동시장과 통합되어 고용안정성이 확보될 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 근로빈곤층이 주로 머물고 있는 2차 노동시장의 고용안정성을 확보하기 위한 방안을 마련해야 한다. 본 연구에서 노동시장 요인은 빈곤지위 변화에 영향을 미치는 정도가 매우 미미하였다. 이는 근로빈곤층 노동자들이 노동시장에 참여하여 소득활동을 해도 빈곤지위에서 벗어나리란 기대를 할 수 없을 정도로 그들이 참여하는 노동시장이 매우 열악함을 방증하는 결과라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 돌봄의 사회화 및 적극적인 노동시장 정책이 필요하다. 본 연구에서 ‘계속 근로빈곤층’ 여성들이 자녀가 있는 경우 빈곤위험이 높은 것으로 나타나 돌봄에 대한 부담이 상당한 것으로 보인다. 여기에는 자녀양육으로 인한 지출부담까지 작용했을 것으로 보이므로 돌봄의 사회화가 좀 더 포괄적인 차원에서 이루어질 필요가 있다. 또한 미혼남성의 빈곤위험은 가족형성과 같은 독립적인 삶의 이행에 지체를 가져와 전반적인 재생산 위기를 초래할 수 있으므로 이들을 대상으로 한 적극적인 노동시장 정책을 전개할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 여건변화에 맞는 사회보장체계를 마련하여 근로자들이 사회안전망의 보호 하에 근로참여와 빈곤탈출이 가능하도록 사회보험제도의 확대개편이 필요하며 기초생활보장제도가 근로빈곤층의 보호와 자활 목적에 실효성을 갖도록 제도를 정비해야할 필요가 있다.

청소년의 인권의식에 대한 개인·가족·학교관련 영향요인

유지영 충북대학교 2020 국내석사

본 연구는 성별에 따른 청소년의 인권의식의 차이를 일반적 배경요인, 개인요인 및 청소년과 가장 밀접한 가족요인과 학교요인 등 환경적인 요소의 영향력을 종합적으로 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구의 대상은 한국청소년정책연구원에서 조사한 2016년 한국 아동․청소년 인권실태조사를 통해 수집된 중․고등학교에 재학 중인 청소년 7,333명의 자료를 재분석하였다. SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여, t-test, F-test, Duncan 사후검증, 상관관계, 타당도와 신뢰도 검증을 실시하였다. 성별에 따른 청소년 인권의식에 미치는 일반적 배경요인, 개인요인, 가족요인, 학교요인의 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실행하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 일반적 배경에 따른 개인요인, 가족요인, 학교요인, 청소년 인권의식 간의 차이가 나타났다. 개인요인과 학교요인은 성별, 학교급, 학업성적, 경제수준에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 가족요인인 부모의 존중적 태도는 성별, 학업성적, 경제수준, 가족유형에서 유의한 차이가 나타났고, 부모의 학대는 학교급, 학업성적, 경제수준에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 청소년 인권의식은 성별, 학교급, 학업성적, 경제수준, 가족유형에서 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 청소년 인권의식에 일반적 배경요인, 개인요인, 가족요인 및 학교요인이 성별에 따라 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 위계적 회귀분석으로 살펴본 결과 부분적인 차이가 나타났다. 여자청소년의 인권의식에 미치는 영향력은 부모의 존중적 태도, 자아존중감, 교사체벌, 또래폭력, 스트레스 순으로 나타났다. 남자청소년의 인권의식에 미치는 영향력은 자아존중감과 부모의 존중적 태도가 동일한 수준으로 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 교사체벌, 또래폭력의 순으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 개인요인에서는 자아존중감, 가족요인으로는 부모의 존중적 태도, 학교요인은 교사체벌과 또래폭력이 여자청소년과 남자청소년 모두에게 공통으로 인권의식에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 스트레스는 여자청소년 인권의식에만 영향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 자녀를 존중하는 부모의 양육태도 및 양육행동을 위한 부모교육과 청소년의 자아존중감 향상을 위한 실천적 개입을 강조하고 있다. 또한, 체벌과 또래폭력을 근절하도록 학교차원의 개입의 필요성과 스트레스에 더 취약한 여자청소년의 심리적 특성을 고려한 청소년 인권 함양을 위한 실천적 접근을 시사하고 있다. factors, personal factors and the familial and school-related factors on adolescents’ perception of human rights according to gender. The data from 7,333 secondary school students collected in the Korean Youth Human Rights Survey of 2016 by the National Youth Policy Institute were reanalyzed. An SPSS 22.0 program was used to perform t-test, F-test, Duncan's post-hoc test, correlation analysis, and validity and reliability tests. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of the general background factors, the personal factors, the familial factors, and the school factors on adolescents' perception of human rights according to gender. First, the personal factors, the familial factors, and the school factors differed by the general background. The personal and school factors differed significantly by gender, school level, academic achievement, and family economy-level. Parents' respectful attitude among the familial factors differed significantly by gender, academic achievement, family economy-level and family type; parents' abuse differed significantly by school level, academic achievement, and family economy-level. Adolescents' perception of human rights differed significantly by gender, school level, academic achievement, family economy-level, and family type. Second, the hierarchical regression analysis found partial differences in the impact of the general background factors, the personal factors, the family factors, and the school factors by gender in adolescents. Parents’ respectful attitude, followed by self-esteem, teacher's corporal punishment, peer violence, and stress, had the strongest impact on perception of human rights in female adolescents. Both self-esteem and parents' respectful attitude, followed by teacher's corporal punishment and peer violence, had the strongest impact on perception of human rights in male adolescents. In conclusion, self-esteem among the personal factors, parents' respectful attitude among the familial factors, and teacher's corporal punishment and peer violence among the school factors commonly affected perception of human rights in both male and female adolescents and stress only affected perception of human rights in female adolescents. These results put emphasis on parent education for parenting attitude and behavior with respect for children and on practical intervention for improvement in self-esteem of adolescents. They also suggest the need for school-level intervention to eradicate corporal punishment and peer violence and a practical approach for cultivating adolescents' human rights, taking into account the psychological characteristics of female adolescents more vulnerable to stress.

다문화청소년의 문화적응스트레스가 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도 발달궤적에 미치는 영향 : 다변량 잠재성장모형 분석

김평화 충북대학교 2019 국내박사

본 연구는 다문화청소년의 삶의 만족도의 발달궤적을 확인하고, 문화적응스트레스와 자아존중감이 삶의 만족도 변화궤적에 미치는 영향을 종단적으로 탐색하는데 목적을 둔다. 한국청소년정책연구원의 다문화청소년패널조사(MAPS) 3차년도(2013년도, 초등학교 6학년)에서 6차년도(2016년도, 중학교 3학년)까지의 조사 자료를 사용하였다. MAPS 3차부터 6차까지 모두 조사에 응한 999가구(다문화청소년 999명, 외국 출신 어머니 999명)가 최종적으로 본 연구의 분석에 사용되었으며 아버지나 대체양육자가 응답한 경우와 양부모가 모두 외국인인 경우는 제외되었다. 분석방법으로는 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 기술통계분석과 상관분석을 실시한 후, Mplus 5.8을 이용하여 문화적응스트레스, 자아존중감, 삶의 만족도 각 변인에 대한 잠재성장모형을 개발하고, 이를 결합하여 다변량 잠재성장모형을 구성하였다. 마지막으로 변인들 간의 직접효과와 간접효과를 통해 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하였다. 연구문제에 따른 주요 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다문화청소년의 문화적응스트레스, 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도 각각의 선형변화모형을 통해 초등학교 6학년에서 중학교 3학년까지 4년간 감소하는 발달궤적을 확인하였다. 특히 다문화청소년의 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도는 시간의 흐름에 따라 감소폭이 증가하였으며, 초기수준은 이후의 변화에도 지속적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 다문화청소년의 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도에 대한 통제변인의 영향력을 살펴본 결과, 또래지지와 교사지지, 지역사회유대감이 자아존중감 초기값에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 또래지지는 자아존중감 변화율에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 삶의 만족도 초기값에는 또래지지와 지역사회유대감이 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 삶의 만족도 변화율에는 통제변인이 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 셋째, 성별, 어머니의 한국어능력, 가구소득, 또래지지, 교사지지, 지역사회유대감을 통제한 후의 다문화청소년의 문화적응스트레스 초기값은 자아존중감 초기값에 부적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 문화적응스트레스와 자아존중감의 종단적 관계에서, 문화적응스트레스 변화율은 자아존중감 변화율에도 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자아존중감 초기값은 삶의 만족도 초기값에 정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 종단적 관계에서 자아존중감 변화율이 삶의 만족도 변화율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 다문화청소년의 자아존중감은 문화적응스트레스와 삶의 만족도 간의 관계에서 매개효과를 보여주었다. 특히, 변화율의 영향관계에서 매개효과가 입증되어 다문화청소년의 삶의 만족도 향상을 위해 문화적응스트레스 감소를 목적으로 하는 직접적인 개입보다는 자아존중감에 영향을 미치는 위험요인을 낮추고 보호요인을 강화하는 접근법이 더 효과적일 수 있음을 시사하였다. 본 연구는 다문화청소년의 문화적응스트레스가 자아존중감과 삶의 만족도에 미치는 종단적 영향력을 확인하고, 자아존중감의 매개효과를 분석하여 이들의 구조적인 관계를 밝혀내었다. 특히 본 연구에서 시도한 문화적응스트레스와 삶의 만족도의 영향 간에 작용하는 자아존중감의 역할에 대한 이론적 의미의 재조명은 기존 연구에서 다문화청소년의 삶의 만족에 부정적 영향을 주는 요인으로 여겨지던 문화적응스트레스에 대한 개입방안을 설계하는 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 자아존중감의 매개역할이 확인되고 통제변인으로 사용한 또래지지와 지역사회유대감의 영향이 유효하게 나타난 결과는 다문화청소년의 삶의 만족도에 대한 후속연구의 방향성을 제시해 준다 하겠다. 본 연구는 또한 자아존중감의 누적적 영향력과 삶의 만족도의 변화를 장기적으로 살펴봄으로써 기존의 횡단적 접근 위주의 선행연구에 비해 보다 종합적이고 통합적인 시각을 제공해 주어, 다문화 청소년의 발달단계별 특징에 부합하는 접근방법 및 지원 방안 개발의 이론적 기초를 제공하였다는데 의의가 있다. This study aims to identify the developmental trajectory of life satisfaction of adolescents with background and conduct a longitudinal analysis of the impact of acculturative stress and self-esteem on life satisfaction. This study is based on the "Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study(MAPS)" data conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute for six graders of elementary schools (third year, 2013) to third graders of middle schools, or ninth graders (sixth year, 2016). Survey responses of 999 households (999 adolescents with multicultural background, 999 foreign-born mothers) which participated in all surveys (third to sixth surveys), excluding responses of fathers or alternative guardians, or responses where both parents were foreigners, were finally selected for the analysis. Using SPSS 21.0 as the basic procedure to analyze the research model, descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis were made. With Mplus 5.8, a latent growth curve model regarding factors such as acculturative stress, self-esteem, and life satisfaction was developed and by combining these factors, a multivariate latent growth curve model was set up. Lastly, the level of mediation effect between variables through direct and indirect effects was measured. Here is the summary of findings: First, using linear transformation models for adolescents with multicultural background’ acculturative stress, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, their developmental trajectory from 6th to 9th grade was examined. Especially for their self-esteem and life satisfaction, the degree of decline was shown to increase over time, and the initial change in the beginning had a lasting effect into the future. Second, the control variables for the Multicultural Adolescents’ self-esteem and life satisfaction were studied. It was shown that support from their peers and teachers, and the sense of belonging in their local community had a significant impact on self-esteem. Peer support also had an impact on the rate of change in self-esteem. The initial value of life satisfaction was affected by peer support and the sense of belonging in their local community. The control variables did not show much effect on the rate of change in life satisfaction. Third, after controlling for gender, mother’s level of Korean language proficiency, household income, peer and teacher support, the sense of belonging in the local community, the initial value of acculturative stress was shown to have a negative impact on the initial value of self-esteem. Through a longitudinal study of the relationship between acculturative stress and self-esteem, it was also shown that the rate of change in acculturative stress had a statistically significant relationship with the rate of change in self-esteem. Moreover, initial value of self-esteem was shown to have a impact on the initial value of life satisfaction, and the rate of change in self-esteem had an impact on the rate of change in life satisfaction in a longitudinal relationship. Lastly, Multicultural Adolescents’ self-esteem showed a mediation effect between acculturative stress and life satisfaction. In particular, the mediation effect within the relationship between the rates of change in the two variables was strongly supported. Instead of direct intervention to reduce acculturative stress and thereby increasing life support, an alternative approach to reduce risk factors that may harm self-esteem and strengthen positive factors was emphasized. This study affirmed the longitudinal impact that acculturative stress has on self-esteem and life satisfaction of Multicultural Adolescents, and examined the mediation effect of self-esteem to reveal their relational structure. In particular, the attempt in this study to shed new light on the role of self-esteem on the interaction between acculturative stress and life satisfaction can serve as a foundation for planning intervention in reducing acculturative stress, which has long been thought of having a negative effect on life satisfaction of Multicultural Adolescents. Furthermore, by conducting a longitudinal study on the cumulative effect of self-esteem and the change in self-esteem, the study provides a more holistic and general perspective compared to other previous studies involving cross-sectional approach. This can be used as a theoretical basis for developing approaches and support methods that are suitable for each stage of the Multicultural Adolescents’ development.

아동학대가 아동의 공격성에 미치는 영향에서 정서결핍의 매개효과 연구

김평화 충북대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

The purpose of this study is examining the mediation effect of callous-unemotional trait in the relationship of child abuse and children's aggression. Children’s aggression is one of the most frequently studied psychological and behavioral phenomena because it is not only an important childhood mal-adjustment, but also it can lead to serious problems in later life including violent crime. Previous research suggest one strong causal relationship between aggression and child abuse. Meanwhile, recent increase of children’s involvement in excessive aggressive behaviors drew attention on the role of callous-unemotional trait with aggression. This study focused on the influence of various types of child abuse on aggression, and mediating effect of callous-unemotional trait. Self administered questionnaires were collected from four hundreds and twenty-three 5th and 6th graders of Cheongju city and Cheongwon area. Collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Cronbach's , t-test, F-test, Sheffe post-hoc test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 version. The results of this study were as follows. First, it was found that among the children’s abuse experiences, witnessing their parents’ violence against each other was the most commonly experienced one, followed by physical abuse, neglecting, and emotional abuse in turn. Second, school grade and mother’s employment status brought statistically significant differences on children’s aggression. Experienced child abuse was differentiated by gender, school grade, father’s occupation, and family financial status. Father’s occupation, mother’s education level, and family financial status were another socio-demographic characteristics which brought significant differences in children’s callous-unemotional trait. Third, experienced child abuse proved to explain the extent of aggression and callous-unemotional trait. Specifically, callous-unemotional trait showed partial mediation effect in the relationship of emotional abuse and aggression, physical abuse and aggression, and in the relationship of neglect and aggression. Interestingly, when limited to the cases of boys only, the role of callous-unemotional trait became full mediation effect in the relationship of neglect and aggression. In conclusion, this study showed that the level of child abuse affected children’s callous-unemotional trait and aggression, and CU trait eventually influenced aggression. The results suggest that to control children’s aggression, children should be cared and protected from family violence including witnessing parental violence against each other as well as child abuse and neglect. Research findings also strongly suggest that programs that promote and enrich children’s emotional development must receive full attention in the arena of child services as children’s emotional problems such as callous-unemotional trait nurtured by harsh parenting can affect adversely to children’s aggression.

가족의사소통유형이 중학생의 자아존중감과 학교생활적응에 미치는 영향

박지현 충북대학교 2017 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of parent-child communication on self-esteem and school adjustment of middle school students. Gender differences in mediating effect of self-esteem were also examined. 420 middle school students filled out self-administered questionnaires asking their family communication style, self-esteem and school adaptation. Statistical analysis was performed using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and Sobel test using SPSS version 18.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, it was confirmed that family communication type and self-esteem were important variables in explaining school adaptation. Adolescents perceived that their family communication type was conversation-oriented, showed better overall school adaptation. Also, the higher the level of self-esteem, the better the adaptation toward teacher-student relationship, peer relationship, school class, and school rules. Second, the family communication style had statistically meaningful effect on school life adaptation and self- esteem of participating adolescents. Mediating effect of self-esteem of adolescents on the relations of family communication style and school adaptation was substantiated. Especially, even if they perceived that the type of family communication was conversation-oriented, the school adaptation was low when the self-esteem of the adolescents was low, and it was found that if self-esteem was high, school adaptation could be improved. Third, the mediating effect of self-esteem was found to be different according to gender. While school adjustment of boys showed full mediation effect of self-esteem in adaptation to class and school rules, whether family communication style is conversation or conformity-orientation, girls’ self-esteem showed the type of family communication with full mediation effect on adjustment of peer relationship in school adaptation. These gender differences can be understood with socialization process of boys and girls in Korean society. Boys are raised to be more task-oriented while girls are raised to be more relation-oriented. Boys are required to have confidence since they are the stronger gender, girls are expected to be more nurturing. As results, boys’ class adaptation which is about academic performance is influenced by their self-esteem which affected by the family communication style. The same logic can be seen in the mediating effect of girl’s self-esteem on the peer relationship. The results of this study showed that not only the type of family communication affects middle school students' school adaptation but also self-esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship of family communication style and school adaptation. It suggests the necessity of strengthening inner self-esteem of adolescents. And in the parent education program, it is important to emphasize the meaning of conversation-oriented communication between parents and children to prevent school maladjustment.

부모와의 애착이 대학생의 대인관계 유능성과 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향

오지혜 충북대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내석사

This study investigated the effect of attachment with parents on interpersonal competence and psychological well-being of college students. Six hundred twenty five students of two-year and four-year colleges in Chungbuk and Chungnam provinces as well as City of Daejeon completed self-administered questionnaires. Reliability test, t-test, F-test, Duncan ex-post analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis on data were used with SPSS 18.0 version. Firstly, the study results showed that college students' attachment with parents differed by gender, age, family type, and number of close friends. Gender, number of close friends, and participation in student body activities were common factors which brought difference in college students' interpersonal competence and psychological well-being. Psychological well-being was also differentiated by age. Secondly, interpersonal competence mediated effect of attachment with parents on psychological well-being of college students. When grouped by gender, psychological well-being of participants was greatly influenced by attachment with their same-sex parents in both groups. Study results demonstrate the importance of attachment with parents in psychological well-being even well into college years. The finding that attachment security with the same-sex parent greatly contributed to psychological well-being of individual in early adult period should draw attention of policy makers. Generally speaking, paternal parenting involvement limited by labor market conditions hinders father-child attachment-building in early years of male students, which, in turn, may result in low psychological well-being when they are older. To that end, it is necessary for the government to offer labor policies that enable male workers to achieve work and family balance and participate more pro-actively in parenting. These findings also suggest that gender-conscious university policies to promote interpersonal competence among students are greatly needed to ensure psychological well-being of the student population. Mentoring, one on one buddy system, and accessible counselling services are crucial for successful adaptation of students to life on campus. key words: psychological well-being of college students, attachment with parents, interpersonal competence

다문화가족 청소년의 방임, 문화변용스트레스 및 자아존중감이 학교적응에 미치는 영향

전수정 충북대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Successful school life of adolescents with multi-cultural family background is one essential experience in their social integration into the mainstream of Korean society. This study examined the effects of neglect and acculturative stress on the school adjustment of adolescents of multi-cultural family, and verified the mediating role of self-esteem. School adjustment was measured with academic performance, relationship with friends, relationship with teachers, and compliance with school rules and regulations. Two hundreds nine 5th to 9th graders with multi-cultural family background enrolled in schools of Chungbuk province filled out questionnaires, and the data were analyzed by SPSS version 12.0 and AMOS version 7.0. The findings of this research are as follows. First, school adjustment of multi-cultural adolescents showed statistically significant differences by several socio-demographics. Rural residential setting, cohabitation with two parents, and mother’s fluence of Korean language led to higher school adjustment. The same conditions applied to lower level of neglect and acculturative stress. In the meantime, multi-cultural adolescents’ self-esteem appeared higher with the rural residence and younger age. Second, neglect and accultrative stress infulenced all four sub-categories of school adujustment, academic performance, relationship with friends, relationship with teachers, and compliance with school rules and regulations, negatively while self-esteem showed positive influence with better school adjustment. It means that the lower their acculturative stress and neglect experienced, the higher self-esteem, the better the adolescents’ school adjustment. Though relative strength of each of the variables varies, neglect was found to be the strongest in its effect, and acculturative stress and self-esteem were effective in descending order. Third, the impact of neglect and accultrative stress on the four sub-categories of school adjustment seemed to be mediated by self-esteem of multi-cultural adolescents. Heightened self-esteem proved to mediate the negative influences of neglect and acculturative stress on the school adjustment. To summarise, school adjustment of adolescents of multi-cultural families is not affected by a single factor, but formed and affected by the mutually related structure of all three factors investigated. In order to improve multi-cultural adolescents’ school adjustment, an integrative approach is proposed. In the societal level, promoting social tolerance toward people with multi-cultural background stands out. Eliminating discrimination in every aspect of society based on race, skin clolors, and ethnicity is essential. School programs which promotes multi-culturalism can be very effective. In the familial level, economic hardships which most multi-cultural families are situated need to be lightened with income assistance programs and strengthened family welfare support. Sophisticated language programs according to the various speaking and writing ability of foreign-born mothers are still very important because better communication ability will not only ease family tension but also provide better chances to decent employment which can eventually decrease neglect toward children. For the last, approaches in individual level also calls for the school involvement. Support programs for the academic achievement, school social work and counseling for neglected multi-cultural adolescents are examples. Especially, as research results suggest promoting the self-esteem of adolescents can protect the harm from neglect and acculturative stress for some extent, school social work programs concentrated on strengthening self-esteem be an effective option to help school adjustment of multi-cultural families.

보육교사의 정서성, 건강상태 및 조직 건강성이 소진에 미치는 영향

윤경미 충북대학교 2015 국내석사

Abstract This study reviewed the burnout experienced by 376 child-care teachers working at child-care centers located in the three cities of Cheonan, Cheongju and Sejong, and analyzed how the emotionality, health status and organizational health affects such burnout. The subjects were also analyzed for a comparison amongst themselves based on the criterion of whether they received financial support from the government. The results were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. The major findings are as follows. First, the differences across groups in major variables in accordance with general backgrounds of all child-care teachers showed a difference in positive and negative affectivity depending on job experience, monthly salary and marital status. Physical health showed a difference depending on age, job experience, monthly salary, work hours and marital status, while mental health showed a difference depending on age and job experience. Perception of organizational climate differed across job experience and number of teachers. Burnout differed across job experience, marital status, work hours and number of teachers. Second, an analysis on child-care teachers in accordance with whether they received governmental financial support or not, differences were large in major variables. In child-care teachers working at centers not receiving financial support, there was a difference in positive affectivity across age, job experience, monthly salary and marital status, while negative affectivity differed across age, job experience and monthly salary. Physical health showed significant difference in age and job experience, while mental health showed a difference across job experience levels. Organizational climate and burnout differed across job experience. In child-care teachers working at child-care centers that do not receive governmental financial support, positive affectivity showed difference across job experience, work hours and marital status while mental health differed across age. Perception of organizational climate and burnout differed across different number of teachers employed at the center. Third, the factors significantly affecting the burnout of overall child-care teachers were identified as monthly salary, work hours, number of teachers, positive affectivity, negative affectivity, physical health, mental health and organizational climate. Fourth, an analysis of child-care teachers working at centers receiving governmental financial support and those working at centers not receiving governmental financial support showed that factors that affect burnout differed across these two groups. Child-care centers working at child-care centers that do not receive government support saw a significant effect by monthly salary, work hours, negative affectivity, physical health and the leadership of the president of the center. For child-care teachers working at child-care centers that do receive government support, age, job experience, work hours, marital status, number of teachers at the center, physical health, mental health and organizational climate were proven to have a significant effect. Based on these findings the study presents measures to reduce and prevent the burnout of child-care teachers. The study is meaningful in that it provided a basic set of data for establishing a tailored measure for each type of child-care centers depending on whether they receive governmental financial support. Key words: child-care teacher, emotionality, health status, organizational health, burnout