목재연료 사용에 의한 미세먼지 영향 분석 및 개선방안 연구

김동영,장혜지 경기연구원 2022 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

Wood fuel is one of eco-friendly, carbon-neutral, and sustainable energy sources once the air pollution problem is solved. The use of wood fuel emits various air pollutants and greenhouse gases, which are pointed out as one of the causes of climate change. Air pollutions caused by wood fuel use occurs around everyday life and directly emitted hazard materials without treatment, which more directly affects the health of users. Although the Gyeonggi Provnice is included in the ‘Seoul Metropolitan Air Quality Management Zone’, wood fuel is widely used mainly in rural areas, but there is less understanding of the actual environmental effects or management of air pollutants emissions. Wood fuel is mainly used in the residential sector, agriculture and livestock sector such as greenhouses or livestock houses, and cafes, restaurants for heating by wood stoves and boilers. PM2.5 and PM10 directly emitted from the use of wood fuel are estimated to reach about 10 % of the CAPSS(Korean National Emission Inventory System) biomass burning sector. This corresponds to about 2 % of Gyeonggi Provinces total PM emissions. As a result of surveying the wood fuel used in Gyeonggi Province, it was found that about 7 % of suburban farmhouses use a wood stove, and about 8 % use a wood boiler. It is necessary to promote the following measures to reduce the emission of air pollutants from wood-fuel uses. First, it is necessary to introduce an exhaust gas certification for wood-fueled combustion devices such as wood-burning stoves and boilers, pellet stoves and boilers. A well-designed wood-combustor is known to reduce TSP(Total Suspended Particle) by more than 80 %. Second, it is necessary to implement an eco-friendly fuel conversion policy. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is promoting the LPG supply project in suburban areas where city gas(LNG) is not supplied. When city gas is supplied, the use of wood fuel is usually sharply reduced. Third, it is necessary to prepare and promote practice guidelines for the use of wood fuel. Many people do not know the risk of wood fuel emission PM and how to use it to reduce fine dust emission. Lastly, it is necessary to strengthen the management of not only the wood fuel use sector, but also the overall biomass burning sectors around daily life, such as incineration of agricultural residues, grilling at restaurants, and commercial cooking facilities.

Investigation on the Awareness and Preference for Wood to Promote the Value of Wood: II. Awareness of Wood Cultural Resources(목재 가치 증진을 위한 목재에 대한 인식 및 선호도 조사: Ⅱ. 목재문화자원에 대한 인식)

( Yeonjung Han ),( Sang-min Lee ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.6

In order to establish a strategy for revitalizing wood culture, a survey was conducted on the level of public awareness of wood culture and the experience of wood cultural resources by type. According to the survey, 31.4% of respondents had the images of cultural heritage such as palaces, temples, Hanoks, and cultural assets for wood cultural resources. The main reasons for having no image of wood cultural resources were the ambiguous concept and lack of interest in wood cultural resources. The importance of wood cultural resources classified into seven categories was in the order of cultural heritage, architecture of wood, cultural facilities, cultural festivals, wood products, cultural education, cultural contents. In the survey on the necessity and sufficiency of information on wood cultural resources, 46.7% of respondents needed more information to experience of wood cultural resources, while 64.8% of them had lacked information about wood cultural resources. More than half of the respondents wanted to experience of wood culture within next year, but about 20% of respondents participated in seven kinds of wood cultural resources, except wood products used in daily life. Based on these results, a systematic strategy should be developed to expand the opportunity for the public to experience of wood cultural resources and to promote them to public.

Fungal Inhibitory Effect of Pinus densiflora and Zelkova serrata Woods with Wood-Vinegar

Mi-Hwa Jung,Jin-Young Hong,Kwang-Ho Lee,Chang-Wook Jo,Young-Hee Kim,Jung-Eun Choi 한국펄프·종이공학회 2016 펄프.종이기술 Vol.48 No.5

The fungal inhibitory effect of wood blocks with wood vinegar was investigated. Antifungal effect of wood vinegar and the anatomical aspect of pine wood against wood rot fungus were analysed and correlated. Although the effectiveness of wood vinegar as antibacterial and antifungal agent has been proven in food and agriculture field, no information is available concerning the preservative action against wood degrading fungi regarding the wooden building preservation. Wood vinegar (methylenechloride extract) was evaluated as wood preservative by soil block bioassay test (ASTM D1413-99). Softwood (Pinus densiflora) and hardwood (Zelkova serrata) blocks treated with five different concentrations of wood vinegar were subjected to wood decaying fungi, white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot fungi (Tyromyces palustris). Results revealed that 0.30 g/mL concentration of wood vinegar carried protection effect to the wood against white and brown rot. Wood vinegar showed an inhibitory effect on both growth and penetration of mycelia, thus defending the wooden tissue from destruction by prohibiting the erosion and thinning of cell walls. The protecting effect of fungal attack was determined by the extent of weight loss.

Investigation on the Awareness and Preference for Wood Culture to Promote the Values of Wood: Ⅲ. Living Environment and Trend of Wood Utilization

한연중,양명선,이상민 한국목재공학회 2022 목재공학 Vol.50 No.6

Improving public awareness of wood is crucial for expanding the use of wood and establishing a wood culture. In this study, the environment and trends of the public’s wood utilization were analyzed using a questionnaire survey and online text mining at a time when eco-friendly practices are gaining popularity. As a result of reducing climatic and environmental concerns and its positive physical and psychological effects, the use of wood is predicted to rise in areas intimately connected to everyday living, such as wood furniture, wooden structures, and interior materials. Nonetheless, there was a negative awareness that wood was expensive, difficult to maintain, and associated with deforestation. The correlations between wood-related search terms on major Korean portal sites were analyzed and categorized into five groups: Wooden architecture, cultural education, woodworking, wood industry, and wood policy. As a building material, wood was seen as more traditional and friendly than reinforced concrete and stone. Eighty-six percent of respondents expected to utilize wood as a building material in the future, regardless of whether the wood is domestically produced or imported. Sixty-five percent responded favorably about the effects of wood on the health of wooden home inhabitants. It is believed that both active publicity and quantifiable value analysis of human and environmental friendliness are required to increase pro-environment awareness of wood utilization.

Investigation on the Awareness and Preference for Wood Culture to Promote the Value of Wood: I. Awareness of Wood and Cultural Experience(목재의 가치증진을 위한 목재문화에 대한 인식 및 선호도 조사: Ⅰ. 목재와 문화체험에 대한 인식)

( Yeonjung Han ),( Sang-min Lee ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.6

Improving public awareness of wood is essential for achieving the goal of establishing wood culture by expanding the use of wood. This study presents a basic examination of the strategy of revitalizing wood culture and a survey of its current status and requirements. The survey was divided into seven categories: awareness of wood culture; use characteristics of wood culture; preference and demand for wood culture; awareness of sub-fields of wood culture; awareness of the cultural resources of wood; trends of wood utilization; and wood-related living environment. Based on the survey results, the study analyzed four items: awareness of wood and cultural experience; awareness of the cultural resources of wood; wood-related living environment and trends of wood utilization; and preference and demand for wood culture. In this study, the public awareness of wood and cultural experiences, the first of four items, was analyzed using the survey results. Generally, wood and wood culture are viewed as materials and a cultural heritage, respectively. Moreover, wood is ecofriendly. However, no substantial difference was observed between the two perceptions. Forty-five percent of the respondents reported that using wood exerts a positive effect on the body and mind. However, such use also destroys forests. Additionally, the recognition of wood-related workers, such as engineers or skilled workers, was relatively low compared with educators, such as wood education experts. Moreover, less than 50% of the respondents answered that major projects related to wood culture are well-known, whereas 30% participated in wood education, such as woodworking experience, where the majority required hand tools. Furniture, wooden accessories, and wooden buildings were among the objects that individuals intended to make through the wood culture program. Approximately 23% of the respondents were aware about the wood culture experience center, while approximately 50% had visited it. The response rate to woodworking technology was 73%, where the highest response was found for wood education experts. To improve public awareness about wood, the importance of entertainment factors over educational factors should be considered in the experience of individuals. To provide opportunities to experience wood culture for more individuals, developing and actively promoting various contents, including entertainment elements, are necessary.

Determining the Wood (Parashorea spp.) Decaying and Metal Corroding Abilities of Eight Fungi

( Sihati Suprapti ),( Djarwanto ),( Listya Mustika Dewi ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.1

Fungi are wood-decaying organisms, and this is an important trait that should be considered in wood utilization. When fungi attack wood, it decreases the quality of the wood. The use of metal screws has become an important part of woodworking. The ability of fungi to decay wood and damage metal screws that are embedded into wood is varied. In this study, eight fungal species were evaluated with respect to their ability to decay Parashorea smythiesii and P. tomentella wood. In addition, the effect of fungi on corroding metal screws was determined using the Kolle flask method. The evaluation showed that the fungal species Schizophyllum commune, Pycnoporus sanguineus, and Polyporus arcularius were highly capable of decaying Parashorea spp. woods. The greatest wood weight loss occurred with the heartwood of P. tomentella exposed to S. commune. Based on the classification of wood resistance against fungal attack, the two Parashorea spp. were classified as moderately resistant woods (class III). Schizophyllum commune was classified as highly capable of decaying wood that was embedded with metal screws and was highly capable of corroding metal screws placed in fungi-culture media. The greatest weight of rust powder formed because of screw corrosion was obtained from screw-embedded wood exposed to S. commune. Additionally, the most severe corrosion of metal screws that were embedded into woods was caused by the activities of P. arcularius. Moreover, the average weight loss of screw-embedded wood was greater than that of unscrewed wood.

Microfibril Angle, Crystalline Characteristics, and Chemical compounds of Reaction wood in Stem wood of P inus densiflora

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jung Kee Choi ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

This study aimed to observe and to compare the microfibril angle (MFA), crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds in compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in the stem wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora). The MFAs of CW, LW, and OW were determined by using iodine staining methods and optical microscopy, while the crystalline characteristics and chemical composition were measured by an X-ray diffraction method and FT-IR spectroscopy, respectively. The CW had the greatest MFA, whereas the OW showed the smallest MFA. The relative crystallinity of CW was the lowest, whereas the OW showed a slightly greater value than that of LW and CW. The crystal widths of CW were slightly smaller than those of LW and OW. The CW and LW showed similar FT-IR spectra in juvenile and mature wood, whereas some peaks from lignin disappeared in the juvenile and mature wood of OW. The MFA of Pinus densiflora was decreased with increasing growth ring number. The relative crystallinity from each part was increased with increasing growth rings, whereas the crystal width showed no radial variation. The FT-IR spectra from CW, LW, and OW in mature wood showed a smaller number of peaks compared to the juvenile wood. In conclusion, the CW, LW, and OW showed a distinct difference in the MFA, crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds, wherein the MFA and relative crystallinity of CW, LW, and OW showed a radial variation.

Chemical modification of secondary xylem under tensile stress in the stem of Liriodendron tulipifera

문다현,신수정,최준원,박종숙,김욱,권미 한국산림과학회 2011 Forest Science And Technology Vol.7 No.2

Tension wood is a specialized tissue that develops in the upper side of leaning stem and branches in angiosperm. In yellow poplar, tension wood does not form a G-layer, which is one of the most characteristic features of typical tension wood. In order to determine whether the chemical modification associated with tension wood formation in yellow poplar is consistent with those of G-layer-forming angiosperm species, tension wood was induced via mechanical bending treatment for 7 and 14 days in the stem of 2-year-old yellow poplars, and its major cell wall components were analyzed. Whereas the cellulose contents of the tension wood were higher than those in opposite wood, its lignin contents were lower; the result is consistent with that seen in other angiosperm tension wood. Interestingly, the lignin contents differed between tension wood and opposite wood sides at 7 days in the bent sample,but became similar levels to each other at later stages of tension wood formation. The S/G ratio of tension wood was also higher than that of opposite wood. Additionally, the composition of hemicelluloses (glucomannan and xylan) was altered significantly under tensile stress conditions in the yellow poplar stem. Therefore, the majority of the cell wall polymers were altered significantly in the tension wood relative to those in opposite wood, and these changes appear to be developmentally regulated, regardless of the existence of the G-layer in the fiber.

Comparative Wood Anatomy of Stem and Root in Korean-grown Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipipfera L.)

Mi Rim Lee,Young Geun Eom 한국목재공학회 2011 목재공학 Vol.39 No.5

This study was carried out to offer basic information on the wood anatomy of domestic yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), a new plantation species selected by Korea Forest Service as one of the promising hardwood and bioenergy sources of the future, through comparison of stem wood with root wood in the qualitative and quantitative features. In the qualitative anatomical features, growth rings were distinct in stem wood but relatively less distinct in root wood. And stem wood appeared to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 5, sometimes clusters but root wood to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 3, rarely clusters. And numbers of bars in scalariform perforation plates were somewhat numerous in vessel elements of root wood than in those of stem wood. Interestingly, on the other hand, more extraneous materials in the wood rays of tap root than in those of lateral root and stem were confirmed in the chemical composition analyses. In the quantitative anatomical features, pore densities were significantly greater but vessel elements were considerably narrower in stem wood than in root wood. Vessel elements and wood fibers of root wood were considerably longer than those of stem wood. Rays were somewhat more numerous in stem wood than in root wood, and only ray heights of stem wood were more or less greater in cell numbers but both ray heights and widths of stem wood were lower in dimension than those of root wood. The anatomical differences between stem wood and root wood were thought to be associated with different growth environments between the stem above ground and the root below ground.

Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood

( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh Yusram Massijaya ),( Imam Busyra Abdillah ),( Gustan Pari ),( Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.1

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).