Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by vegetation on the heart valves, cardiac structures, or vascular endothelium. Global trends show an increasing incidence of IE, driven by aging populations, increased high-ris...
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by vegetation on the heart valves, cardiac structures, or vascular endothelium. Global trends show an increasing incidence of IE, driven by aging populations, increased high-risk conditions (e.g., prosthetic valves, intracardiac devices, and drug use), and evolving guidelines. In 2007-2008, international guidelines were revised to limit antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) to invasive dental procedures in high-risk individuals; moderate-risk patients had previously been included herein. Despite numerous global studies on these changes, research in Korea is limited. This study evaluated the trends in IE incidence and adherence to AP guidelines in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing dental procedures in Korea. Using National Health Insurance Service System data from 2002 to 2022, patients with IE were identified based on the KCD-9 codes (I33, I38, and I39), hospitalization, prolonged antibiotic use, or early mortality. Patients were divided into 5-year groups to analyze changes in patient characteristics. To assess AP adherence, patients with CHD, including those with ventricular or atrial septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, or prior prosthetic valve surgery, who received a single dose of amoxicillin before dental procedures were identified. The analysis indicated a stable trend in the age-standardized incidence rate from 2003 to 2022, whereas a significant increase was observed in men ≥55 years. Patients with IE showed an increasing age over time, with an increase in patients with prosthetic cardiac devices and a decrease in those with cyanotic heart disease or within 6 months of cardiac surgery. Patients having CHD with IE also exhibited an increasing mean age, with lower mortality rates compared to patients with IE. Inappropriate AP use decreased over time but remained common among younger patients, females, in pediatric dentistry or pediatric prescriptions, and prescriptions issued by primary care clinics. Despite the gradual decrease in prophylactic antibiotic prescriptions, inappropriate AP use remains prevalent, highlighting the need for targeted education to improve guideline adherence and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Further research is necessary to clarify the impact of guideline changes on the incidence of IE in Korea.